Kusagadzikana Kusingaperi: Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu Vose Nekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Ukama pakati pechengeteko yavose nekodzero dzevanhu ndiimwe yedenho dzenguva dzose nedzakaoma zvikurusa mumutemo nokudzora. Sangano riri rose rinofanira kusarudza nzira yokudzivirira nayo mitezo yaro pakuvadziko nepo richichengeta rusununguko runoita kuti upenyu huve hwakafanira. Uku kudzikama hakuwirirani; kunochinja nemigariro yezvamatongerwe enyika, fambiro mberi yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye njodzi dzisingadeyi kuonwa. Kunzwisisa nheyo dzaro dzenhau, nheyo dzapamutemo dzapakuvamba, uye nzvimbo dzinojeka dzazvino uno kunokosha nokuda kwougari ushe hwapamutemo hwakakurumbira uye kugadzira mitemo.

Kurondedzera Mifungo Yamanyoro

Kotsekano yavose yakananga kudziviriro yavagari vemo pangozi dzakadai soutsotsi, ugandanga, ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, uye zvirwere. Iro mutoro mukuru wehurumende, wakavakirwa murondedzero yenzanga yakarongwa navazivi vakadai saThomas Hobbes naJohn Locke. Mukutsinhanisa nokuda kwechengeteko, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanopa kodzero kuhurumende. Kodzero dzomunhu oga, kune rumwe rutivi, rusununguko rwomuzvarirwo rwekutaura (runorusununguko rwechiito, kuvandikano, rudzidziso, uye dziviriro pachiito chehurumende choushiviriro chemitemo kana kuti zvishandiso zvekodzero dzavanhu zvamarudzi ose. Chinetsoro chinopa kodzero dzogadzikiswa pasina kubvisa hurumende inodzorwa zvikuru.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwedzikamo

Nhamo pakati penhevedzano norusununguko ine mavambo akadzika enhau. Munzanga dzakare, dzakadai saidzo dzinodzorwa neBoka raHammurabi (c. 1754 BCE), mutemo wakaisa dzikamo yetsika nerango pamusoro pedziviriro dzavanhu vamwe navamwe. Roman Republic yakatanga mifungo yakadai se as corpus [ichochinoumba (kodzero yokudenha kuchengetwa kusiri kwapamutemo] munheyo, kunyange zvazvo yakadzokororwa nenzira isingawirirani. Nguva huru yakasvika muna 1215 ne Magna Carta, iyo yakasimbisa kuti mambo akanga asiri pamusoro pomutemo uye miitiro yakati yapamutemo yakasununguka. Chinyorwa ichi chakaisa mutevero wetsikano yomutemo.

Kujekeswa kwezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi18 kwakaenderera mberi maruramiro avanhu. Vafungi saJohn Locke vakatsigira maruramiro omuzvarirwo oupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu, nepo Montesquieu akatsigira kuparadzana kwamasimba. United States Bill of Rights[ [179] [179]) yakazivisa maruramiro ehurumende akaganhurirwa zvakajeka kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kutaura, rudzidziso, uye maruramiro okutakura zvombo. Nenzira yakafanana, Chiziviso cheFrance chekodzero dzeMagariro omunhu nedzeChigarikamirire [79] [[FLT]] [79])) akazivisa maruramiro okusununguka nokuenzana sezvomuzvarirwo uye kusava pamutemo. Izvi zvinobatanidza nheyo yavose yokuchengeteka.

Muzana ramakore rechi20, kumuka kwehurumende dzoudzvinyiriri `Nazi Germany, Soviet Union(*) yakaonesa migumisiro ine ngwavaira yokubayira kodzero dzevanhu nokuda kwekodzero dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinochengeteka. Chibvumirano cheInternational Declaration of Human Rights [ [1948])) chakavapo semhinduro yenyika yose, ichisimbisa kuti kodzero dzevanhu ndedzesese kwose kwose uye kuti dzinofanira kudzivirirwa kunyange munguva dzekurumidziro. Zvisinei, mutemo wenyika yose unobvumira kubviswa kwekodzero dzakati panguva dzenjodzi, kugovera matanho anowirirana uye asingaregikanirwi.

Nheyo Dzinokosha Dzapamutemo Dzinodzora Dziringo

Kunzwisisa nheyo idzi kunokosha pakuongorora mutemo upi noupi kana kuti mutemo unoganhurira rusununguko muzita rekotsekano.

Maitirwo Emutemo

Gadziriro yakafanira inovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina miitiro inoruramisira. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okucherekedza, kumira kwapamutemo, uye dare risina rusaruro. Gadziriro dzeFita ne14th Amendments kuU. Pamusignational inosimbisa muitiro wakafanira. Mumashoko echengeteko yavose, muitiro wakafanira unodzivisa kupfigirwa kwokusazvidzora kwemiitiro yezvokunyama kana kuti mitemo inodzivisa kuchengetwa kunofanira kuva nokukurumidza kudzokororwa kwedare. [[FTLT:0] Soundme Memote Caurt court] - United States v. Sallerno [1987] [FLT]]

Zvatinowana

Nheyo yewirirano inoda kuti ganhuriro ipi neipi pakodzero dzavanhu iwirirane netyisidziro uye iri madikanwa munzanga yedemokrase. Ikoku kunoreva ngozi duku haigoni kururamisa ganhuriro huru. Nzvero yetsika ikokuyera kwemutemo wekodzero dzavanhu weEurope pasi pe . Somuenzaniso, mu [FLT:] silver v. United Kingdom [[FFLT:3] [19983], Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakatonga kuti kuongororwa kwekodzero dzavanhu kwakanga kuchineteswa. MuUnited States, matare anoshandisa kunzvera zvakasimba kuputsa kodzero dzinokosha, inoda kubvumikisa fariro yehurumende uye kutsigira pamutemo.

Miganhu Yemhuka

Chinosanowirirana nokuwirirana ndicho chinodikanwa chokuti hurumende isarudze mutoo muduku unoganhurira kuti isvike donzo rayo rekotsekano. Kana kune dzimwe mitoo shomanene dzinodzivisa . yakadai senzvero dzinorondwa panzvimbo pemiunganidzwa yemibatanidzwa yezvokuyera hw. Hurumende inofanira kudzigamuchira. Iyi nheyo yakashandiswa mu Shelton v. Tucker[ [1960], apo Dare rapamusoro rakarovanyadza mutemo unoraira vadzidzisi kuronga mitezo yose yesangano, kuriwana rakafara nenzira isiri madikanwa. Kurangarira kumwe kudzivirira kweDhoveremhesvera kweChina kunodzivisa kusanzwisisa nokutya.

Kusabvumirana

Mipimo yekotsekano yavose haifaniri kutsaura mapoka akavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, dzinza, kana kuti mamwe mavara anodzivirirwa. Kuchengetwa kwoudzvinyiriri kunobvisa chivimbo uye kazhinji kazhinji kunoputsa dziviriro dzakafanana. Zvirango zvokufamba mukati moudzori hweTrump (g., Trump v. Hawaii, 2018]) inoratidzira kusagadzikana pakati pechengeteko yorudzi nerusaruro rworudzidziso. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira chirambidzo asi rinosimbisa kuti miitiro isingatori rutivi muchitarisiko inogona kurohwa kana ikasundwa neamuswo. [[FLTLT:] [FLT]]

Kupenya Kwenguva Ino

Zvinetso zvamazuva ano zvakawedzera kukurukurirana, kunyanya kana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu anenge aita kuti kutyisidzira kuve kwakakurumbira, kwakapararira, kana kuti kwakazara zvokugadzira zvinhu.

Ugandanga Nemhiko

Chifo chedenho dzaSeptember 11, 2001, hurumende munyika yose dzakawedzera masimba okunzvera. PARITIOTT Act, yakapfuudzwa muna 2001, yakabvumira purogiramu yezvikamu zvinobatanidza vanhu, kusvika kuzvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, uye kupfuudzana kwouchenjeri. Nepo vatsigiri vazvo vanoramba vachipikisa midziyo iyi kuti idzongonyedze gadziriro dzemagandanga, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vatonge zvisina kufanira. [[FLT:] NOR:] purogiramu yezvirongwa zvezvikamu zvizhinji zveNUNIOS, yakaratidzwa naEdwa naEdwa Snow Snowden muna 2013. Dare reChikamu chechipiri rezvikwidzo rezvikwidzo rakawana kuti purogiramu isingabvumirwi nomutemo. [FLT:] ACU v[FFFFF], , dare renhau renhau renhau dzakatongwa nerauni yenhau dzakashato yoruwa runopfuurwa . Chibvumirano chinotsiva chiReve Chibvumirano chitsa chitsa . Chibvumirano chitsa . Chibvumirano chinoenderera. Chite

Gakava rakafanana riripo muUnited Kingdom ne Simba reIntegionation Act 2016 ("Snooper's Charter"), iro rinoraira kuti makambani eInternet achengete mitauro kwemwedzi 12. Chibvumirano chakadenhwa pasi pemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu muEurope, namapoka erusununguko rwavagari vemo anoipikisa kuva nomwero neutarisiri. Mitemo inorwisana nemagandanga yakashandiswa kudzvinyirira, sezvinoonekwa munyika dzakadai seIjipiti neTurkey, umo masimba ekurumidziro anoparira kusungwa kukuru. Chinetsoro chenyika yose ndecho kugadzira matanho okuchengetedza anotorerwa nezvinotorerwa nokudzorwa kwekuvira kwezuva nokutarisira dare kudzivisa kudzokorokorodza.

Utano Hworuzhinji Munguva Yokurwara

MUVENGI weCHOVAD-19 yakaunza maruramiro ezvokutengeserana akakotsekana kujekeswa. Kudzorwa kwemajekiseni, zvikumbiro, zvinodikanwa zvemajekiseni, uye purogiramu dzokunzvera dzakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemiganhu yesimba rehurumende. MuUnited States, Dare Gurusa rakatsigira murairo wepfumbidzo nokuda kwavashandi vezvoutano asi rakauraya mupimo wekurumidziro weOSHA nokuda kwavashandirwi vakuru vakuru ([FL:0]NFIB v. OSHA, 2022).

Hurumende yenyika yose yekodzero dzavanhu inobvumira kubviswa kwekodzero dzakati mukati memigariro youtano yavose, asi matanho anofanira kuvakirwa paufakazi hwesayenzi, nguva yakaganhurirwa, uye anowirirana. World Health Organization[ inosimbisa kusvika kwavanhu kwakavakirwa pakodzero. Mukushanda, hurumende dzakawanda dzakaiswa, kufamba kwakaganhurirwa, uye kubvisa vanhu panzvimbo imwe chete izvo zvinogona kururamiswa kana vakaderedza kupfuudzwa nokudzivirira vagari vemo vasina dziviriro. Zvisinei, kuganhurira kubvisa nzanga (g., mapurisa anodenha nzanga shomanene) uye kushaikwa kwegadziriro yakafanira nokuda kwokuparadza shatamiswa kwomuviri kwakasimbiswa namasangano akafanana [[FLT] .[FLT] maruramiro echimbiso]

Kukwikwidza Munzanga Negungano

Kodzero yokuungana nokuramba iko kunokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bva inowanzorwisana nenhevedzano yavose. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, masangano akadai seBlack Live Matter uye kuchinja mamiriro okunze akasunda zviremera kuisa nguva dzokusvika panguva, kuratidzira "kusava namasimba masimba," uye kushandisa simba kuparadzira mapoka. Matare kazhinji kazhinji aitofanira kudzikamisa dziviriro yeProgramme yesangano rePromension yerugare panhau dzechisimba, kukuvadzwa kwezvinhu, kana kuti kukanganiswa kwemibato inokosha.

Mhaka yeDare rapamusoro reU.S. [[FLT: 0] CP v. (1982) yakasimbisa kuti kutsutsumwa kune rugare hakugoni kuvharwa nemhaka bedzi yebviro yemasimba masimba navamwe. Zvisinei, mu Barrett v. Rosenth[[[FL:3]] [200], Dare rakarangarira kuti Dare rinogona kuisa nguva ine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro. Chinokosha ndechokuti ganhuriro chinofanira kuiswa muuyo-neutral uye kusiya mikoto yapatoo yapa pamutemo. Mukati memariro dza 2020, mamwe maguta akaisa miganhuro yeusiku yakatsigirwa semwe chiyero chekotsekateko yechinguvana, asi yakataura kuti madhemoni anogona kudzivirira nenzira ine rugare. Chirambidzo kudzivirira pasina kudzivirira kukuvara.

Kugara Uri Woga Pachako uye Kusava Nengozi

Munhambo yemitengo, chiyero chinotambanukira kuingano yekombiyuta nenhengo dzemashoko dzinounganidzwa nehurumende nesangano. Kunyora mashoko okudzokera shure, somuenzaniso, kunorayirwa nomutemo sokuri madikanwa kurwisa utsotsi nougandanga, asi vareveri vezvakavanzika vanonyevera kuti vangaita kuti vashande zvisina kufanira nevatambi vane utsinye. Applebl v. FBI[FL:1] mhaka [206] pakuvhura San Bernardo flaser's iPhone yakasimbisa iyi rwisano. Hurumende yakaipikisa kuti yaifanira kukwanisa kudzivirira denho dzenguva yemberi; Apple yakabvumirana kuti kuita kuti suo rego rizokanganisa chengeteko yavashandisi vose. Mhaka yacho yaidonhedzwa apo FBING yakawanikwa neimwe nzira, asi mibvunzo yemitemo inoramba iripo.

Nenzira yakafanana, miunganidzwa mizhinji yenhau nokuda kweAI-driven mapurisa, kunzvera chiso, uye kufanodeya kutaura zvinomutsa funganyo pamusoro pezvakavanzika, muitiro wakafanira, uye muuyo unopesana. European Union yeUnited States yesero yeChirungu yeMitemo yeSangano rePUPS inoedzwa nesayenzi itsva, sezvinoonekwa mu [FLT:]. United States inogadza miganhuro yakanyanya pakugadzirwa kwemazita, asi kuchengeteka kwenyika kunowanzoshanda. MuUnited States, Kudzorwa kweNhemupidhi yeChina "kutarisira zvinhu zvakavanzika zvine mufungo" kunoedzwa nemitemo michina yesayenzi mitsva, sezvinoonekwa mu .[FLT][FF:3] [208], apo Dare repamusoro remitemo yemitemo yenhau dzinotonga pamutemo rinoda kubvumira kuiswa kwapamutemo.

Kuongorora Zvisakiso Muudzame

Murayiro WeUSA PORTIOT: Kupindura Kwomutemo Kunjodzi

Ipfuudzirwa netsigiro huru yebipartisan mazuva 45 chete pashure pe 9/11, PRITIOT Act yakakudzwa nenzira inoshamisa kunzvera kwehurumende namasimba okudzikamisa mutemo. Gadziriro huru dzakabatanidza: (1) machanja anofamba angagona kutevera chipfuro mumichina mizhinji; (2) kusvika ku "zvinhu zvisingaitiki" (kubatanidza marekodhi eraibhurari, marekodhi ebhizimisi, uye mashoko ezvokurapa) pasi peChikamu 215; (3) kunonoka kuzivisa ("sneak nescreak"), maruramiro emashoko; uye (4) kukudza kugoverana mashoko pakati pouchenjeri nomutemo.

Nepo ACLU yakarumbidzwa nokubetsera kuvhiringidza zvirongwa zvinoverengeka, mapoka erusununguko rwavagari vemo akaipikisa kuti yakapesana nokurambidzwa kweGavhura reChina nokutsvaka kusina mufungo nedziviriro yeFirst Amendment. ACLU yakadenha Chikamu 215 mu ACLU v. Chikamu chaitungamirira kukutonga kuti purogiramu yemipiro yakawanda yakanga isingabvumirwi. Mumhinduro, Congress yakapfuudza Freecustom Act ye 2015, iyo yakagumisa kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemarekodhiyo yemafoni nokuwedzera kuoneka. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvirongwa zvakawanda zvinoramba zviri zvhomwe mamiriro ezvinhu anoramba achiratidzira kuoma kwekunyura kwematondiro echimbichikamwe chete muPromeignicine yePrence muProjinia yeP.

Marocking COVID-19: Kuenzanisa Approates

Masangano akasiyana - siyana akaita nzira dzakasiyana zvikuru kudenda racho, nerevo dzakasiyana- siyana nokuda kwekodzero. New Zealand yakaita gadziriro yokungwaririra ine zvikamu zvina, kuvharwa kwomuganhu, uye kurongeka kwemirayiro. Nepo vagari vemo vakateerera, vatsoropodzi vakacherekedza kushayikwa kwekurukurirano yeparamende pamusoro pemirayiro uye kusungwa kwavanhu vashomanene nokuda kwokuparadzaniswa. Mukupesana, Sweden yakatsamira zvikurukuru pamatanho okuzvidira, ichichengeta rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe asi ichiwana mwero yakakwirira zvikuru pakati pavakweguru. United States yakaona basa remitemo yenyika neyomunzvimbomo, nedenho dzapamutemo dzaiti dzinopesana norusununguko rwerudzidziso (g., kuti vapinde mabasa echechi) uye kururamagaro okuwana magariro.

Matare munyika yose akashandisa kuedza kuenzana kwechikamu cheBrooklyn. Dare reGermany Federal Constitution, muchisarudzo cha 2021, rakamisa ganhuriro dzokuonana sedzisingaenzaniswi pamwero youtachiona panguva yacho. Dare Gurusa reU.S., mu Katurike yeKaturike yeBrooklyn v.[[FLT] Cuomo] [20]), yakavhara miganhu yezvipo pamachechi, ichiwana kuti yakaputsa Free Express Claise. Inhau idzi dzinosimbisa kuti kunyange mukati mechimbichimbichimbichimbichimbichi, hurumende dzinofanira kutora matanho okugadzira nokudzivisa mapoka asina kutenderwa. Chirwe chinenge chinenge pamutemo chichavazve mutemo wamakumi amakore, zvikurukuru pamusoro pamasimba ekurumidziro nemabasa esayenzi mukuongorora.

Kumuka Kwekurambidzwa Kwekuzivikanwa Nevanhu

Ruzivo rwokuziva vanhu (FRT) chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo , kuwana vanhu vanoshaikwa, uye kudzivisa utsotsi. Asi kushandiswa kwarwo kwakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwezvakaipa, zvikurukuru pavanhu vane ruvara, uye nokuda kwokugonesa kunzvera kwavazhinji. Maguta anoverengeka eU.S., kubatanidza San Francisco, Boston, uye Minneapolis, akarambidza kushandiswa kwehurumende yeFRT. Dare reEurope rakakarakadzwa AI Act angadzivisa kunzvera chaikwo kwenguva chaiyo kwemiitiro yezvokunzvera zvinhu zvavose kunze kwezvigaro chaizvo, zvinoitika zvinodzorwa zvikuru (se kunzvera mwana anoshaika).

Vatsigiri veFRT vanotaura kuti kunogona kuvandudza chengeteko yavose, somuenzaniso, kuzivisa munyumwiro muboka vasati varova. Vashori vanopindura kuti tapuro inotyisa pagungano rakasununguka uye bviro yokushandisa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera inopfuura betsero. Dzikamo pano inobatanidza kwete bedzi kuva nemwero asiwo udzori hwehurumende yehurumende: avo vanosarudza kuti makamera anoiswa kupi, mashoko akachengetwa kwenguva yakareba sei, uye mhoshoi dzinogamuchirika? Muuyo wacho sezvingabvira uchatsamira pakuti matare anorangarira FRT sechishandiso chenguva dzose kana kuti sechinjo huru yevhuro yevhure.

Kudzikamisa Pfungwa: Nzira Inofambira Mberi

Hapana dzikamo yechigarire pakati pekotsekano yavanhu nekodzero dzavose; chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuyerazve mavambo etyisidziro itsva noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Zvisinei, nheyo dzakati dzemitemo yebhedi rebhedrock dzinofanira kutungamirira:

  • Tsvakatanuro: Hurumende dzinofanira kuzivisa mufungo wemipimo inoganhurira ndokugovera mashoko pamusoro pokubudirira kwadzo nemiuyo yadzo yapachivande.
  • [ Kupasa: matare eendipendero, masangano ezvibvumirano, uye mabhodhi ehwirudzuro ehurumende zvinofanira kunzvera masimba echengeteko. Kuisa zvitsama zvemashoko nezvinodikanwa zvokushuma zvemanikidziro zvinobetsera kudzivisa nyika dzekurumidziro zechigarire.
  • Pariciotion: Nzanga dzinotapurwa dzinofanira kuva nenzwi radzo mumiitiro yechengeteko. Mapoka akaganhurirwa kazhinji kazhinji anotakura mutoro wokunyanyova pasi pepo, naizvozvo mubatanidzwa wawo unokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti matanho haafaniri kuva anoshambadzira.
  • Tsvene: Vanhu vanofanira kuva nemikana yokudenha kuputswa kwamaruramiro pasina kutya kutsiva. Kurapa kunoshanda, kubatanidza kuvadziko nemirairo, zvinochengeta mutemo.
  • Kunzvera kunopfuurira: Tsika dzakagadzirirwa tyisidziro imwe dzingava dzechinyakare kana kuti dzinokuvadza. Kunzvera nguva dzose uye kuhwirira kudzokororwa kwesimba rekurangarira kana matanho achiramba ari madikanwa uye achiwirirana.

Denho yokudzikamisa rusununguko nechengeteko haisati iri yechienzi kurudzi rupi norupi; imuedzo wenyika yose wokutonga kwedemokrase. Kupfurikidza nokuremekedza muitiro wakafanira, kuwirirana, uye kusasarura, nzanga dzinogona kuvaka tsinhano mukurwisana netyisidziro pasina kuisa mungozi dzadzinovavarira kudzivirira. Nhau inodzidzisa kuti chengeteko inobudirira zvikurusa ndeimwe inofarikanya ruvimbwa nokutsigirwa kwavanhu (na) uye kuti ruvimbo runopiwa bedzi apo kodzero dzinotsigirwa kunyange munguva dzinoedza zvikurusa.