Pesvedzero yegumi yeThose yeUnited States inomira seimwe yenheyo hurusa asi inofuratirwa kazhinji kazhinji. Mashoko ayo ari nyore kuhurumende . Kuchengetera kunyika dzose dzisina kupiwa hurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kwadziri (yakaumba nzvimbo yepamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwamazana maviri amakore. Kunzwisisa Pession yegumith Amendment kunokosha kwete bedzi kuti inzwisise kuvambwa kweU.S. asiwo nokuda kwokukwidziridza nharo dzenguva ino pamusoro pekodzero dzenyika, kunyengera, uye rusununguko rwehurumende. Nyaya ino inogovera kuongororwa kwakakwana kweDemendement yeT, mavambo ayo enhau, kutsanangura, zvishandiso zvinoshanda, uye kushanda muhondo dzemitemo dzazvino unoitika.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva Panyaya Dzokutsigira Kusvika Kubhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Dare reThreement harina kubuda pasina chinhu. Rakanga riri mugumo wenharo huru pakati paFederalists naAntifederalists mukati mokunatsiridza kweBumbiro reMitemo. Mupasi peMitemo yeConfederation, hurumende yenyika yakanga isina simba noune, nechiremera chikurusa chakazorora munyika. Iyi gadziriro yakabvumikisa kuva isingashandi, inotungamirira kuConvention yeMitemo ye1787. Bumbiro reMitemo idzva rakapa hurumende yehurumende, inokamuranisa masimba akananga (8) akafanana nokudzora kutengeserana kwehurumende, kuumba mari, uye kuzivisa hondo (8) asi vatsoropo vakatya kuti haina kutongosvika pakuringana mukuita simba rehurumende.

Vatsigiri veAntifereri vakaraira pepa ramaruramiro kudzivirira uchangamire hwehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba, rakataura, raigona kuturikirwa kubvumira hurumende kuti ipe simba ripi neripi rehurumende risina kurambwa naro zvakajeka. Mumhinduro, James Madison akanyoresa nhevedzano yezvigadziriso, kubatanidza chakava chegumi. Kugadziriswa kwakasimbiswa pana December 15, 1791, sorutivi rwaBill of Rights. Rugwaro rwayo runorava, kuti: “Masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro remitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengetedzwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu." Uyu mutauro unosimbisa zvakajeka nheyo yemasimba ehurumende nehurumende inoverengwa.

Nokuda kwokupinda kukuru zvikuru munharo dzechimuko, bvunza Constitution Center yeNational Center yeTenterment.

Rugwaro Nerevo: Chinoreva “Kuchengetwa” Chaizvoizvo

Pesvedzero yeTenth Amendment inowanzorondedzerwa se “chiTrust” nemhaka yokuti haipi masimba matsva api naapi; inongodzokorora bedzi gadziriro inorehwa nerondedzero yeMitemo yemasimba ehurumende. Zvisinei, revo yayo inoshanda huru. Kugadziriswa kunosimbisa mutemo wakakwana uyo chiremera chose chose chehurumende cheUnited States chisati chapiwa zvakananga chinoramba chine hurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa sehurumende, inoparira gadziriro youchangamire yechipiri umo hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzine mativi maviri mativi ose.

Chinhu chikuru pakunzwisisa Tenth Amendment kuziva kuti simba rayo harina kutsaurwa chose chose. Supremacy Claus (Chirevo VI, Claus 2) inovimbisa kuti mitemo yehurumende inoita kuti ive yakabatana neBumbiro remitemo ndeyakakwirira kupfuura mitemo yenyika inorwisana. Saka Tenth Amendment inoshanda semuganhu pasimba rehurumende: Dare rinogona bedzi kuita mukati memasimba aro akaverengwa, uye mutemo upi noupi wehurumende unopfuura masimba iwayo hauna kutongwa.

  • masimba ane nhamba akarongwa zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo.
  • Masimba anodiwa anobatanidza nhau dzehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai sedzidzo, simba ramapurisa, kushandiswa kwevhu, uye kutengeserana kwepasi.
  • masimba anoziviswa[ okuita zvibvumirano, kuumba mari, kana kuti kukuvadza zvibvumirano.

Mashoko okuti “kana kuti kuvanhu” anosimbisa kuti uchangamire pakupedzisira hunogara nevagari vemo, uye kuti kunyange hurumende dzehurumende dzinomanikidzwa nekodzero dzevanhu dzakachengetedzwa. Chikamu ichi chave chichitaurwa munharo dzazvino uno pamusoro pezvakavanzika, kodzero dzepfuti, uye rusununguko rusina kudzorwa.

Kushandira Pamwe Nouchangamire Hwokutsigira: Mugove Wegadziriro

Tenth Amendment inowanzonzi “kugadziriswa kwemajeri echinyakare” nemhaka yokuti inoronga kukamukana kwechiremera pakati pehurumende yenyika nenyika. Madison akanongedzera kuiyi gadziriro se“ republic inoumba zvinhu” muFederalst No. 51, umo hurumende yehurumende ine simba rakaganhurirwa apo nyika dzine masimba makuru amapurisa. Uhu uchangamire huviri hune pesvedzero dzinoshanda dzinoverengeka:

  • marabhoritari echiProfiki: nyika dzinogona kuedza mitoo yakasiana - siana kunhau dzakadai serezvoutano, dzidzo, uye mirau yemhoteredzo, ichigovera mashoko nemiitiro yenyika.
  • Mitemo pasimba remubatanidzwa:[[FLT: 1] United States inogona kudenha mitemo yehurumende mudare, uye vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa pamwero wenyika vanogona kudzivisa nhungamiro dzehurumende dzavanodavira kupfuura miganhu yebumbiro remitemo.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwemipimo yomunzvimbomo: Nhamba dzavagari vemo dzinosiana mukondinendi huru inoda pesvedzero inoratidzira tsika dzomunharaunda, upfumi, uye zvokutanga (8) chinhu gadziriro yemubatanidzwa yose isingagoni kugovera nguva dzose.

Zvisinei, dzikamo yakachinja nokufamba kwenguva. New Deal zera rakaona kukura kwesimba rehurumende pasi peChommerce Clause, uye sangano reCivil Rights rakashandisa chiremera chehurumende kukurira mitemo yehurumende yakapfuuridzira rusaruro rwedzinza. Izvi zvinoitika zvenhau zvakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti simba rakachengetedzwa zvakadini rasara nokuda kwehurumende.

Kududzira Kukurusa kweDare

Dare Gurusa rakaita basa guru mukurondedzera miganhu yeTenth Amendment. Nepo nhau dzapakuvamba dzakafanana Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) yakagadzwa ukuru hwehurumende, zvisarudzo gare gare zvakasimbisa uchangamire hwehurumende. Pasi apa pane mirau inopesvedzera zvikurusa.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Munhau iyi inokosha, Dare rakati Congress yakanga yataura kuti masimba okugadza bhangi renyika, uye kuti Maryland aisagona kubhadhara bhangi iroro nemhaka yokuti “simba remutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza.” Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akabudisa chiremera chakafara chehurumende pasi paCivis Claus, asi Tenuth Amendment yakanga isiri chinhu chikuru. Panzvimbo pezvo, mhaka yacho yakaronga nzvimbo nokuda kwerwisano dzehurumende dzenguva yemberi kupfurikidza nokugadza nheyo yokuti mutemo womubatanidzwa mukurusa apo unoiswa kuchiremera chemitemo.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Kwamakumi amakore, Dare rakanga raregeredza kuCongress pasi peChommerce Claus. Mu Lopez, zvisinei, Dare rakarova Gun-Free School Zones Act ya 1990, richitonga kuti kuva nepfuti pedyo nechikoro kwakanga kusina ukama hwakasimba hwebhizimisi renyika. Chisarudzo ichi chakaratidzira kudzoreswa kweDemendement yeTenth, kuganhurira simba rehurumende uye kusimbisazve izvo zvinochengeta chiremera pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo dzoutsotsi. [[FLT:] Oyez] peji yenhau ye [FLT:] United States]

Shicilelaz v. United States (1997)

Mu Primpz, Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vemitemo yehurumende kutungamirira kutsika pasi peBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Murangariro waSahluleristi Scalia wakasimbisa kuti Tenth Amendment inorambidza Congress kubva ku “murairo” vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vashandise purogiramu dzehurumende. Iyi chisarudzo chakasimbisa nheyo youchangamire huviri: Hurumende yehurumende inofanira kushandisa mitemo yayo imene kana kuti inoita kuti ibatirane, asi haigoni kudzora zvakananga vamiriri vehurumende.

New York v. United States (1992)

Pamberi pa Printz, Dare rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende waida kuti utaure kuti “itore zita” kutsvina ine mwaranzi yemwaranzi yakaderera kana vakakundikana kudzora kurasika kwayo. New York v. United States, Dare rakatonga kuti Congress haingagoni kungoraira bedzi miitiro yemitemo yewirirano kuti isvike nharidzano dzomubatanidzwa. Chisarudzo chakatanhamara pakati pezvishuvo zvinobvumirwa nomutemo (g., mari inotsamira pamiteshinga) uye chitsamiro chinodzora kana kuti chirango.

Sebelius (202)

Chiratidzo cheAffordble Care Act chavanhu chimwe nechimwe chakapukunyuka somutero, asi Dare rakaganhurira simba reHurumende rokuita kuti Médicaid ive mari pachishandiswa hurumende pakukura kweACA Medicaid. Mutongi Mukuru Roberts akanyora kuti achityisidzira kubvisa mari yose iripo kuMadhicaid kutoti kana hurumende yakaputsa Pendusion yeTB nokuti yakadarika muganhu wacho kubva pa “kukurudzira” kuenda ku“ chinzwano." Mhaka iyi inoramba iri nongedzero yakakomba nokuda kwegakavadzano dzazvino uno dzehurumende.

Masimba Akachengetwa Mumuitiro: Masangano Ezvokushanda

Kuchengetedzwa kwemasimba eTenth Amendment kunobvumira hurumende kugadzirisa nhau dzinoda kuchinjika munzvimbo yacho.

Dzidzo

Dzidzo zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende nowomunzvimbomo. Nyika imwe neimwe inogadza mipimo yayo imene yezvidzidzo, nzira dzokushandisa mari, zvinodikanwa zvomudzidzisi, uye hurumende dzokuedza. Iyi mhatsa yakatungamirira kukusiyana kukuru mumiuyo yedzidzo. Somuenzaniso, majeresa saMassachusetts neNew Jersey ane zvikoro zvavose zvinobudirira zvikuru, nepo zvimwe zvichiparapatika nezvinenge zvichisiiwa pasi penzvimbo. Basa rehurumende, kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzakadai seNo Child Led Bend and the All Svect, rinoganhurirwa kugovera mari nevavariro dzakafara.

Kurapwa

Nyika dzine chiremera chikuru pamusoro pezvoutano mumiganhu yadzo. Dzinodzora musika weinishuwarenzi, nyanzvi dzezvokurapa, uye dzinoshandisa Medicaid nenhungamiro dzehurumende. Affordicable Care Act inobvumira nyika kukudza Medicaid, uye seyomuna 2024, nyika gumi dzakasarudza kusawedzera (kuratidzwa kwakananga kwemasimba adzo akachengetedzwa. Kuwedzerazve, mashoko akaita saCalifornia neNew York zvakashandisa zvirevo zvoga uye zvirongwa zvavo, nepo dzimwe dzakashandisa kuderedza mutengo.

Kunyoresa Pamutemo

Zvichida muenzaniso wakajeka zvikurusa wamasimba akachengetedzwa ari mukuita chiito irwisano pamusoro pembanje. Pasinei zvapo nechirambidzo chehurumende muGuiced Substances Act, inopfuura nyika makumi maviri dzakanyoresa chikwata chetsono kuti chishandiswe pakurapa kana kuti kuvaraidzwa. Hurumende yehurumende yakatosarudza zvikurukuru kusamanikidza mutemo wehurumende munyika idzodzo, pamusoro penheyo youchangamire huviri. Iyi mitemo yenyika inoratidzira basa reTenth Amendment senho yokudzivisa mirayiro yehurumende inowirirana (*) kusvikira apo Congress Congress inoita chiito chokupedza kupesana.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Mitemo yemotokari yeCalifornia yakatevedzerwa nedzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka uye yakamanikidza vagadziri vemotokari kuti vagadziri vemotokari vagadziri vemotokari kuti vagadzirise motokari munyika yose.Gwaro reUnited States Clean Air Act rinobvumira nyika kuti dzive nemitemo yadzo dzizvitevedzere kana dzawana chiteshi chesimbi kubva kuEPA.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakatungamirira hurukuro yavose panzvimbo yokutanga yesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende yehurumende.

Kutarisira Utano Nechiito Chokutarisira Chisingatani Kushatiswa

Sezvacherekedzwa, kukura kwaMEdicaid kwakaparira nhambo inodzoreka. Dzimwe rondedzero dzakataura kuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga ichivagombedzera kukudziridza maruramiro anodhura. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu NFIB v. Sebelius yakaganhurira kumanikidza ikoko, asi hondo inopfuurira. Hurumende yakadenhawo mirairo yehurumende pamusoro pekubhadharira kunamba uye kubvisa mimba, ichidudza Pentempment yeTenth.

Kudzora Pfuti

Pashure pokupfura kukuru, Congress yakapfura Bipartisan Safer Communities Act ya2022, iyo yakabatanidza kunzvera kwapakarepo kwevatengi vari pasi pe 21 uye mari nokuda kwe “mitemo tsvuku". Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakapa mhaka, dzichiti mutemo unoputsa masimba adzo akachengetedzwa kudzora pfuti. Panguva ino, hurumende dzakagadza mitemo yepfuti yakasiana--shava (kubva kuTexas inobvumira kutakura muTexas kuisa tsvina yechienzi muNew York(- pensinsiti nharaunda yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yezvakaro nokuda kwechisarudzo chomunzvimbomo.

Utano Hwevanhu Vose hweCovid

Murakatira wakaedzwa sekare. Hurumende yehurumende yakabudisa nhungamiro ndokuparadzira nhomba, asi hurumende dzakaita zvizhinjisa zvezvisarudzo pamusoro pokuvhara, zvikumbiro zvokuvhara mabhakitire, uye kuvharwa kwebhizimisi. Dzimwe rondedzero dzakataura kuti mirayiro yehurumende nokuda kwavashandirwi yakaputsa Ten Standard. Mitemo yakadenha mupimo wekurumidziro weOSHA yakabudirira murutivi nemhaka yokuti matare akawana kuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga yadarika chiremera chayo munzvimbo dzakasiiwa kuhurumende.

Kubvisa Pamuviri Pashure Pemabheji

Mu Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakatonga Roe v. Wade uye rakati Bumbiro reMitemo haripi maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. Chisarudzo chakadzorerwa kunyika, iyo zvino ine chiremera chakazara chokudzora kana kuti kudzivirira kubvisa mimba. Ikoku kunomirira kudzorwa kunoshamisa kwenheyo dzeTen Standardment: Hurumende yehurumende haisati ichitaurazve chiremera pamusoro pokubvisa mimba, inosiya mugariro mumwe nomumwe kuti usarudze kuvambira pamitemo yayo umene nemipimo. Chinoguma chave chive chinyorwa chapamhindei.

Mugumisiro: Kugamuchirwa Kusingaperi kweMitemo Yechigumi

Tsitsi yegumi yechigumi haisati iri chinhu chenhau. Igadziriro mhenyu yebumbiro remitemo inopfuurira kuumba ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Sezvo gakava pamusoro pokutarisirwa kwezvoutano, murairo wemhoteredzo, kodzero dzepfuti, uye muitiro wenzanga, kugadziridzwa kunopa gadziriro yokudzikamisa kuwirirana kwerudzi nekodzero dzomunzvimbomo. Nepo kududzirwa kweDare Rapamusoro kwakachinja [1] nhambo nenhambo simba rehurumende rinokura, pane dzimwe nguva rinosimbisa uchangamire hwehurumende, nheyo huru inoramba iripo: Hurumende yehurumende ndeimwe yemasimba akaganhurirwa, uye mamwe masimba ose anogara nehurumende kana kuti vanhu.

Kunzwisisa Tenth Amendment kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa Hurumende yeAmerica. Kunotiyeuchidza kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haripi hurumende simba ramapurisa ose ehurumende, uye kuti hurumende hadzisi zvikamu zvehurumende zvehurumende zveWashington. Zvitendero zvadzo nehurumende dzazvo, mabumbiro emitemo, uye mitemo. Kana uchitsigira chiito chehurumende pakuchinja mamiriro okunze kana kuti kudzivirira kuedza kwehurumende nemiraudzo yemirimo, Tenth Amendment inogovera mashoko epamutemo ekurukurirano iyoyo. Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza kunzvera [[FLT: 0] Conflatect Information Institute yeReformation Institute yeTenformation [FLD:1] uye kunzvera mhaka yose pa [FOLD:] chirongwa cheTenformation]