Sumo

Gene Amendment kuUnited States Constitution ndeimwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa nokuda kwokuvandika kwomunhu oga uye rusununguko kuvhozhokerwa nehurumende. Yakasimbiswa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, iyi gadziridzo inosimbisa mipimo yapamutemo iyo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kutevera apo kunzvera, kuita kuti zvisungwe, kana kuti kutora zvinhu. Imhinduro yakananga kukubatwa zvisina kufanira mukutonga kweBritain, uko vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanobvumira vakuru kunzvera misha navanhu pasina chikonzero. Nhasi, Gadziro yeChina yeChinyorwa chinoramba chiri dziviriro chipenyu, kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvomutemo nekodzero dzavagari vemo. Kunzwisisa nheyo dzayo huru dzinosimbisa kodzero dzavo dzine chivimbo mukuita nechiremera nechiremera.

Rugwaro Nedonzo Re Amendedzero Yechina

Mashoko akazara eWeinstmendment yeChina anoti:

maruramiro avanhu okuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, hazvisati zvichizoputswa, uye hapana vaWarrits vachamuka, asi pazvikonzero sezvinobvira, zvinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti chibvumikiso, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo ichanzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvokubatwa..

Mutauro uyu une zvitsama zvikuru zviviri. Wokutanga, unozivikanwa seMufungo Claus, unorambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Wechipiri, Warrants Claus, unotaura kuti chibvumikiso chipi nechipi chinofanira kuvakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira, chinofanira kutsigirwa neshoko rakapikirwa, uye kurondedzera muudzame nzvimbo inofanira kusechwa uye zvinhu kana kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vanofanira kubatwa. Donzo redziviriro idzi nderokudzivisa chiito chehurumende choudzvinyiriri uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuvhotera kupi nokupi nokumwe kunoitwa nefariro yomutemo yapamutemo inotsigirwa noufakazi. Iyi donzo rinoshanda kuvatambi vose vehurumende, kubatanidza hurumende, dare romunharaunda, uye kudzika mitezo yomunzvimbomo, savakuru vakuru vakuru vezvikoro vakafanana navatarisiri vechikoro kana kuti vagadziri vemitengi vehurumende mumamwe mashoko.

Chii Chinotsvaga Kana Kuti Chinotadzisa Munhu Kutsvaka?

Kushandisa Findromendi yechina, matare anotanga kusarudza kana chiito chehurumende chichikwanirisa se "search" kana kuti "kutsvaka". A anotsvaka apo hurumende inopindira munzvimbo kana kuti chinhu umo munhu ane kariro ine mufungo yokuva oga. Ikoku kungagona kubatanidza kupinda kwomuviri mumusha, kunzvera motokari, kunzvera zviri mukati mefoni, kana kuti kunyange kushandisa magetsi kuti ione mativi okupisa kuti ione mitoo yokupisa mukati meimba. Mhaka yechiratidzo Katz v. United States (1967)[FL:3] yakasimbisa "kariro ine mufungo yechivandero chechinhu chakavanzika", iyo inobvunza kana munhu akaratidzira kariro chaiyoiyo yechakavanzika uye kana ikako yakagadzirirwa nenzira ine mufungo.

A yenzvimbo inoitika apo hurumende inodzongonyedza nenzira ine revo yechinhu ichocho. Somuenzaniso, kutora taptop kana kuti kukwidza motokari kunoumba kubatwa nepfuti. Kubatwa kwomunhu, zvakadai sokusungwa kana kuti [[FLT:] Terry [ kumira nenzira ine revo mufashoni yechinhu ichocho. (kusungwa kupfupi kwakavakirwa pafungidziro ine mufungo), kunowirawo pasi pedziviriro. Hakusi kurukurirano dzose dzemapurisa dzinoitika; kurukurirano dzokuzvidira apo munhu anonzwa akasununguka asingadi kurangarirwa kuva anobatwa netsaona. Chisarudzo chamanyuko chingava munhu anonzwa akasununguka kuzvidza mapurisa uye bhizimisi ravo.

Dziviriro Huru: Chisakiso Chinowirirana Navatsigiri

Kudzivirira kweChina kweFizirence kunonangidzira ngwariro pazvinodikanwa zvezvisakiso nezvinodikanwa. Chisakiso chingagona kuvapo [ apo maidi nemigariro zviri mukati moruzivo rwomukuru mukuru zvinokwana kuraira munhu akachenjera kuti adavire kuti utsotsi hwave huri, hwave huri, kana kuti huchaitwa, kana kuti ufakazi hweutsotsi huri munzvimbo yakananga. Ihwohwu mupimo wakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura nyumwiro ine mufungo, iyo inoda bedzi maidi ounyanzvi anokarakadza mubato woutsotsi. Chisakiso chakatanhamara nokuda kwokuwana maruramiro uye kusungwa.

Mapepa epamutemo anobudiswa namajaji asina divi rawo, akavakirwa pakuratidzwa kwechisakiso chinobvira chinotsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti bvumirano. Chitendero chinofanira kurondedzera nechakananga nzvimbo inofanira kuongororwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Uku kudikanwa chaiko kunodzivisa zvibvumikiso zvehurumende izvo zvinopa vakuru vakuru brenteche kuruza nomuzvinhu zvomunhu. Chibvumikiso chakagoverwa nenzira yakafanira chinoshanda sechekero pangwarungwa nemapurisa uye chinovimbisa kuti mutongi akazvimirira akahwirudzura kururamisa. Zvisinei, kunzvera kwose uye kubatwa netsaona kunoda pamutemo; kusingawanzovaki zvinodikanwa zviripo, izvo zvinokurukurwa pasi apa.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Matare akaziva kusiyana kunoverengeka kwakagadzwa uko kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungaita kunzvera kana kuti kubvuta pasina maruramiro, kana chiito chacho chikaramba chine mufungo mumigariro yacho.

Kubvuma

Kana munhu akabvumira nokuzvidira kusecha, hapana maruramiro ari madikanwa. Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa norusununguko, kwete muuyo wokumanikidzirwa kana kuti kumanikidzwa. Mapurisa haafaniri kuzivisa vanhu kuti vane maruramiro okuramba, asi kukwirira kunotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa kuti kubvuma kwakanga kuri kwokuzvidira. Kubvuma kwechitatu kunogonawo kuva kwapamutemo kana paine chiremera chakafanana panzvimbo kana kuti panzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, mugari wemo angabvumira kunzvera nzvimbo dzokugara dzakagoveranwa, asi kwete kukuva akakirirwa nomunhu oga.

Migariro Yakaoma

Apo chiito chokukurumidza chinenge chiri madikanwa kudzivisa kuvadziko yomuviri, kuparadzwa kwoufakazi, kana kuti kunzvenga kwemunyumwiri, mapurisa angapinda mumusha kana kuti imwe nzvimbo pasina maruramiro.mienzaniso inowanzobatanidza kunzwa kuzhamba mukati meimba, kuronda utsi hunotiza hunokarakadza moto. Mamiriro ezvinhu anofanira kuva okukurumidzira zvechokwadi uye asina kusikwa namapurisa amene.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Kana mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo munzvimbo ndokuona kurambidzwa kana kuti ufakazi mukuona kwakajeka, vangahubata pasina maruramiro. Kuti izvi zvishande, mukuru mukuru anofanira kuva nekodzero yapamutemo yokuva munzvimbo umo ivo vakacherekedza chinhu chacho, uye mugariro wechinhu unofanira kuva pachena nokukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, mukati mokumira kwemotokari kwapamutemo, mukuru mukuru anoona bhegi repapu chena pachigaro chokutakurika; ikoku kunogona kubatwa mumurangariro wakapfava.

Tsvaka Chinokonzera Kusungwa

Apo mukuru mukuru anoita kusungwa kwapamutemo, vanganzvera munhu womusungwa nenharaunda iri mukati moudzori hwavo hwapakarepo nokuda kwezvombo kana kuti ufakazi hungagona kuparadzwa. Uku kusiiwa kwakarongedzerwa kudzivirira chengeteko yochengeta ufakazi. Hakusati kuchitambanudzira kumusha wose kana kuti motokari kutoti migariro chaiyo ikaitwa.

Chinjo Yemotokari

Varehicles vanotapurwa nekariro yakaderedzwa yokuvandika nemhaka yokufamba kwavo nefariro yehurumende mukuvadzora. Kana mukuru mukuru ane chisakiso chinobvira chokudavira motokari chine ufakazi hweutsotsi, vanganzvera motokari yose, kubatanidza mabhokisi api naapi angabata ufakazi ihwohwo, pasina rugwaro. Uku kusiiwa kunobva mumhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Carroll v. United States (1925) uye kwave kwanatswa mumitemo inotevera. Cherekedza kuti kumira kwenguva dzose kwemotokari yoga hakupi chisakiso chakafanira chemotokari.

Shoma naFrisk (Nguva Yokumira)

Pasi pe Terry v. Ohio (1968), mapurisa angadzivisa munhu kwechinguvana kunzvera mufambiro unonyumwira kana ane nyumwiro ine mufungo yomubato woutsotsi. Mukati mokumira kwakadaro, kana mukuru mukuru ane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti munhu akashongedzwa nezvombo uye ane ngozi, angaita kutsvaka kwakaganhurirwa. Uku hakusati kuri kutsvaka kwakazara kwoufakazi asi mwero unodzivirira. Kumira kunofanira kuva kwechinguvana uye kwete kwokunyanyisa.

Zvimwe Zvakasiyana

Kumwe kunobatanidza kunzvera (apo motokari inoiswa mungozi), kunzvera pamiganhu yamarudzi ose (iyo inorangarirwa kuva yakadzivirirwa zvishoma), kunzvera mumigariro chaiyo (zvakadai sokuedza mirimo nokuda kwavashandi vakati kana kuti vadzidzi), uye kunzvera kwakavakirwa pamagwaro okutarisira (kumwe nokunzvera utano).

Mutemo Wokugumisa Netapuro Yawo

mutemo wedare idzidziso yapamutemo inorambidza kushandiswa kwoufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweGavhura reChina pakubvumwa mukutonga kwoutsotsi. Uyu mutemo unobatira sechidzivisiro pamufambiro wamapurisa uye unotsigira perero yetsika yedare. Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba kutonga kwehurumende mu [[FLT:]] Weeks v. United States (1914) uye rinoishandisa kuisa matare mumhaka yechiratidzo chechiratidzo chetsika. [FLT]

Zvisinei, mutemo wokubvisa une ganhuriro. Haushandi muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo, kutonga kukuru kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, kana kuti apo mapurisa akaita nokutsamira kwokutenda kwakanaka pagwaro iro gare gare rinova risiri rechokwadi (kupesana kwakanaka kwokutenda). Matare anozivawo kuti mutemo wacho haufaniri kushandiswa apo ndyiko dzokubvisa dzinokurira betsero dzokudzivisa, zvakadai mumhaka dzinobatanidza utsotsi hwakakomba zvikuru umo ufakazi hunova hwakakomba. Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinopesana, mutemo wokubvisa unoramba uri chishandiso chine simba chokushandisa kuisa maruramiro eGeneticmentment.

Ziva Kodzero Dzako Mukushandisa

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako pasi peGadziriro Yechina kunokosha pakukurukurirana nemitemo inoshanda.

  • [ Imi mune maruramiro okunyarara. Hamudikanirwi kupindura mibvunzo kunze kwokupa zita renyu nokuzivisa mune dzimwe nharaunda. Munogona kuti: "Ndiri kushandisa kodzero yangu kuti ndirambe ndakanyarara.
  • [[FOL:0] Kumbira kana wakasununguka kuenda. Kana usingasungwe, ungabvunza mukuru, uti: Ndisu vonda here, kana kuti ndakasununguka kuenda here? Kana mukuru akati wakasununguka, ungaenda wakadzikama. Kana wakasungwa, une simba rokuziva kuti nei.
  • Haufaniri kubvuma kunzvera. Mapurisa angakumbira mvumo yokunzvera munhu wako, motokari, kana kuti musha. Une maruramiro okuramba. Hurumende nenzira yakajeka: "Handibvumiri kunzvera uku." Kunyange kana mapurisa akaita zvisinei, kuramba kwako kunogona kushandiswa gare gare kudenha pamutemo wokunzvera.
  • Kana mapurisa ane chibvumikiso, unogona kukumbira kuchiona. Nzvera gwaro rokuisimbisa ine kero yakarurama, rinosainwa nomutongi, uye roronga zvinhu chaizvo. Kana chibvumikiso chacho chichiita sechisingashandiswi kana kuti chakafara zvikuru, ungacherekedza kuti asi hachifaniri kudzivisa mumuviri.
  • Usadzivisa munyama. Kunyange kana uchidavira kuti kodzero dzako dziri kuputswa, kudzivisa kwomuviri kunogona kutungamirira kukuwedzera pomero ndokuwedzera mugariro. Panzvimbo pezvo, bvunza gweta kuti unyore nyunyuto kana kuti kudenha kunzvera mudare.
  • [[FT:0] Chitapuro chacho. Kana zvisina ngozi, rekodhai foni yenyu. Cherechedza nhamba yebheji romukuru mukuru, ongorora nhamba yemotokari, uye udzame hupi nohupi. Usadzongonyedza mabasa amapurisa paunenge uchirekodha.

Iyi maruramiro anoshanda kuvagari vemo navasiri vemo zvakafanana muUnited States. Vakuru vakuru veImmigration and Customs Enforcement (ICO) vanofanirawo kunamatira kumipimo yeFreendment yeChina, kunyange zvazvo mitemo chaiyo ichishanda pedyo nemiganhu nezviteshi zvezviteshi zvokupinda. Nguva dzose iva nezivikanwo, asi yeuka kuti munyika dzakawanda, haudikanirwi kuratidza idi yeicheya kunze kwokunge uchityaira motokari kana kuti wachengetwa pamutemo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina Muzera Rechidhina

Ruzivo rwemazuva ano rwakamutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pemashandisiro anoita Dare reChina rePramende reSangano repamusorosoro rakaziva kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga munhare dzavo. Mu Riley v. California (014]], Dare rakabvumirana kuti mapurisa anowanzoda maruramiro okunzvera runhare rwapa serura rwabatwa, risingarevi kuti makombiyuta ane mashoko akawanda emunhu oga.

Dzimwe nhau dzemichina dzinobatanidza GPS kuronda, mashoko enzvimbo kubva kushongwe dzemasero, maemail, kuchengetera makore, uye masangano. Mu Carpaenter v. United States (2018), Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti hurumende inoda mvumo yokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yenzvimbo yesero, inogona kuzivisa mafambiro omunhu munguva. Chisarudzo ichi chakabvuma kuti rudzi rwezvakasiyana rwemataindefashoni dzemichina dzinogona kuisa zvinhu zvechina kunyange kana mitaro yacho ikaitwa nenhengo dzechitatu. Sezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runochinja, matare anoramba achidzivirira nheyo dzekare dzenzvimbo inochengetedzwa pasina kurambidza mutemo.

Chiratidzo Chechina Chomupedzisidziso

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakapesvedzera kududzirwa kweGadziriro Yechina:

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961)[[FL:1] - Appeta mutemo wokuparadzanisa kumatare ehurumende, achidzivisa zvisiri pamutemo ufakazi mukutonga kwoutsotsi kwehurumende.
  • Terry v. Ohio (1968) - Yakabata kumira kwebumbiro remitemo neramabumbiro, asi yakaganhurira kunyumwiro ine mufungo yomubato woutsotsi nengozi.
  • Katz v. United States (1967)[[FL:1] - yakasimbisa kariro dzine mufungo dzenzvero yakavanzika, ichitsiva mutoo wekare wakavakirwa panzvimbo yenzvimbo.
  • United States v. Jones (202) – Heridhi inobatanidza muchina weGPS kumotokari uye inoongorora kufamba kwayo inoumba kunzvera pasi peFirefement yeChina.
  • Florida v. Jardines (2013) - akatonga kuti aise imbwa inopinza mirimo pabiravira reimba kuti aongorore imba kunzvera kunoda rugwaro.
  • California (2014) – yakasarudza kuti mapurisa anoda rugwaro rwokunzvera mashoko ekombiyuta paserura yakabatwa mukati mokusungwa.

Izvi zviitiko zvinoratidzira nhamburiko inopfuurira yedare redare rokutonga yokudzikamisa kuvandika kwomunhu oga nezvinodikanwa zvokuchengetwa kwomutemo munyika iri kuchinja.

mhedziso

Gemende yeChina haisati iri mitoo inowirirana asi maruramiro makuru anochengeta kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga nechiremera. Kupfurikidza nokugadza mipimo yakajeka nokuda kwokunzvera nokugwinha, inovimbisa kuti simba rehurumende rinoshandiswa nokudzorwa nokuzvidavirira. Kana rinangana nokumira kwemikoto yemikoto kana kuti kuongororwa kwemichina, munhu ari wose anofanira kunzwisisa dziviriro dzinopiwa neiyi dziviriro. Kuziva maruramiro ako kunokupa simba kuva nesimba rokuasimbisa nenzira yakaterama uye inobudirira, kutsigira nheyo dzenzanga yakasununguka. Nokuda kwamamwe mashoko, bvunza mitengo yakadai se [[FLT: 0] ACLU's Knoziva Kodzero dzako kana kuti kutaura nomutongi akakwani.