Muitiro wakafanira inheyo yemitemo yeAmerica, inovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina ruramisiro nemitemo. Iyi maruramiro makuru anopinzwa muzvose zviri zviviri Mitemo yeshanu neMitemo ye14 yeChirungu kuUnited States, achiumba nhoo mbiri pamibato yehurumende inosarudzwa. Idzo inobatira gadziriro inowirirana kuhurumende yeGavhura pasi pevhu, nepo Iwendimende ye 1450 inowedzera dziviriro imwe cheteyo kumabasa anotorwa nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Pamavambo ayo, muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti michina yeruramisiro ishande nokujeka, kusasarura, uye kuremekedza chiremera chomunhu oga. Iwo hausati uri mufungo unowirirana asi udzoro mukuru asi unoshanda nezvinodzivirira zvinowirirana nemitemo uye kutsanangura.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwezvinoitika

Mavambo oungwaru nemitemo ebasa rakafanira anodzokera shure zvikuru mazana amakore, achitora zvikuru mumagamuchidzanwa emitemo avose eEngland. Nhamba yakakurumbira yapakuvamba zvikurusa ndiMagna Carta ya1215, iyo inoziviswa muChitsauko 39 kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kuiswa mutorongo, kudzingwa, kana kuti kutapwa "kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika." Iyi rugwaro — "mutemo wenyika" — ndiye mukare wakananga weinoti muitiro wakafanira. Nokufamba kwenguva, matare eEngland neParamende zvakanatsa idzi dziviriro, zvikurukuru neHabeas Corpus Act ye1679, iyo yakasimbisa maruramiro avanhu kudenha kuchengetwa kusiri kwapamutemo mudare.

Apo nyika dzeAmerica dzakazivisa kuzvimirira, dzakatakura aya mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende apakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji akabatanidza zvikamu zvinovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu aigona kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu kunze kwomutemo wenyika. Findth Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, yakapa mugariro wapamutemo wakananga kumiitiro yapanguva yakafanira pamwero wehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, yakanga isati yave inobvumira kubviswa kwe 1448 Demendment muna 1868, pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, kuti muitiro wakafanira uve nzvero pasimba rehurumende. Chikamu 1 che1491 cheGrand Reformation chinorambidza nenzira yakakurumbira zvinotaura kuti kunyike "Munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina mutemo, zvave zvave zvave zviripo." iyi yave iri gadziriro inopfumisa kupfumisa maruramiro avagari vehurumende uye maruramiro avanhu veUnited States.

Mumakumi amakore akatevera, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa pashoma napashoma raka "batanidza" zvizhinjisa zveBill of Rights mukurwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza neGuat Procession Claus ye 14th Amendment. Uyu muitiro, unozivikanwa sokubatanidzwa kunosarudza, wakavimbisa kuti hurumende dzinofanira kuremekedza maruramiro mamwe chetewo makuru sehurumende yehurumende, kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, uye dziviriro mukunzvera kusina mufungo nechirwere.

Mbiru Mbiri: Kufamba Kuchienderana Nezvakatarwa

Kuongorora kwazvino uno kwakafanira kunobatanidza pfungwa yacho mumapoka maviri akasiyana asi anowirirana: muitiro wechinowirirana nomuitiro wakafanira. Kunzwisisa musiano kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti matare anoshandisa sei dziviriro dzakakodzera mumigariro yakasiana - siana.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira inonangidzira ngwariro pa nzira nemiitiro hurumende inofanira kutevera isati yanyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu. Inoraira kuti vanhu vagamuchire ziviso yakakwana yechiito chinoitirwa ivo, mukana une revo wokunzwiwa, uye chisarudzo nedare risina rusaruro. Zvinodikanwa zvakajeka zvinosiyana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, asi pfungwa huru ndeyokuti kururama kunodikanwa kusati kwaitika kushaiwa.

Zvinhu zvinokosha mumuitiro wokusarudza zvinosanganisira:

  • Thokosi: Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanofanira kuziviswa nezvechiito chinokarakadzwa nehwaro pachirinotsamira. Ichi chiziviso chinofanira kurangarirwa nenzira ine mufungo kusvika paboka rakatapurwa, chinopiwa migariro.
  • Kunzwa: Pamberi pokunyimwa kwoupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, vanhu vanowanzofanira kunzwa rumwe rudzi. Uku kungava muedzo wakazara nezvapupu nokuongorora, kana kuti kunzwa kusina kurongwa, zvichitsamira parudzi rwefariro.
  • Muiti weZvisarudzo asingasaruri: Mukuru mukuru kana kuti mutumbi unosarudza nhau yacho inofanira kusava nemhindu uye isina rwisano. Iyi nheyo ndiyo fandesheni yamaruramiro kumutongi kana kuti mukuru mukuru anonzwa.
  • Chakarurama kuChibvumikiso Chinoparidzwa: Munhu akatapurwa anofanira kubvumirwa kupa ufakazi nezvibvumikiso mukuzvidzivirira kwavo, uye kunangana noufakazi hwakaipa.
  • [ Akarurama ku Zano: Mumigariro yakawanda — zvikurukuru munhau dzoutsotsi — vanhu vane maruramiro okumiririrwa negweta. Mune mamwe mamiriro ehurumende neokutarisira, urwu maruramiro angaganhurirwa asi anorangarirwa nenzira inowedzera seanokosha kumuitiro wakarurama.

Dare rapamusoro rakatanga gadziriro yakapfava yokusarudza kuti muitiroi unodikanwa mumhaka ya 1976 MAthews v. Elditridge. Muiyi muedzo, matare anodzikamisa zvinhu zvitatu: fariro yomunhu oga inotapurwa nechiito chehurumende, ngozi yokushaiwa mitoo iripo neukoshi hwedziviriro dzemimwe mizhinji, uye fariro yehurumende mumibato yokushanda zvakanaka neupfumi hwemari. Iyi nhevedzano inobvumira mutoo wakafanira kugadziridzwa kumugariro wakananga wenhau imwe neimwe.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira unomutsa nharo zvikuru uye muhombe. Inodzivirira maruramiro akati okutanga padzongonyedzo dzehurumende pasina mativi emiitiro inoshandiswa, kunyange kana ziviso yakazara nokunzwa kwakarurama zvichigoverwa. Namamwe mashoko, dzimwe maruramiro anokosha zvikuru kurusununguko neruramisiro zvokuti hurumende haigoni kutongozvidzoresa, kutoti ine ruramisiro inogombedzera.

Mavambo egadziriro yapamberi pezana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 ari mupfungwa yokuti Gungano reChirongwa chaMabasa Claus rinodzivirira kwete bedzi muitiro asi zvimwewo pamutemo wekodzero dzakafanana ne . Mukati mokupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 nemavambo e20, Dare Gurusa rakashandisa muitiro wakafanira kuputsa mitemo yemari, zvakadai semitemo yeawa yakakurisa nemirauro yakaganhurirwa, muzvinoitika zvakafanana ne Lochner v. New York[FLT:] [[3] [1] [0] [7]. Nguva ino, inozivikanwa sechiito cha , nguva yakashorwa zvikuru nokuda kwemite yemitemo yezvero yemari. Chiteshiciro chemitemo chenyika yemato. Chiteshina chinoregwa muChikamu chitsarudzo chePro chePro cheP. Chikamu cheProme. Chikamu chitsaruriso chenyika chenyika chenyika chenyika

Zvisinei, Dare rakapfuurira kushandisa muitiro wakafanira kudzivirira maruramiro apakuvamba aisava ezvemari. Chifo chapakati pezana ramakore rechi20, dzidziso yave iri chinhu chikuru kunhau pamusoro payo:

  • Kodzero yokuroora: Mu Lovang v. Virginia (1967), Dare rakakurira zvirambidzo paroorano yemarudzi; mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), maruramiro okuroora akatambanudzirwa kuvaroorani vamwe chetevo vevatano.
  • Kodzero yokurera vana: Vabereki vane maruramiro makuru okutungamirira kurerwa nedzidzo yavana vavo, anozivikanwa mu Pierce v. Society of Hanzvadzi [ [1925] Wisin v. Yoder2]
  • Kodzero yokuva voga uye kuzvitonga kwomuviri: [[FLT]] Griswold v.Connecticut[ (65]) yakaziva kodzero yavaroorani kushandisa kudzivirira pamuviri; [[FLT]] Roe v. [[FLT:][FLT] [107]] [1077]]) yakatambanurira kurangarira ikoko kumaruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri — kunyange zvazvo Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [5] [202] .[FLT] [FL:] [FLT]
  • kuzvitonga nomufambiro wapedyo: Dare mu Lawrence v. Texas [2003] yakarova mitemo yehurumende seinoputsa muitiro wakafanira wapachivande, ichisimbisa maruramiro okupinda mumufambiro wevatano wapachivande, wevatano.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti rinokumbira vatongi kuti vaverenge zvavanoda kuti zviitwe muBumbiro Remitemo, nepo vatsigiri vachikwikwidza kuti kuchengetedze rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe pakurwisana nevanonyengera.

Gadziro Inodikanwa Mukurovedza Kwapazurira matura apamutemo

Nheyo dzemuitiro wetsika nedzisingachinji dzinoshanda munenge munharaunda iri yose yomutemo umo hurumende inoita chiito kutapura fariro dzomunhu. Heino nzira iyo idzi dziviriro dzinoshanda nayo munzvimbo huru.

Mutemo Wematsotsi

Kodzero dzegadziriro dzinosimba zvikurusa mumugariro weutsotsi nemhaka yokuti mapango akakwirira zvikuru: rusununguko rwomunhu rwuri mungozi yakananga. Bumbiro remitemo rinoda kuti hurumende ibvumikise chinhu chiri chose chemhosva kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo, kuti vakwiridzi vane maruramiro okutonga kwavose kupfurikidza nedare risingasaruri, uye kuti ivo vane kodzero yokubetserwa nezano. Mhaka yechiratidzo [[FLT:] Gideon v. Wanight [1963]) vairangarira kuti vatongi vanofanira kugovera kuti mutongi kutarisana nemhosva dzedare rinotonga risingasarupokanwa, uye zviitiko zvapashure zvakatambanurwa kurudyi kunzvimbo ipi neipi. [FLD] [F:]

Mukuwedzera, muitiro wakafanira unodzora muitiro wokukumbira kuwirirana, uko kunopedza chiverengero chikuru chenhau dzoutsotsi. Dare rakarangarira kuti chikumbiro chine mhaka chinofanira kupinda nokuzvidira uye noungwaru, uye kuti vakwirirwi vanofanira kuziva miuyo yakananga yechikumbiro chavo. Nheyo yokururama kukuru inorambidzawo kushandiswa kwoufakazi hwakati hunowanwa mukuputswa kwomuitiro wakafanira, zvakadai sokureurura kunomanikidzirwa nesimba romuviri kana kuti dzvinyiriro yendangariro.

Mutemo Wavagari Vemo

Muzvinoitika zvehurumende, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti vanhu vagamuchire ziviso nebanza rokunzwiwa hurumende isati yagona kubvisa zvinhu kana kuti fariro yerusununguko inokosha. Ikoku kunoshanda kwakafara: pamberi pokugumisa betsero dzegarikano, kudzinga mutengi kubva mudzimba dzavose, kana kuti kubvisa kunzwa kwemuchina wokutyaira, cherechedzo nechimiro chakati chokunzwa zvinofanira kupiwa. Zvisinei, nguva nechimiro chokunzwa zvingasiyana. Muzvimwe zvinoitika, kukurumidza kunzwa kwapamberi pedu kunodikanwa; mudzimwe, kunzwa kwepashure nedziviriro dzakakwana zvinokwana. [[FLT:] Maws. Eldridge [FLT] [FLT] yakakugadzirwa mumienzarongedzero yenhau yezvipo nemhene yeSocial Security, umo Dare reSangano rapabhuro risingacherekerwi seri pamutemo.

Imwe nharaunda inokosha imhiko yavagari vemo yavanhu vane chirwere chendangariro. Dare Gurusa rakarangarira kuti muitiro wakafanira unoda ufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa hwengozi kana kuti urema hwakakomba munhu asati agona kupfigirwa nenzira isina donzo. Uyu mupimo, unogamuchirwa mu Addington v. Texas[[FLT]] [1997]), unoratidzira fariro yorusununguko padanda uye uvimbisa kuti zvikanganiso hazviwanzopiwirira mumwe munhu mungozi yokukanganisa rusununguko rwavo.

Mutemo Unodzora

Masangano ehurumende anoshandisa simba guru pavanhu kupfurikidza nezviito zvokudzosa, kuronga zvisarudzo, uye betsero. Muitiro unoraira kuti aya masangano agamuchire miitiro yakarurama — kazhinji kazhinji kubatanidza chiziviso, banza rokupa ufakazi, uye chisarudzo chakarongwa nomumiririri asingasaruri. Adheader Procedure Act (APA) inoronga zvakawanda zvezvinodikanwa zvehurumende, asi muitiro wapamutemo unoisa uriri uhwo kunyange APA isingagoni kufamba pasi. Somuenzaniso, mukubviswa kwevatami, vanhu vane kodzero yokunzwa pamberi pomutongi wokutama, kodzero yokupiwa zano (kusvika pandyiko yavo vamene), uye mukana wokupa ufakazi hunofadza kuchengeteko kana kuti rudzikinuro. [FLD] vF. RFFFF], RFFF], Supremeterne anoona kuti chibvumirano chapamutemo pakati pekutongwa nemushongerwo rwekutongwa nemuveri.

Dzidzo

Vadzidzi muzvikoro zvavose vane fariro dzakati mudzidzo yavo nemhindu dzorusununguko mumbiri yavo. Naizvozvo, Gemeterment yechi 145’s Accelment Access Claus inoshanda kumabasa okuranga echikoro anotungamirira kukudzinga kana kuti kudzingwa. Mu Gos v. Lopez[FLT] [1997], Dare Rapamusoro rakati mudzidzi atarisana negwededzwa kwemazuva gumi anofanira kupiwa chiziviso kana kuti kunyorwa chemhosva dzacho uye mukana wokupa rutivi rwavo rwenhau, zvikurukuru muitiro muduku wokunzwa. Nokuti zvisarudzo zvakarefu kana kuti zvedzidzo chaiyo, mimwe miitiro yakakwirira inodikanwa. Vanhu vose nedzidzo yedzidzo (IA) inogovera dziviriro yakakwirira yezvipo zvedzidzo — kubatanidza nzira yokuteerera yapamutemo ipo kana kuti iende kupfurikidza nokuchinja dzidzo chaiyo yavadzidzi.

Chiratidzo Chenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinokanganisa Gadziriro Yakafanira

Nyaya dzakawanda dzeDare Rapamusorosoro dzakaumba zvikuru revo noukuru hwemuitiro wakafanira. Pasi apa pane mienzaniso mikuru, ine batano namanyuko makuru:

  • Gideon v. Wainwright[FLT] [1963]): Yakagadzwa maruramiro okupa zano mumitongo youtsotsi yehurumende nokuda kwemhosva dzemhosva dzemhosva, inobatanidza formation yechitanhatu kupfurikidza neGuerstment Clause of the 144th Amendment.
  • Mira v. Arizona (166): Mapurisa anodiwa kukurudzira vanonyumwira kodzero yavo yokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva negweta rinenge riripo pabvunzurudzo yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero, kudzivirira ropafadzo yeFindmerment paPremimendemendi inorwisana nokuzvidzora uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro wakakodzera.
  • MAWs v. Elditridge [6]: yakatanga kuedza kudzikamisa mativi matatu nokuda kwokusarudza kuti mutooi wakafanira wetsika unoda mumiitiro yokutarisira — mupimo uchiri kushandiswa nematare nhasi.
  • .[[FLT]] [773]): Yakaziva kodzero yomukadzi yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri sorutivi rwekodzero kukuva woga pasi pomubatanidzwa wezvisaririra, (kudzora murutivi ne [FLT]]] [[FLT]]]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[ [2022]] [2002], iyo yairangarira kuti kubvisa mimba hakusati kuri kunokosha).
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015]: Yakarova kuti Amendment yechi 144 inoda wirirano dzetendero uye kuziva roorano dzevatano dzakafanana, dzinomira pamuitiro uri wose uri muchimiro chakafanira nenzvimbo dzakaenzana.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenharo

Muitiro wakafanira unopfuurira kuva musimboti wenhau dzapamutemo nedzenzanga. Imwe kurukurirano huru yapanguva ino inova yakavakirwa pa kudzivirirwa kwokusakwaniriswa kwokusakwaniriswa , dzidziso inodzivirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende pamhosva dzavagari vemo kutoti vakaputsa maruramiro akagadzwa nenzira yakajeka emitemo kana kuti emitemo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kukwanisa kudzivirira utachiona kunosekesa muitiro wakafanira kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kuomeredze vanhu kuwana kushairwa nokuda kwokuputswa kwemitemo, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika mukurwisana namapurisa. Dare rapamusorosoro rakaratidza kudisa kuchenesa dzidziso asi harina kuidzingaidzikisi.

Muitiro unodikanwa munhambo yemitemo unomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro peziviso nenzwi munhambo yokuita chisarudzo chemitemo. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro dzinoshanda dzinoramba betsero, tsoropodzo inobvira, kana kuti zvitsama zvebheyili zvingashanda pasina mipimo yakajeka kana kuti mikana ine revo nokuda kwavanhu vanotapurwa kuti vakwikwikwidze muuyo. Matare ari kupesana kana miitiro yakadaro ichisvitsa mipimo yemitemo inowirirana, zvikurukuru apo mipimo inovarira kana kuti maaunziro isati iri pasi pevhuro kana kuti mabhii angava echipiriti.

Dare reChirungu rakaedza muitiro wakafanira munzira dzisingaenzaniswi. Mitongo yezvoutano, uye nhau dzedare riri kure zvakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pedzikamo pakati petsika nedikanwo yokukurumidza kuita chiito chehurumende. Dare Gurusa mumafomuro anoverengeka ekurumidziro rakaratidza kuti kudzorwa kwapakudzingwa kwadzo hakugoni kubvisa kodzero dzavaridzi vedzimba dzokuwana zvinhu zvavo, kududza itiro hanya dzakafanira.

Zvichida nzvimbo inoputika zvikurusa inguva yemberi ye inochengetedzwa. pashure po MaDobs[. Nokudzorera kubvisa mimba kuhurumende, Dare rakapiwa chiratidzo chokuti dzimwe kodzero dzose dzinonzi dzinokosha kare dzingaramba dzakadzivirirwa. Dzimwe ruramisiro dzakadana nokuda kwokurangarirazve mimwe miitiro yakafanira, kubatanidza avo vanodzivirira maruramiro okuroora nokushandisa kudzora pamuviri. Makore anouya achaona maruramiro anorehwa pamusoro peirwo ruya runopukunyuka kuongororwa pasi pe "chitokoriso negamuchidzanwa" zvinoedzwa mu [FLT:] [FF] [FFF] [5].

mhedziso

Muitiro wakafanira unoramba uri musimboti wenhevedzano yemitemo yeAmerica, uchidzivirira vanhu pamaitiro ehurumende okuzvitonga uye uchivimbisa kuti simba rehurumende rinoshandiswa zvakanaka. Kungava kupfurikidza nedziviriro dzetsika dzokuziva nokunzwa kana kuti dziviriro inopfuudzwa yekodzero dzinokosha, Nhevedzo yeCHEDZO yeCHENGEDZO yeNhengo yeshanu neMitemo ye145 yeMitemo inodzo-Nhengo inoita basa rinokosha mukuchengetedza mutemo. Pfungwa yacho yakabvumikisa kuva inochinjika zvikuru, ichibva kumitemo yeChirungu yeMiddle Agedhicroa kusvika kuzvinetso zvoungwaru uye mamiriro okukurumidza outano enyika. Vadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vagari vemo vemunyika vose, muitiro unokosha — kwete bedzi kunzwisisa vimbiso dzebumbiro dzemitemo, asi kuvadzivirira.