Mavambo Akangwara Ezvokunzvera uye Dzikamo zveAmerica

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo dzinorondedzera hurumende yeUnited States haina kuitwa muchinhu chisingakoshi. VanaBaba vokuwana vakatora zvikuru kubva mumazana amakore ouzivi hwezvematongerwe enyika, zvakaitika zvavo vamene zvehurumende, uye zvidzidzo zvinoshanda kubva mukuedza kwakakundikana mukutonga. Njere dzavo huru dzakanga dziri nyore asi dzakadzama: simba rinofanira kupatsanurwa kuti rizvidzivirire. Chiono ichi, chakabatanidzwa muBumbiro remitemo ra1787, chinoramba chiri mutoo unoshandiswa narwo riphabliki yeAmerica, kunyange zvazvo ichitarisana nemiedzo yenguva dzose yedariro rezvamatongerwe enyika nerwisano yemagariro.

Mavambo Mupfungwa Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Dzakajeka

Hapana mufungi mumwe akapesvedzera chimiro chehurumende yeAmerica kupfuura muzivi weFrance Baran de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake ra1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [, Montesquieu yakataura kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika rwaida kuparadzanisa muwirirano, mukuru wehurumende, namasimba okutonga. Akanyevera kuti apo masimba maviri akabatanidzwa mumaoko mamwe chetewo, rusununguko rwakarasika. VaFathers vaings vainga varava Montesquieu. James Mas, muna [Flct:] Factiverist.[4]

John Locke akaumbawo kufunga kwavatangi. Vatsigiri Vake vaviri veHurumende vakavamba chibvumirano chenzanga nepfungwa yokuti kuva pamutemo kwehurumende kunobva mukubvumira kwevadzorwi. Locke akasimbisa kuti simba remitemo rinofanira kuva gurusa asi rakaganhurirwa, uye kuti mutungamiriri anofanira kuva nechiremera chokuita bedzi mukati memiganhu yomutemo. Idzi pfungwa dzinooneka mukupa kweMitemo masimba anodudzwa uye dziviriro dzaro dzakajeka nokuda kwekodzero dzavanhu.

Mukuwedzera, Vavambi vakafunda marepublic ekare nemuenzaniso wehurumende yeBritain. Vakaona kuti Roman Republic yakadzikamisa sei Dare repatrician, magungano akakurumbira, uye vamiriri. Vakacherekedza gadziriro yeBritain umo Hurumende, House of Lords, uye House of Commons yakanzverana. (8) kunyange zvazvo vakaramba madzimambo nehurumende vachitsigira gadziriro yose yehurumende. Muuyo wacho wakanga uri America yesynthesis: hurumende yakakamurwa kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana, imwe neimwe nenzira yokudzivisa nayo kupindira kwedzimwe nyika.

Kugadzirwa Kwemaketi Nedzikamo Mubumbiro Remitemo

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti tsika yakagadzirirwa sei kudzivisa muviri mumwe nomumwe kuti usadzora.

  • Nzvero dzinodzorwa pa Huru hweChipo:[[FLT: 1] Congress inodzora mativi echikwama, inofanira kutendera kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano (Sanita), inogona kukurira zvibvumirano namavhoti maviri, ine simba rokusaita muteveri nokubvisa Purezidhendi navamwe vakuru vakuru, uye inogona kunzvera zviito zvehurumende.
  • Nzvero dzechibvumirano paJudia: Hurumende inosarudza chivako chematare ehurumende (kunze kweDare reChikurusa, rakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo), inogona kugadza nhamba yevatongi, inobvumira vatongi, uye inogona kubvisa uye kubvisa vatongi vehurumende.
  • Kunzvera kwapaMutemo paChirevo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kusvitsa mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, uye anogona kudana kuti Congress ive purogiramu chaiyo. Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi anobatira saPrezidhendi weDare, achivhota zvivhoti zvechisungo.
  • Kunzvera kwePurezidhendi paJudia: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoisa vatongi vomubatanidzwa, kubatanidza ruramisiro yeDare Gurusa, uye ane simba rokupa kanganwiro nokuda kwemhaka dzehurumende (kunze kwekusabvumirana).
  • Nzvero dzechiJudicial paChirevo neChirevo: Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina kubatana ne(a simba reBumbiro remitemo harisati richipa pachena asi rakatangwa neDare Rapamusorosa bury v. Madison [183]]).

Kubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira Kukuru Nokusada Kupinda Munzvimbo Yakashata

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo ra1787 rakadokuputsika pamusoro penhau yokumirira. Nyika huru dzaida kuratidzirwa kwakavakirwa pavagari vemo mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress; nyika duku dzaida kumimiriro yakaenzana. Kuchinja kukuru , kwakakarakadzwa naRoger Sherman, akagadzira chibvumirano chemitemo chebhimedul: Imba yavamiriri nemirairo yakaenzana (inomirira vanhu) uye Dare rine mufananidzo wakaenzana nokuda kwehurumende imwe neimwe (inoita kuti iende kuhurumende). Ichi chivako icho chimene ichekero: Mitero yedzimba inotanga mitero nokusarutsoro, nepo Dare rinogovera zano nokusarutsira pamiedzo. Dzimba mbiri dzinoshanda sedzinonzverana dzose, nokudzodza mutemo unodzo.

Chishandiso Chamapurezidhendi: Chishandiso Chisingachinji

Simba reveto rakanga riri imwe yetsoropodzo hurusa paKokorodzano. Dzimwe nhume dzaitya kuti kwaizoita Purezidhendi kuva mambo zvikuru. Vamwe, kubatanidza Alexander Hamilton, vakarangarira kuti kwakanga kuchikosha kudzivirira bazu guru pakunyengera kwomutemo. Vatangi vakapa Purezidhendi A [[[FLT:]] kuva nyanzvi [[FLT:], Hamilton aitsanangura kuti vanoshanda se "Simba refemu" uye sa "kunzvera" kudzorwa kwemitemo yakaipa. Munedrost] Fireda anobatira Nhakate. [, Hamilton]

Kubvuma: Chinetso Chacho Chokupedzisira Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuvhota ibasa rine simba zvikurusa reBumbiro reMitemo rokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazvidavirire. Imba yavamiririri ine simba rimwe rokupa mhosva, nepo Dare richiita kutonga uye, nevhoti mbiri, rinogona kuisa mhaka ndokubvisa. Vavambi veMitemo vakaisa muenzaniso pamuitiro weBritain asi vakaigadzirira kuti ive nyika inovakirwa. Vakaita zvivako nokuda kwechiokomukiridzo che "Kufunga, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti zvimwe zvitsotsiro zvakakwirira uye Misdemiams" chitsama chitsamaudzo chamaune kuti vafukidze kusanzwisisa kwakakomba simba.

Nhau yokusatendera inozivisa zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro dzeiyi chekero. Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson akarairwa muna 1868 nokuda kwokuputsa Tenure of Office Act, asi apiwa mhaka nevhoti imwe. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akarega muna 1974 pashure penhau dzeHouse Judicary Committee dzakatenderwa nokuda kwokudzorwa kweruramisiro, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uye kuzvidza kweCongress. Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akasairwa muna 1998 nokuda kwechidine uye kudzorwa kweruramisiro asi akasunungurwa neDare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump akashant akashairwa kaviri (209) asi akasunungura nguva dzose dziri mbiri. Izvi zvinoratidzira kuti kusatenderwa kwomutezonga wezvamatongerwe enyika somuitiro wemitemo.

Mapepa Akarongwa Nehurumende: Vavambi Vodziviriro Vamene

Kunyengetedza nyika kuti dzitendere Bumbiro reMitemo, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay vakanyora nhevedzano yenhau 85 zvino dzinozivikanwa se Phepa reFedalide[. Tsamba idzi dzinoramba dziri tsananguro yakananga yemagadzirirwe eBumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru gadziriro yadzo yenzvero nedzikamo.

Murongi Nha. 51: Theory of Ambrication Confiniting Ambrition Ambrost

Zvichida rondedzero yakakurumbira zvikurusa, Fiterast No. 51, yakanyorwa naMadison, ine ruramiso yakatanhamara nokuda kwamasimba akaparadzana: "Kuzvitutumadza kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa gwinyiro". Madison akapikisana kuti nemhaka yokuti vanhu havasi ngirozi, hurumende inofanira kudzora vadzore voga. Nzira yokupa nayo bazu rimwe nerimwe "mitoo yemitemo yapamutemo iri madikanwa nevavariro dzomunhu oga kudzivisa kudzorwa kwezvimwe zvinhu. Akatsanangura kuti mapazu anofanira kuva akarongeka kuitira kuti rimwe nerimwe rive nechido charo charo, nezvigadziko zvakasiana namashoko akasiana ehofisi. Iyi nzwisiso iyo ingagona kudzivirirwa kuti idzivirirwe pahwerengero yemwoyo yeAmerica.

Mutungamiriri Wenyika Nhamba 10: Kudzora Chokwadi MuRepublic Huru

Mu Mune [Folerast] Nhaka. 10, Madison akabata chinetso chamapoka(mapoka akabatanidzwa nefariro imwe cheteyo kumaruramiro avamwe. Akataura kuti republic huru namapato akawanda anokwikwikwidzana yaizoita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuti mamiriro ezvinhu api naapi adzore. Gadziriro neparadzano yamasimba zvisarudze murangariro wavose uye kuva nomwero wemiuyo yesimba gurusa. Iyi yakaronga hwaro hwenzwisiso yokunzwisisa kuti kunoshanda sei bedzi pakati pamapazu asi pakati penzanga yose.

Nhau Dzakarondedzera Dzinonzvera uye Dzikamo

Marbury v. Madison (103): Judicial Review

Chinoitika chimwe chinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica, Marbury v. Madison akatanga nheyo yehwirudzuro ye [ yedare reSangano gurusa [[FLT]]]. Simba redare rokuzivisa mabasa eCongress asingawirirani. Chisarudzo ichi chakapa mutongo mukuru, Chikuru John Marshall akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, uye ibasa rejastiary kuidudzira. Naizvozvo, kana mutemo neBumbiro remitemo, Dare rinofanira kutsigira bumbiro remitemo. Ichi chisarudzo chakapa judia inzvero ine simba paGwarati yemistism uye mapazuro, chichiita Dare redare rehurumende rinoshanda pasinei.

Chikamu chiduku mapeji & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952): Kuganhura Simba Roudzori

Mukati meHondo yeKorea, Purezidhendi Harry Truman akabudisa murayiro mukuru wokubata zvigadziko zvesimbi mumativi matatu okurwisa kwaizodzongonyedza kugadzirwa kwehondo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga murayiro usina kubvumirwa nemitemo, richitaura kuti Purezidhendi akanga asina chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chomutemo chokuita chiito chakadaro. Mutongi Robert Jackson akabatana nemufungo wakakurumbira wesimba rapurezidhendi mumativi matatu: apo Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoshanda zvakajeka kana kuti nemvumo inorehwa kubva kuCongress (chiremera chikuru), apo Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoita chiito chokusashanda (Ukuru hwekuvira), uye apo Purezidhente anoita zvinopesana nezvinoda kuratidzira (kudzodzodzo hurusa). Uyu mupimo unoramba uri mupimo wekunzvera simba rebasa.

United States v. Nixon (1974): Kuganhurira Ropafadzo Yavane Simba

Pakati pechinyadziso cheWatergate, Purezidhendi Nixon akataura ropafadzo yakakwana yokudzivisa tepi yakarekodwa nezvinyorwa kubva mukunzvera kwoutsotsi. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaramba kupomera kwake nokubvumirana, richirangarira kuti kutaura kwapurezidhendi kweropafadzo kunofanira kupa chinodikanwa chaicho chegadziriro yemitemo yamatsotsi. Chisarudzo chakamanikidzira Nixon kuwirirana, kuchitungamirira kukubudiswa kwamatepi okuzivisa kubatanidzwa kwake mubutiro uye pakupedzisira kubviswa kwake. Iyi mhaka yakaratidzira kuti judicariary inogona kunzvera kunyange panhambo yayo ine simba zvikurusa.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Kugadziriro Yemakemikari Nedzikamo

Chiono chavatangi chehurumende inozviruramisa vamene chakatsungirira kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore, asi chinotarisana nedzvinyiriro huru muzana ramakore rechi 21. Kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru, uye basa riri kuwedzera remari mune zvamatongerwe enyika zvose zvinodenha kushanda kwegadziriro yecherekedzo nedzikamo.

Kutanga Kwehurumende Yokutarisira

Chifo cheNew Deance, Congress yakapa chiremera chikuru kumasangano ebazu makuru. Aya masangano anobatanidza mibato yemitemo, yehurumende, uye yedare munzira idzo Vatangi vangave vakawana kuva inonetsa. Somuenzaniso, Environmental Protection Agency inonyora mitemo (legislative), inodzikamisa (kuuraya), uye ganhuriso kukusawirirana (kutonga). Dare Rapamusoro rakabudisa zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvokuvamba musangano, zvikurukuru West Virginia v. EPA [202], iyo yakashandisa "dzidziso dzedare" kuraira kubatanidzwa pamberi pamasangano anogona kuita chiito panhau huru yezve zvoupfumi nerematongedzero.

Kuchinja Kunoita Zvemabhazi Nedare reFilibuster

Mitemo yeDare inobvumira vashomanene kuvhara mutemo mariri vamene, asi vatsoropodzi vanoiraira kuva nesimba guru ramavhoti 60 kuti vapedze kurukurirano. Uyu murau wakanga usiri rutivi rwemagadzirirwo eVavambi .(Matestamende anongoda voruzhinji bedzi kupfuudza mutemo. Chinoumba chive chinhu chikuru chokunzvera icho chimene, asi vashori vakaipikisa kuti yatungamirira kukuvhara nokusashanda zvakanaka kwedare zvazovawo zvinodzorwa zvikuru, namativi ose ari maviri anoshandisa mazano eprocedational kudzosa kana kuti kuvhara. Muuyo igadziriro apo nzvero dzinogona kuva zvombo zvokudzosa.

Kukura Kwegadziriro Dzavatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chomuuyo

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akashandisa nenzira inowedzera mirairo yavakuru vakuru, mibato, uye zviziviso zvokurega kufambisa Congress. Nepo mirairo yavatungamiriri iri chishandiso chapamutemo, inogona kuchinjwa napurezidhendi anotevera kana kuti kurohwa nematare. Ikoku kwakatungamirira ku "kuchinja-pfura-pfuro" uko chinjo huru dzemitemo dzinochinjwa nguva iri yose apo White House inochinja maoko, ichideredza dzikamo nemitemo. Vavambi vaikarira kuti Congress iveries ive bazu guru, asi vapamberi vazvino uno vazova musimboti wechiito chehurumende.

Kukudzwa Kusingaperi Kwechiono Chavatangi

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, gadziriro yokuongorora nokudzikamisa inoramba iri dziviriro yehurumende yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo nhasi, chidzidzo chakajeka: gadziriro inoda kungwarira. Nzvero nedzikamo zvinoshanda bedzi apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinodisa kushandisa maruramiro aro uye apo ruzhinji runoita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Bumbiro reMitemo harizvinzveri rimene (Izvo zvinoongororwa navanhu). Vavambi vakapa zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi midziyo; kuri kuchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kuti zviishandise.

Zvinhu Zvatingadzidza Zvakadzama