Chivako chehurumende muUnited States igadziriro yakaganhurirwa yehurumende, umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende dzehurumende, nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzichishanda semapoka maduku enyika. Kunzwisisa kuti ndiani anoita (kubva kuna meya mutaundi rako kusvikira kuPrezidhendi muWashington, D.C.(inokosha nokuda kwokudzidza kwehurumende. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mitoro yakasiana, manyuko echiremera, uye mibato yokuzvidavirira. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inoshanda semibato, masimba, uye batano dzavatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo, vadzori vehurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vachigovera gadziriro yakajeka nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo.

Vatungamiriri Venharaunda: Vatungamiriri Vehurumende Vanokosha

Hurumende yemo ndiyo inowanzoita kuti upenyu huve nani.

Marudzi Ehurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende yomunzvimbomo muUnited States chaizvoizvo ine zvimiro zvitatu:

  • [[FULT:0] Maguta, mataundi, uye misha inogovera mabasa mukati memiganhu yayo. Anodzorwa nemutungamiriri weguta, mukuru wedare, kana kuti gadziriro yemirayiro.
  • + Zvikamu zvehurumende zvehurumende zvinogovera mabasa panzvimbo huru, kazhinji kazhinji kubatanidza nzvimbo dzisina kubatanidzwa. Hurumende dzeruwa dzinobata mabasa sezvinyorwa zvezvinhu, sarudzo, uye utano hwavanhu.
  • Maruwa akasarudzwa: mapoka eendi akaitwa kuita basa rakati, zvakadai samaruwa ezvikoro, maruwa emvura, kana kuti zviremera zvokufambisa. Maruwa iwaya ane mapuranga awo amene akasarudzwa uye chiremera chokubhadhara.

Mabasa Nemabasa Evatungamiriri Vomunzvimbomo

Vatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo vanotarisira mikana yakawanda inofungwa nenzanga. Mabasa makuru anobatanidza:

  • Public Safety: Kunyanyoona madhipatimendi emapurisa, mabasa okudzima moto, uye mhinduro dzekurapwa nokukurumidza.
  • Tsamba: Kuchengeta migwagwa, mabhiriji, gadziriro dzemvura, kurapa kwetsvina, uye kufambiswa kwavanhu vose.
  • Traxation: mabhodhi ezvikoro zvezvikoro zvehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza zvikamu zvedzidzo, mabhajeti, uye kurovha vatarisiri.
  • [[[Nto:0] Kuzivisa uye Nyika Inoshandiswa: Kugadzira nokusimbisa mirau inodzora inogona kuvakwa uye kuti, kubva kunharaunda dzinogara vanhu kusvikira kumaruwa ezvokutengeserana.
  • Mabhajeti eBajeti eIndaneti: Kuisa nokubvumira bhajeti dzegore negore, kuronga mari yemitero yenzvimbo, uye kukwereta mari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvedzimbahwe.
  • [[FOM: 0] Chibvumirano cheKonknomian: chinova nemhosva dzavose, chinopindura zvinetso zvinobatanidzwa, uye chinokurudzira kutora rutivi munzanga.

Mienzaniso Yevatungamiriri Vomunzvimbomo

  • Mayor: Mutungamiriri mukuru weguta, ane mutoro wokushandisa mitemo yeguta, kuisa mitemo, uye kumirira guta munhau dzomunharaunda. Vane simba guru rehurumende kana kuti vakaneta (muitiro wakawanda) zvichitsamira pachatamende cheguta.
  • Mutezo weDare reMuguta: Muiti wemitemo akasarudzwa anovhota pamusoro pemirairo, anotendera bhajeti, uye anomirira nzvimbo kana kuti ruwa mukati meguta.
  • Commissioner: Yakapiwa dare reruwa, rine mutoro wemibato yenyika yose yakadai sejeri, matare, uye utano hwevanhu.
  • Comment Anoratidza muitiro weruwa rwechikoro chomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza mipimo yedzidzo, kuronga nzvimbo, uye zvibvumirano zvomudzidzisi.
  • Trinity: Mune dzimwe nyika, hurumende dzemataundini dzinobata migwagwa yomumaruwa, makuva, uye kuyamura kusina kunaka.

Kuratidzirwa Kwakaitwa Vatungamiriri Vomunzvimbomo Ndokuzvidavirira

Vatungamiriri vazhinjisa vomunzvimbomo vanosarudzwa mukusarudza kusiri kwepartisan kana kuti kwokuvhota, kazhinji kazhinji mumakore anenge kana kuti mukati mesarudzo dzemanisiparati. Mitemo inosiana: mameya anowanzobatira makore 2-4, mitezo yedare yamakore 2-4, uye mitezo yedare rechikoro makore 4-6. Vagari vemo vanogona kupinda misangano yavose, kukumbira nokuda kwezviito zvokuvhota, uye vhoti mumasarudzo omunzvimbomo (g.s.shroodoup) kazhinji kazhinji ishoma, asi izvi zvisarudzo zvakaderera paupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Vatongi Vehurumende: Vavambi Vomutemo Wehurumende

Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanoshanda pamwero wapakati pakati pehurumende yomunzvimbomo nehurumende. Vane mutoro wokuita mitemo inoshanda kuhurumende yose, masangano ehurumende, uye kuronga mari dzehurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine mutezo wemitemo, unowanzova bimaral (kunze kweNebraska, ine unicameral compostal commission), yakaumbwa neDare (imba yapamusoro) neImba yavamiriri kana kuti yeGungano (imba yepasi).

Mabasa Nemabasa eMitemo yeHurumende

Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vane chiremera chikuru pamusoro penhau dzisina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. mitoro yavo mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Kugadzira mirau: Kuhwina, kuitisana nharo, uye kuvhota pamitemo inova mitemo yehurumende. Izvi zvinofukidza nzvimbo dzakadai semipimo yedzidzo, mirau yezvoutano, ruramisiro youtsotsi, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye kudzosa bhizimisi.
  • Kudzongonyedza: Apply shoo yemari yehurumende, mari yedzidzo yepamusoro, dzidzo yakakwirira, zvokufambisa, zvigadziriso, uye mabasa enzanga. Hurumende inoronga kugovera mari kubva kumitero yemari inotambirwa, mitero yokutengesa, uye mitero.
  • Kuongorora: Masangano ehurumende okuongorora (mutoo, Department of Motor Vehicles, Department of Health) kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vari kushandisa mitemo nenzira inobudirira uye inoshanda. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kunzwa kwedare nokunzvera.
  • Kupa: Kubatira senzwi ravanhu vari muguta guru renyika, kupindura mibvunzo, kubatsira kutungamirira nyika, uye kusvitsa kungwariro dzehurumende dzose.
  • Hurumende yePrefection: Kuisa chinjo kubumbiro remitemo rehurumende, iro rinofanira ipapo kutenderwa navavhoti mubumbiro renhau.

Mienzaniso Yevatongi Vehurumende

  • State Senator: Ikanyanya kubatira mukamuri duku (20-50 mitezo) ine mashoko marefu (makore mana munyika zhinjisa). Makamba kazhinji kazhinji anomirira maruwa makuru kupfuura vamiriri uye angava namabasa chaiwo akafanana nokusimbisa kugadzwa kwegubernerator.
  • Mumiriri weStatetio (kana kuti Ganhuro Guru): Anoshanda mukamuri guru zvikuru (50-150 mitezo) ine mashoko mapfupi (2 mumiganhu mizhinjisa). Anowanzosvikwa zvikuru nemhaka yamaruwa maduku.
  • [[FOLT:0] Governor: Kunyange zvazvo asiri muiti wemitemo, gavhuna mukuru wenzvimbo yehurumende anogona kusaina kana kuti kuisa zvikwereti, kudana marusando chaiwo, uye kuronga bhajeti. Gavhuna anobatira somutungamiriri mukuru wenyika.
  • [ Dare reProfeta: Rinotungamirira dare rehurumende munyika dzakawanda uye rinobudirira gavhuna kana kuchidikanwa.

Kufungwa Kunoitwa Mitemo yeHurumende

Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanosarudzwa navavhoti mumaruwa anonyorwa makore 10 ari ose pashure peChiverengero cheU.S. Nhamba dzinosarudzwa dzinova dzinotsiva, navanoda kumirira mapoka makuru (Democratic and Republican) pamwe chete namativi echitatu. Mitemo iripo mune dzimwe nyika (g. California, Michigan, Florida), nepo dzimwe dzisina miganhu. Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinosiana: dzimwe nyika dzinosangana gore negore, dzimwe dzinosangana gore negore, nedzimwe, namarusando enguva dzose 30-90 kana kuti kupfuura.

Vakuru Vakuru Vehurumende: Vanodzora Rudzi

Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoshanda pamwero worudzi, vane masimba anodudzwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Vanobata nhau dzinokurira miganhu yehurumende, dzakadai sedziviriro yorudzi, kutama, kutengeserana kwenyika, muitiro wokumwe, uye maruramiro avagari vemo. Hurumende yehurumende inokamurwa kuva mapazu matatu: chigaro chemitemo (Conagent), mukuru wehurumende (Pumeridhendi), uye dare rinotonga (Dare reSangano reSangano reSangano reHurumende).

Mabasa Nemabasa Evakuru Vakuru

Bhuku Romutemo: Congress

Dare rakaumbwa nemakamuri maviri: Dare neImba Yevamiririri.

  • Kuisa Mitemo: Kusuma, kuitisana nharo, uye kupfuudza zvikwereti zvinotapura nyika yose. Dare rine chiremera pamativi akarongwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo, zvakadai sokuumba mari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika.
  • Kudzosa: Kupfuudza bhajeti yehurumende, kubvumira kupedzera masangano ose ehurumende, mapurogiramu, uye kodzero (Sasero, Medicare, zvichingodaro).
  • Kupasa: Kuongorora zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwedare, kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (Sanita), uye kutendera zvibvumirano (Sanita).
  • [ Chiteshi: Imba inogona kudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende (kubatanidza Purezidhendi) nokuda kwe "mhosva huru namatsotsi," uye Dare rinoitisa kutonga kuvabvisa.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Purezidhendi Negadziriro Dzehurumende

  • : Mutungamiriri wehurumende nehurumende, mutungamiriri mukuru wemauto akashongedzwa, mukuru mukuru wehurumende, uye mutarisiri mukuru. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anomanikidzira mitemo yehurumende, anopa zvirango zvehurumende, anokarakadza bhajeti, anogadza vatongi vehurumende nevakuru vesangano, uye anopa kanganwiro.
  • [ Mutungamiriri wehurumende: Mutungamiriri weDare, kutanga mumutsetse wenhevedzano, uye mutungamiriri kuPurofitera.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mitezo yeCabinet neAgency Heads: Nhengo dzemadhipatimendi (Dhinense, Hurumende, Treasury, zvichingodaro) uye vakuru vemasangano akazvimirira (EPA, NASA, zvichingodaro) vanotarisira nzvimbo dzakati dzemiitiro.

Bazu Rokutonga: Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa uye Matare Anotonga

  • Ruramisiro dzeDare: Vatongi vapfumbamwe (kubatanidza Mutongi mumwe Mukuru) uyo anodudzira Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yehurumende, anonzwa zvikumbiro panhau dzinokosha, uye anotanga mienzaniso yapamutemo inosungisa pamatare ose akaderera.
  • [[FLT : 0] Dare reNharaunda: Rinoshanda pa 13 Dare reKukwirira reU.S., kutonga zvikumbiro zvakabva kumatare oruwa.
  • Dare reruwa Vatongi: vatongi vokutonga mumaruwa 94 ehurumende, vachibata mhaka dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Mienzaniso Yavakuru Vakuru

  • U.S. shopi: 2 pahurumende, inobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu. Masheya anomirira nyika yose uye ane basa mumuitiro wokumwe (tendero) uye kuronga kwokutonga.
  • [ .S. Mutezo weImba: mitezo yokuvhota, inobatira mashoko amakore maviri. Inomirira maruwa emisangano mukati memaruwa uye inotanga zvikwereti zvemari.
  • Mutungamiriri weUnited States: Akajekeswa makore mana ari ose kupfurikidza neElectoral College.
  • Ruramisiro yeDare: inogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, inopiwa Dare.

Kuenzanisa Madanho Matatu eHurumende

Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva wokuonana naye nokuda kwenhau chaidzoidzo.

Misiyano Mikuru

Aspect Local State Federal
Jurisdiction City, county, or special district Entire state Entire nation
Primary Powers Police power, zoning, public works, education (local control) Education, transportation, criminal law, health, licensing National defense, immigration, interstate commerce, currency
Funding Property taxes, fees, state aid, bonds Income taxes, sales taxes, federal grants Income taxes, corporate taxes, tariffs, borrowing
Accessibility High — meetings are frequent and public Moderate — sessions are public but often remote Lower — D.C. is far, but representatives have local offices
Term Length 2–4 years typically 2–4 years (legislators); 4 years (governor) House 2 years, Senate 6 years, President 4 years, judges life

Kuwandirwa uye Kupindira

Kushanda pamwe chete hakunzwisisiki:

  • Federal Grants-in-Aid: Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari kumadonzo akati (mutoo, Medicaid, kuvaka mugwagwa mukuru), kazhinji kazhinji nemigariro yakabatanidzwa nomuitiro wechimiro chehurumende.
  • Kusunungurwa: mutemo weFederal mukurusa pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende pasi peSupremacy Claus, asi hurumende dzinogona kuita munharaunda dzisina kutemwa. Somuenzaniso, mipimo yemhoteredzo yehurumende inogadza uriri; masangano anogona kutora mitemo yorumano.
  • State Mandates on Local Reagement:[[FLT: 1] Nyika dzinowanzoda hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kugovera mabasa akati (mutoo, mari yedzidzo, utano hwavanhu) uye dzinogona kuganhurira chiremera chomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza noKutonga kwaDillon (hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine masimba bedzi anopiwa nenzira yakajeka nehurumende).
  • Mitoro yakagoveranwa:[ Tsvikiro yengwavaira inobatanidza mhinduro dzokutanga dzomunzvimbomo, masangano anotarisira mamiriro ezvinhu engozi, uye FEMA yehurumende. Kudzikamiswa kwomutemo kunobatira pamwe kupfurikidza namauto ebasa pakutengesa mirimo nekombiyuta.

Chikonzero Nei Kunzwisisa Mabasa Awa Kuchikosha

Kushanda zvakanaka kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunotsamira panzvero inoziva. Kuziva mwero wehurumende unobata chinobetsera vagari vemo:

  • Drect Facess ku Vakuru vakuru Vakarurama: Chivako inhau yomunzvimbomo; mugwagwa mukuru wehurumende unoda DOT; interstate yehurumende inowira pasi peBato reZvokufambisa reU.S.
  • Paricipate Secondal: Kuparira musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji kune tapuro yapakarepo zvikuru paupenyu hwezuva nezuva kupfuura nhangemutange yapurezidhendi. Sarudzo dzedare rechikoro dzinosarudza zvirongwa uye mari.
  • Vabati Vavakuru Vane Mutoro: Kana muiti wemitemo wenyika akakundikana kutaura chinodikanwa chenzanga, vamiriri vanogona kuvavhota kana kuti kumhanya nokuda kwenzvimbo vamene.
  • Masangano eHurumende akabatana: Kubva kumarezesi okutyaira (state) kusvikira kuSocial Security (Forceal) kukuvaka mvumo (nzvimbo inogarwa), kunzwisisa matura anoderedza kangaidziko.

Mienzaniso Inoshanda: Vaya Vangataura Nezvenyaya Dzakajairika

  • Mugwagwa wako une chiedza chakaputsika chomugwagwa: dana guta kuti rinoshanda paruzhinji kana kuti mutezo wedare rako reguta.
  • Chikoro chapamusoro chomunzvimbomo chinoda mari yakawanda zvikuru yeSTEM: Inopinda musangano wedare rechikoro uye mutsigiri; onanawo nomumiriri wako wenyika pamusoro pemiitiro yedzidzo.
  • Unoda kutanga bhizimisi duku: Kuwana raisenzi yebhizimisi yomunzvimbomo (guta/rokubhadharisa) ndokunyoresa nehurumende nokuda kwemitero.
  • A murairo womubatanidzwa uri kukuvadza indasitiri yako: Pindura mutezo wako weImba kana kuti Senator; vanogona kuva nenzwi kana kuti kukarakadza mutemo.
  • Une hanya nemuitiro wokuchinja mugariro wokunze: Chibvumirano pamwero yose: kuvaka nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo nokuda kwechivako chegirini, mirairo inomutsidzirwa yesimba rehurumende, uye mirau yecarbon yomubatanidzwa.

mhedziso

Masimba anopesana pakati pomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende chiratidzo chokutonga kweAmerica. Nepo gadziriro ingaratidzika kuva yakaoma, yakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa chiremera, kudzivirira rusununguko, uye kubvumira nokuda kwezvigadzikiso zvakagadzirirwa pamipimo yakasiana. Vatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo vanobata nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Vatongi vanodzikamisa mativi enharaunda nemiraudzo yakafara; vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanodzora vanokwanisa kutungamirira nyika uye kugovera gadziriro inobatanidza. Nokunzwisisa iyi mibato, vagari vemo vanogona kubatanidzwa nenzira inobudirira nehurumende yavo, vatsigiriri nokuda kwechinjo, uye vanobetsera kuutano hweRepublic republic. Nokuda kwokurangarirazve, zviwanikwa zvehurumende [[FLT:].[FF] [FLT]].[5] .[5] . . .GUPU.[FLT] , , . .[FLT] .[F]