Ukama hwenyika yose ifundo yenzira iyo hurumende dzinozvitonga, masangano ehurumende, vatambi vehurumende, uye masangano amarudzi akawanda anoshanda mukati megadziriro yenyika yose. Kunzwisisa uku kufambidzana kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuoma kwegadziriro dzazvino uno dzemarongerwo enyika, kubatana kwezvemari, kuchinjana kwetsika, uye denho dzekuchengeteka. Iyi nhungamiro yakakura inonzvera mirangariro mikuru, marondedzero makuru erondedzero, vatambi vakuru, kushandisirwa kunoshanda, uye miitiro inotanga inorondedzera basa roukama hwamarudzi ose nhasi.

Mifungo Inobatanidza Nyika Yose

Tisati tapinda murondedzero nokushandisa, kunokosha kuziva mifungo mikuru inobatira sezvinhu zvokuvakira ukama hwamarudzi ose.

Uchangamire

Udzori inheyo yokuti hurumende ine chiremera chakakwana panharaunda yayo nenhau dzomumba, isina vhiringidzo yokunze. Iko nheyo yetsika yehurumende yazvino uno, yakasimbiswa mu Treaty yeWestphalia [1648]. Kuenzana kwaChangamire kunoreva kuti nyika dzose, pasinei zvapo noukuru kana kuti simba, dzakaenzana pamutemo mumutemo wamarudzi ose. Zvisinei, uchangamire hunoshorwa kazhinji kazhinji nezvokupindira kwemutsa, uye tyisidziro dzinodzorwa munyika yose dzakadai sougandanga uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze.

Simba

Simba muukama hwenyika yose rinonongedzera kumano ehurumende okupesvedzera vamwe ndokuita zvinangwa zvaro. Inowanzokamurwa kuva simba rakaoma (kumanikidza kwehondo nokwemari) uye simba[[ (kufamba kupfurikidza netsika, mipimo, uye miganhu). Kuparadzirwa kwesimba pakati pemasangano(* 'nlativepolar, bpolar, kana kuti mikoto yemiitiro yetsika yamarudzi ose]

Diplomacy

Kurota unyanzvi uye muitiro wokukurukura pakati pevamiririri venyika. Ndiyo chishandiso chikuru chokugadzirisa kusawirirana, kuronga zvibvumirano zvemarudzi akawanda. Kukurukurirana kwazvino uno kunosanganisira mikoto yemamitemo yakakurumbira, misoro mizhinji, uye “Kuronga kurukurirano mbiri” dzinobatanidza vatambi vasiri varwi.

Fariro Yorudzi

Hurumende iri yose inoronda nharidzano — idzo dzinofadza nyika — idzo dzinogona kubatanidza chengeteko, budiriro yemari, pesvedzero yepfungwa, uye mukurumbira.Vanodavira mamiriro ezvinhu echokwadi vanotaura kuti fariro yenyika zvikurukuru iri pamusoro pokupukunyuka nokuwedzera simba, nepo madiro achisimbisa betsero dzebatira pamwe netsika dzinogoveranwa.

Nyika Yose Nekungova Nezvishoma

Gadziriro yenyika yose inoratidzirwa nokusavapo kwechiremera chikuru (8: 0] mugariro unozivikanwa se [[FLT: 1]]. Ikoku hakurevi nyongano, asi panzvimbo pezvo kuti hakuna hurumende yenyika yokuisa mitemo. Anarchy inotsanangura chikonzero nei nyika dzichifanira kuvimba neyadzo dzimene, mubatanidzwa, uye masangano amarudzi ose kuti dzitarisire nhau dzadzo.

Mabhakitiriya Akawanda

Masangano matatu anodzora akachinja kuranga kwacho, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzokuita zvinhu dzakada kuoma uye dzakabuda pashure pokunge vapedza kudzidza.

Kuziva Zvazviri

Chinjo dzinonangidzira ngwariro pachimiro chamakwikwi, rwisano dzoukama hwamarudzi ose. Iroro rinotaura kuti vatambi vakuru, kuti ivo vakachenjera vatambi vanosundwa nokuzviitira hanya, uye kuti gadziriro yemiitiro inodzorwa inovamanikidzira kuisa chengeteko nesimba. Mativi makuru anobatanidza [ chiitikidzo chaichoichoicho (munhu anotungamirira kurwisano), chiso chenyika inogadza mufambiro, uye [[FLT:] chisakiso chaichoicho [[FT] [FLT] [FFFF]] [end:5] (ishandurira mirangariro pamamiriro ezvinhu angave aiwo akasimba kana kuti aponese).

Rusununguko

Irindiro inosimbisa bviro yebatira pamwe norugare. Inosimbisa basa remasangano enyika yose, kudyidzana kwezvemari, uye udzori hwedemokratiki mukuderedza rwisano. Kuchinja kukuru kunobatanidza rusununguro (kusimudzira runyararo), rusaruramusvumo rwehurumende [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] ruzvipo chevomhozo [ma] [magasvo adzoro a] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FF]

Kuvaka

Kuvaka kwevaki kunotaura kuti zvimiro zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvamarudzi ose zvakavakwa munzanga panzvimbo pezvinhu zvinopiwa. Chivako nefariro zvenyika zvinoumbwa nemifungo inowirirana, tsika, uye zvinoitika zvenhau. Somuenzaniso, mugumo weHondo Yamashoko unorondedzerwa navagadziri sechinjo mukuzivikanwa uye tsika, kwete bedzi chinjo mukugoverwa kwesimba. Chivako chinobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei nyika dzichitanga mipimo yakafanana neProvice yokudzivirira (R2P) kana kuti chikonzero nei zvombo zvenyukireya zvichibatwa nenzira yakasiana nezvombo zvombo zvinoparadza vanhu vazhinji.

Nhau Dzakaoma uye Kupfuura

Postpreprecillationism, femist, Marxism, uye pashure pebasa redzidzo dzinopa mifungo inotsiva. Zvinodenha mirangariro yehurumende, yeWestern centric yerondedzero huru. Somuenzaniso, rondedzero inotsamira pa[ inosimbisa kuti gadziriro yemari yenyika yose inosimudzira kusaenzana pakati pezvisarudzo pakati pepakati penyika nepakati penyika. ] Fiminist yeukama hwamarudzi ose [[ inosimbisa sei vatano nechimiro chevatano nemunhukadzi inopesvedzera hondo, matauriro, uye chengeteko yavanhu.

Matanho Okuongorora Muukama Hwemarudzi Ose

Nyanzvi dzinoshandisa mwero yakasiyana- siyana yokuongorora kuti dzitsanangure migumisiro yenyika. Mwero weimwe neimwe yemagariro emunhu unoratidza matongerwe enyika omumba, masangano ezvemari, uye tsika dzenyika. Mwero wetsika unorangarira kuparadzirwa kwesimba nezvivako zvenyika yose. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kunoda kubatanidza mitaro yose mitatu. Somuenzaniso, kutanga kweHondo Yenyika I kunogona kuongororwa nounhu hwaKais Wilhelm II (imodeficial), urongwa hwokubatana uye urudzi (nyika), uye kudzikama kwesimba remibatanidzwa yepasi renyika dzakawanda (system).

Vatambi Munhandare Yamarudzi Ose

Nepo nyika dzichiramba dziri vatambi vakuru, mhatsa huru yavatambi vasiri vomunyika yose zvino inoshandisa pesvedzero huru.

Masangano Enyika Dzakawanda

Masangano ehurumende (IGOS) akadai se United Nations, World Trade Organization, North Atlantic Treaty Organization [, uye [[FLT] International Monetary Fund[[] inogovera matunhu nokuda kwebatira pamwe chete, kuisa, uye kupesana. Dare reSangano reSangano reUN rinoita mutoro mukuru wokuchengeta rugare rwamarudzi ose nechengeteko, nepo paripo papidhi dzezvoutano, mabasa, uye nhau dzetsika.

Masangano Ane Simba (NGO)

NGOS seAmnesty International, Vanachiremba Vasina Borders, uye Greenpeace varevereri vekodzero dzavanhu, yamuro yomutsa, uye mhoteredzo. Vanopesvedzera muitiro wehurumende kupfurikidza nokusimudzira kuziva vanhu, kukwidza hurumende, uye kutora rutivi mumisangano yamarudzi ose. Dzimwe NGOs dzakabvunza mugariro paUN, dzichivapa mukana wekurukurirano dzemiitiro.

Mapoka Amarudzi Akawanda (MNCs)

Makambani akadai seApple, Shell, uye Toyota anoshanda mhiri kwemiganhu uye kazhinji kazhinji ane mari yakawanda kupfuura nyika duku dzakawanda. MicC inoumba ukama hwemari kupfurikidza nokuisa mari yakananga mune dzimwe nyika, kugovera maketani, uye kukwidziridza. Anogonawo kuva zvipfuro zvemitemo kana kuti zviito zvechiito, sezvinooneka munharo pamusoro pemipimo yebasa uye mutoro wesangano.

Vanhu vamwe navamwe

Mienzaniso inobatanidza sangano raMahatma Gandhi risiri ramasimba masimba rokuzvitonga, chinjo dzaMikhail Gorbachev idzo dzakagumisa Hondo Yamashoko, uye pesvedzero yaGreta Thunberg pachimiro chendangariro chomugariro wokunze.

Vavakidzani Vokune Nyika Dzakasiyana - siyana uye Vaisambovamo

Masangano amagandanga, masangano outsotsi, uye nzanga dzediaspora zvinoshandawo mhiri kwemiganhu.Al̆Qaeda neISSIS vanoratidzira kuti vatambi vasiri venyika vanogona sei kudenha uchangamire hwehurumende. Mapoka emosva angagamuchira musha uye kugamuchirwa kwehurumende, kupesvedzera muitiro wokumwe, uye mari inodzokororwa inotapura upfumi huri kubudirira.

Kushanda Kunoshanda Kweukama Hwemarudzi Ose

Hedzino nharaunda huru umo mirangariro yeukama hwamarudzi ose inorongwa inoshanda.

Kukurukura Kunovhiringidza

Kutaurirana ndiwo mutoo mukuru wokutarisira nawo ukama hwenyika. Zvinogona kuva zvebiteral, somuU.S.-C.China hurukuro dzokushambadza, kana kuti nzvimbo dzakawanda, dzakadai se Paris Climate Adment[ kurukurirano. Kubudirira kunotsamira pakutaurirana simba, chivimbo, unyanzvi hwemibatanidzwa, uye kuvapo kwefariro dzinogoveranwa. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relation (1961) inobatanidza mitemo yezvokudzivirira nokushanda kwemibatanidzwa.

Chisarudzo Chinorwisana Nokuvaka Rugare

Makakatanwa anokonzerwa nokukakavadzana kwenzvimbo, makwikwi okuwana mari, kusawirirana kwemadzinza, kana kuti kusawirirana kwepfungwa.

  • [ Kudzorwa: Iboka rechitatu risina kwarakarerekera rinopfavisa kurukurirano. Mahofisi akanaka eUN akashandiswa murwisano kubva kuYemen kusvikira kuSyria.
  • [ Kuchengeta rugare: [ mauto eBluerhed anorongwa kutarira kumira kwemoto, kudzivirira vasiri varwi, uye kutsigira kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mishoni yazvino inobatanidza MITUSMA muMali neUNIFIL muRebhanoni.
  • Kuranga: Zvirango zvemari zvinonanga vanhu chaivo, makambani, kana kuti upfumi hwose kuti zvikurudzire kuchinja kwetsika. Zvirango zveU.S. paIran nemitemo yeUN paNorth Korea mienzaniso yakatanhamara.
  • Control and Demorrament: Tsamba dzakadai seNUCLEAT ROUTS (NPT) Treaty (T) uye Convention yeZvirwere zveMakemikoro kuganhurira zvombo zvine ngozi.
  • Post à Confublict Reconstructionon: Pashure pokunge rwisano dzaguma, yamuro yamarudzi ose, miitiro yeruramisiro (se., International Criminal Court), uye kuvaka sangano kunodzivisa kudzokerazve.

Kuda Zvematongerwe Enyika (IPE)

IPE inonzvera mhesano dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzemari. Misoro mikuru inobatanidza zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi (muremo, USMCA, CPPP), zviremera zvemari zvenyika yose (IMF, World Bank), betsero yokubudirira, uye kukura kwourudzi hwemari. Breton Woods system[ yakatanga gadziriro yemari yepost , nepo miitiro yemisi ichangobva kukurumidza kufanana nedendedzero yezveidzo nevomugovero reji yezvemari.

Kushanda Kwomutemo Wenyika Dzose

Kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kacho vanhu vachitsoropodzwa nokusaita zvinhu zvakanaka, kuronga mitemo, kuita zvinhu zvine musoro, uye kushandira pamwe.

Kwakabva Mutemo Wemarudzi Ose

  • Tsvakaro: Zvibvumirano zvakanyorwa pakati penyika, zvakadai seUnited Nations Charter kana kuti Geneva Kokorodzano. Zvinosungirwa bedzi pamasaini.
  • Mutemo weMarudzi Ose:[[FLT: 1] Miitiro iyo inotaura kuti inotevera mupfungwa yomusengwa wapamutemo, zvakadai senheyo yokudzivisa kuparadzwa kwegadziriro dzamasangano kana kuti kurambidzwa kwerudzi.
  • General Principles of Law: Yakazivikanwa mugadziriro dzapamutemo dzomumba, zvakadai sokutenda kwakanaka nokusasarura.
  • [[[Njeta] Zvisarudzo zveChisarudzo uye Manyoro enyanzvi: zvakashandiswa samanyuko echikamu chepiri kududzira mutemo.

Matare Anokosha Amarudzi Ose Nemhosva

  • Dare reInternational Court of Justice (ICJ): Mutezo mukuru wokutonga weUN, kupedza gakava pakati pehurumende nokugovera mirangariro inopesvedzera.
  • International Criminal Court (ICC): inotambudza vanhu nokuda kwokuparadza rudzi, mhaka mukurwisana navanhu, uye mhaka dzehondo.
  • [ World Organization Trade Dispute Secomement Body: Zvisarudzo zvekakavadzano dzebhizimisi pakati penyika dziri mitezo.
  • [ Dare rapashure reAribhitiotion: rinoita mabasa okubvisa nokuda kwekakavadzano dzomuruwa.

Matambudziko Anoitirwa Mutemo Wenyika Dzakawanda

Kuwirirana kunosiyana zvikuru. Nyika dzine simba dzingafuratira mirau yamarudzi ose (mutoo, chisarudzo cheICJ paNicaragua neUnited States). Kukwira kwehurumende dzine chiremera nedzisiri dzouzivi hunoderedza gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakawanda. Kunyanguvezvo, mutemo wamarudzi ose unoramba uri chishandiso chinokosha chokuronga mufambiro panhau dzakadai senzvimbo yokunze, mutemo wegungwa, uye kushanda kwepaIndaneti.

Kudzora Nyika Yose Nemasangano

Kudzora kwenyika yose kunonongedzera kukutarisirwa kweboka kwezvinetso zvamarudzi ose kupfurikidza nemuvhenganiswa wamasangano etsika namasanga. Sangano reUN ndiro chinhu chikuru, asi mimwe mitumbi yakawanda inogovera:

  • G7/G20: Nhamba umo upfumi hukuru hunobatanidza muitiro wezvemari.
  • World Health Organization (WHO): inogamuchira migariro yekurumidziro youtano yenyika yose.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA): inobatanidza miitiro yemagetsi okuchengetedza.
  • [ Mari Action Task Force (FATF): Inogadza mipimo inorwisana nemari.

Vatambi vasiri vehurumende, vasonganiri voruzhinji, uye mibatanidzwa yavatarisiri vemabhangi inowedzera kuzadza mikana apo zvibvumirano zvepamutemo zvinenge zvisipo.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti utongi hwenyika yose hunotambura nokuperevedza kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, sezvo nyika dzine simba uye mabhureki asina kurongwa anoshandisa pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi.

Miitiro Yazvino Uno Inoshatisa Ukama Hwemarudzi Ose

Zvitadzo zvinoverengeka zviri kuchinja nzira iyo nyika dzinoshandira pamwe nayo.

Makwikwi Makuru Esimba

Nyaya dzinobva pamagakava enzvimbo dziri muSouth China Sea kusvika kumakwikwi okugadzira zvinhu mutsika dzinoshandiswa nevanhu 5G. Hondo muUkraine yaita kuti NATAO ivepo uye yafumura muganhu wemutemo wenyika dzakawanda pasimba renyukireya.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose Nekusagutsikana Kwakwo

Nepo kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakabvisa mamiriyoni muurombo uye kwakasimudzira kuchinjwa kwetsika, kwakasimudzirawo kusaenzana, kubviswa kwemabasa, uye kudzongonyedzwa kwetsika. Kuwedzera kwemiitiro yezvokutengeserana, Brexit, uye kudzivirira kunoratidza kurega kupfuudza nyika. Nhenda yeCHOVID 9319 inowedzera kugovera kusimba kwenzvimbo dzinogara dziripo uye uchangamire hwemichina.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nokuchengeteka Kwezvakatipoteredza

Chinjo yomugariro wokunze ityisidziro yenyika dzose. Mwero inokwira yegungwa, mugariro wokunze wakakomba, uye kushaikwa kwepfuma kufambiswa kwemotokari, rwisano, uye njodzi dzorudzi. Paris Act [ (2015]] inomirira musengwa wenyika yose kuganhurira kudziya, asi mitengo inodzorwa. Nhau dzinobatanidza kurasikirwa nemarudzi akasiyana-kasiyana- siyana, kutemwa, uye kugadzirwa kwezvikepe.

Kuchengeteka uye Kudzora Kwemichina

Kurwisa kwaiitika panzvimbo dzinoda kuitirwa zvinhu zvinonetsa, kupindira kwemasarudzo, uye mafashoni zvakakwidziridza kusachengeteka kwemakombiyuta kuti zvive chinhu chikuru chinonetsa. Nyika dziri kutanga tsika nemano zvehondo dzepakombiyuta, nepo nharo pamusoro pekudzora paICANN paI.

Kutama uye Kuchengeteka Kwavanhu

Mamiriyoni avanhu anoyambuka miganhu gore rimwe nerimwe nokuda kwamabanza ezvemari, kubatanidzwazve kwemhuri, kana kuti kutiza masimba nechitambudzo. 2018 Chibvumirano cheGlobal yeMovex yakatsvaka kuvandudza batira pamwe, asi kutama kunoramba kuchiparadzanisa mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Kotsekano yavanhu inokudza donzo kubva kuchengeteko yehurumende kusvikira kuchengeteko nechiremera zvavanhu, kufukidza nhau dzakadai sokutengesa, zvirwere, uye kuchengeteka kwezvokudya.

Kupesana Kweruzivo Rwezvigadzirwa

Kufambira mberi muuchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu, biotechnology, kuongorora muchadenga, uye kuronga zvinhu zvine chokuita nenjodzi. Nhangemutange yokudzora AIL ine migumisiro yakakosha, nepo kuronga magene kuchimutsa mibvunzo yetsika inoda mipimo yenyika yose.

mhedziso

Ukama hwenyika yose chinhu chine simba uye chinokosha kuti tinzwisise masimba anoumba nyika yedu. Kuvambira pamifungo yehwaro youchangamire nesimba kusvikira kukurukurirano dzinoparadza pamusoro pekusachengeteka kwekombiyuta nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, chirango chinogovera zvishandiso zvokunzvera zvose zviri zviviri mitoo inopfuurira nemhindu dzinokurumidza. Vadzidzi, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa vanonzwisisa izvi zvinokosha vashongedzerwa zviri nani kudzora kuoma kwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinobetsera kutsinhirano dzorugare, uye kutsigira nhevedzano yakarurama zvikuru neyakatsigagariranwa yepasi pose. Sezvo zvinetso zvezana ramakore rechi21 zvinowedzera (kukwikwidzana guru resimba kukura mutsika dzinogadzirirwa) ungwaru bedzi.