Mavambo Esimba reHurumende

Simba rehurumende ndiro chiremera chokuita ndokushandisa mitemo, kugovera zviwanikwa, uye kutungamirira nhau dzorudzi. Ichi chiremera hachisati chiri kuzviruramisa; chinovakirwa panheyo dzakavakirwa dzakadai sebvumirano yenzanga, uchangamire hwakakurumbira, uye kutonga kwomutemo. Mugadziriro dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Mukuva nesimba rehurumende rehurumende rekodzero, kuva pamutemo kunobva mukubvumira kwevanodzorwa, kunotaurwa kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo uye kusarudza kwenguva dzose. Kunzwisisa idzi nheyo dzinokosha zvinokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kubatanidzwa zvine revo nehurumende yavo uye vanodziita kuti dzizvidavirire.

Manyuko makuru esimba rehurumende anobatanidza chiremera chebumbiro remitemo, chiremera chemitemo, uye chiremera chokutonga. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinotora masimba aro mumanyuko akati, richiumba gadziriro yamasangano akaparadzana anogoverana masimba. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinogadza hurumende yehurumende ine masimba anorongwa, nepo richichengetera mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Ichi chirongwa chinodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza udzori hwakanyanyisa.

Chiremera cheProfession: Bumbiro remitemo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, kuratidzira chimiro chehurumende uye kuratidzira masimba ebazu rimwe nerimwe. Inowanzobatanidza pepa ramaruramiro anodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu panzvimbo dzakashata dzehurumende. Constitution, somuenzaniso, inopa Congress simba kuteresa, dzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuzivisa hondo, uye mari. Idzi dzinodudzwa masimba akananga, asi dzinorevawo mamwe masimba ari madikanwa kukuita.

Chiremera chemitemo: Mitumbi yomutemo, yakadai seCongress muUnited States kana kuti Paramende muUnited Kingdom, inogadzira mirau inopa masimba chaiwo kumasangano ehurumende. Iyi mitemo inorondedzera ukuru hwechiito chokudzora, kuronga bhajeti, uye kubvumira mapurogiramu. Muitiro wemitemo umene icherekedzo pasimba rechiremera, sezvo mitemo ichifanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri uye kusinwa nomutarisiri (kana kuti ipfuure panzvimbo yezvirongwa).

Chiremera cheMitemo: Matare anodudzira mutemo ndokusarudza kuva kwebumbiro remitemo rezviito zvehurumende. Kupfurikidza nesimba rokunzvera, matare anogona kurova mitemo kana kuti mirairo yehurumende inoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Nhau dzemapepa dzakadai se Marbury v. Madison [1803] yakatanga simba, ichiita judiary inzvero inokosha paChibvumirano uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Marudzi Emasimba eHurumende

Kunzwisisa izvi kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kuti hurumende inoita sei uye kuti miganhu ndeipi.

Masimba Akavapo

MuUnited States, Chikamu I 8, Chikamu 8 chinoronga masimba 18 chaiwo eDare rehurumende, kubatanidza simba rokukwereta mari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, uye kukwidza hondo. masimba akadzorwa anoganhurira hurumende yehurumende kumabasa iwayo nenzira yakajeka, nepo nyika dzichichengeta chiremera chakafara pasi peTenth Amendment.

Masimba Akashandiswa

Masimba ose ehurumende anogona kutsanangurwa muudzame. Masimba anoshandiswa ndiwo ari madikanwa kuita masimba akaverengwa, kunyange kana asina kunyorwa zvakajeka. Chinodikanwa neChinowirirana chaClaus (chinozivikanwawo seEllastic Claus) chinopa Dare kuchinjika kuti riite mitemo inodikanwa kuita masimba aro anorongwa. Somuenzaniso, nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingabvumiri zvakajeka bhangi guru, Congress yakatanga First Bank yeUnited States musimba raro rokuumba mari nebhizimisi rinoreverwa.

Simba Romuzvarirwo

Masimba makuru ndiavo vanorangarirwa kuva vehurumende ipi neipi inotonga, zvakadai sesimba rokuitisa ukama hwokunze kwenyika, kuwana nzvimbo, kana kuti kudzivirira rudzi. Masimba aya haatsatiswi muBumbiro remitemo asi arangarirwa kuva anokosha kuti rudzi rushande. Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakaziva masimba okugara nhaka munharaunda dzakafanana nomuitiro wokumwe uye kudzora kubuda munyika.

Simba Razvino Nedzinosara

Mugadziriro dzehurumende, masimba anokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende. masimba echipanguva ano anoshandiswa namapoka ose ari maviri, akadai sesimba rokutera mutero, kuvaka mitero, uye kumanikidzira mitemo. Masimba akarendwa [ ayo haana kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende kana kuti anorambidzwa kunyika; akachengetedzwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi boka rinoparira uchangamire huviri hunoganhurira chiremera chikuru uye hunochengeta udzori.

Miganhu Pasimba reHurumende

Simba rehurumende rinokosha asi rine ngozi kana rikasadzorwa. Utongi hunosarudzwa neBumbiro roUtongi hunoisa ganhuriro dzinodzivirirwa namasangano, miitiro, uye maruramiro avanhu. Iyi ganhuriro inovimbisa kuti simba rinoshandiswa nenzira yakajeka, rinozvidavirira, uye nenzira isina ruramisiro.

Miganhu Yebumbiro remitemo

Mabumbiro eMitemo anoisa ganhuriro pamibato yehurumende kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo. Chinyorwa cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chinodzivirira rusununguko rwekutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Gungano reGuta Renyika rinorambidza hurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zvisina mitoo ikarurama. Hurumende inoraira kuti ibate vanhu vose pasi pehurumende imwe cheteyo.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba uye Kuchinja uye Kudzikamisa

Mapazu matatu ehurumende .(legislative system, presidenti, uye dare . "Imiitiro yokunzvera nedzinoyera inobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira masimba avamwe. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anogona kudzika mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress; Congress inogona kukunda ikoko nevoruzhinji vaviri; Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi; mutongi anogona kuzivisa mitemo isiri nzanga; uye Congress inogona kuisa purezidhendi kana kuti vatongi vehurumende. Ichi chivako chinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi neripi kuti risare hurumende.

Kushanda Muchikamu

Ganhuriro inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende huru nehurumende dzeruwa (maruwa, maruwa, kana kuti macanton). Iyi divi rinopa nzvero yokuwedzera pasimba, sezvo vagari vemo vanogona kutsvaka dziviriro kubva kumwero mumwe wehurumende mukunyengerwa neimwe. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yehurumende inogona kupa dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura mutemo wehurumende. Murangariro wouchangamire hwe unoreva kuti masangano anogona kushanda semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kunzvera nemipimo yenyika.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokunzvera kuva kwebumbiro remitemo nemabasa avakuru vakuru. Kana mutemo uchiputsa bumbiro remitemo, matare anogona kuriparadza. Iri simba rakasimbiswa zvakakurumbira muU.S. mu Marbury v. Madison uye rakagamuchirwa muhurumende dzakawanda. Kuhwirudzurwa kwemitemo kunoshanda senzvero yokupedzisira pamitemo nemutungamiriri wehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti zviito zvinogara mukati memiganhuro yemitemo.

Kusarudza Nokuzvidavirira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kutyisidzira kwokuvhota kunokurudzira vamiririri kuti varemekedze miganhu uye kuti vateerere vamiririri vacho.

Nzanga Yavagari Vemo Nepepanhau

Mapepanhau anozvimirira, masangano edzidzo, mapoka ezveuori, uye masangano enzanga anoshanda sembavha dzinotarisira.

Basa Revagari Vemo Mukuganhurira Simba Rehurumende

Vagari havasati vachingovawo zvavo vadzorwi; ivo vatori rutivi vanoshingaira munzanga yokuzvinyengera.

Kushambadza uye Kusarudza

Kurumbidza ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikurusa iyo vagari vemo vanopesvedzera nayo hurumende. Kupfurikidza nokusarudza vamiriri vanoremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo nerusununguko rwevagari vemo, vavhoti vanotumira shoko pamusoro porudzi rwokudzora rwavanokarira. Muvhoti wepasi anogona kubvumira fariro chaidzo kana kuti kombamiro dzokudzvinyirira kupedza kusava nechinhu.

Kuteerera uye Hurukuro Yavose

Vagari vemo vanogona kunyoresa kupfurikidza netsamba kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kupinda misangano yehoro yetaundi, uye kutora rutivi mukurwisana kune rugare. Hurukuro yavose (hwungava somunhu kana kuti paIndaneti) inopa maruramiro ehurumende kuti iruramise zviito zvavo. Masangano akadai seCivil Rights Movement uye kutsutsumwa kweHondo inorwisana neVietnam akabudirira kushora mitemo yehurumende inorangarirwa kuva isina kururama.

Mutongo uye Kuzvidavirira Kwapamutemo

Kubatira padare rinobetsera vatongi ichenjeri yakananga pasimba rehurumende. Juries anosarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka munhau dzoutsotsi, uye mune dzimwe nyika, vatongi vanogona kuramba kushurikidza kana vachidavira kuti mutemo hauna kururama (kuparadza). Vagari vanobatirawo savatongi vakuru vanohwirudzura ufakazi pomero dzisati dzapiwa, vachidzivisa kurovererwa kwokuzvidira.

Rusununguko Rwemashoko Nokuona Zvakajeka

Mitemo yakadai seFreedom of Information Act (FOIA) inoita kuti vagari vemo vakumbire zvinyorwa zvehurumende.Vatori venhau nemhara vanoshandisa zvinhu izvi kufumura tsvina, uori, uye kushatiswa. Vagari vanokumbira magwaro kana kuti vanopinda misangano vanobatsira kuti vaone zvinodiwa.

Kumhanyira Hofisi

Vagari vemo vasingagutsikani nemamiriro ezvinhu vanogona kutsigira zvinzvimbo zvehurumende munzvimbo dzavose, munyika, kana kuti munyika.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Simba reHurumende Neganhuriro Zvinoitwa

Kuongorora zvakaitika kare uye zvakaitika panguva iyoyo kunoratidza kuti simba rehurumende neganhuriro zvinoshanda sei.

Marbury kana kuti Madison (1803)

Iyi nhau yenhau yakatanhamara yeDare guru reUnited States yakasimbisa nheyo yehwirudzuro. Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa chikamu choMutemo weJudicary wa 1789 usiri woutongi, Dare rakasimbisa chiremera charo kuputsa mitemo inorwisana neBumbiro remitemo. Ichi chisarudzo chakarondedzera basa rejaji sebazu rinoenzana rinokwanisa kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri Congress napurezidhendi.

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevanhu (1950s - 1960)

Mukati menhambo ino, vashinganyi vakadenha hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo idzo dzakamanikidza kusarura nokusarura. Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende pakutanga yakazengurira, asi kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zveDare rapamusorosa (Brown v. Board of Education[), mutemo (Chivil Rights Act of 1964), uye zviito zvoutungamiriri, zvakaiswa pasimba rehurumende rokutonga. Iri sangano rakaratidzira kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kumanikidza hurumende kukudza zvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo ndokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu.

Scandal yaWatergate (1972-1974)

Mutungamiriri wehurumende Richard Nixon anoshandisa zvisina kufanira simba(8) kubatanidza kuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee uye pekufukidzwa kwakatevera kwakaratidzwa nouzivi hwenhau, kutongwa kwedare, uye zvigadziko zvokutonga. Gadziriro yecheki nedzinoyera dzakanzi dzine mutoro, zvichitungamirira kukurega. Chinjo dzinonyandura dzakafuridzwa dzakadai seEthics in Govern Act uye kujeka kukuru mumitezo yezvirongwa.

Kufamba nokunaya uye Patriot Act (Post-9/11)

Pashure pekurwisa kwaSeptember 11, Congress yakapa USA PATRIOT Act, ichiwedzera kuchengetwa kwemitemo uye masimba okuongorora.Vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti urongwa hwakafanana nokuunganidzwa kwemashoko akawanda uye mitemo yepachivande zvakapesana neFramendment yechina inodzivirira pakutsvaka kusina musoro. Zvinetso zvedare uye kumanikidzwa kwevanhu zvakatungamirira kukuita kuti pave nemitemo yezvemitemo, kusanganisira USA INVFUX Act ya 2015, yaideredza kuunganidzwa kwemitengo yakawanda. Kukurukurirana uku kunopfuurira kunoratidza kuti kuoma kudzikamisa kuchengeteka kwenyika norusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Nhevedzo Dzavane Vatungamiriri Nesimba Rekurumidziro

Mapurezidhendi anowanzoshandisa zvirevo zvokutungamirira kuti vasadzore mipimo yemitemo, vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemiganhu yesimba ravakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump (2017) akatarisana nedenho dzakawanda dzedare pazvikonzero zvebumbiro remitemo, neDare Gurusa richitsigira shanduro yakadzokororwa. Nenzira yakafanana, zviziviso zvemigariro yakakomba yenyika yakadai saPrezidhendi Trump’s muganhu wePromhm inonyandura masimba echienzi, asi Congress nematare zvinogona kudzorera shure.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakavigwa Muchikwata cheCOVID - 19

Murakatira wakaedza miganhu pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende. United States yakabudisa zvirango zvenzvimbo yokugara, zvirevo zvokuvhara mabhastiki, uye kuvharwa kwebhizimisi. Hurumende yehurumende pasi paPrezidhendi Trump yakatanga kusundwa kuhurumende, ipapo pasi paPrezidhendi Biden yakabudisa mirairo yehurumende iyo yakatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo. Dare guru rakavhara mirairo apo raitsigira dzimwe, ichisimbisazve kuti simba rehurumende rine ganhuriro, zvikurukuru apo rinoputsa uchangamire hwehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Kuganhuriro Dzehurumende

Unyanzvi hutsva hwokugadzira zvinhu, tyisidziro dzenyika yose, uye kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoparira denho itsva dzokuchengeta ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende.

Kuziva Madhigirii Nezvinhu Zvinovaka

Fambiro mberi muruzivo rwokunzvera, kubatanidza kuzivikanwa kwechiso, kuchera michero, uye uchenjeri hwokugadzira, zvinogonesa kuongororwa kwehurumende kusingaenzaniswi. Kudzivirira kweGadziro yeChina panzvero dzisina mufungo kwakanyorwa muzana ramakore rechi18; matare zvino anorwisana kana mashoko emichina semirayiridzo yenzvimbo neemail achida pamutemo. Mhaka yeDare Gurusa reChiuru Carbatent v. United States yakatonga kuti mutemo unowanzoda pamutemo wokuwana zvinyorwa zvenhau zvenhau yenhau yenhau yeserura, kugadza muenzaniso mukuru wezvakavanzika.

Hurumende Inotungamirira

Masangano eFoderal anopa mirau ine simba romutemo, bva kuita kwavo mitemo kazhinji kazhinji kunoshaiwa kuzvidavirira kwakananga kwehurumende. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti hurumende inofutunura simba ravakuru vakuru kudarika ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Zviremera zvakafanana ne union zvinotsigira kudzora kukuru zvikuru kwapurezidhendi pamasangano, nepo vamwe vachisunda nokuda kwokutarisira kukuru kwemitemo nehwirudzuro yedare. Chisarudzo cheDare reWest Virginia v. E [PA] 202]

Ropafadzo Yakananga Nokutarisira Kwemasangano

Kusawirirana pakati papurezidhendi neCongress pamusoro pokuwana mashoko kuti vaedze miganhu yeparadzano yemasimba. Kutaura kwaPrezidhendi Nixon kweropafadzo yechiremera kwakarambwa mu United States v.Nixon, kusimbisa kuti ropafadzo yacho haina kutsarukana. Kurwisana kwazvino uno pamusoro pezvipupuriro namagwaro kubva kuvakuru vakuru vebazu kunopfuurira kuparira hondo dzapamutemo dzinorondedzera miganhu yechivande chevakuru vakuru.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa masimba ehurumende neganhuriro zvinokosha nokuda kwokusimudzira vagari vemo vakaziva vanogona kudzivirira maruramiro avo uye kuita kuti masangano ave anozvidavirira. Manyuko echiremera chehurumende `constituanion, wicnagement, uye dare (kuisa kuva akakodzera, asi anokosha zvakaenzana ndiwo masangano akagadzirirwa kunzvera simba: kuparadzana kwemasimba, hurumende, kuongorora, uye kuwirirana kwehurumende. Zvinetso zvitsva zvakadai semitengo yechango, masimba ekurumidziro anoramba akabuda, nheyo dzehurumende yakaganhurirwa dzinova dzinokosha senguva dzose. Vagari vazive kodzero dzavo nezvivako zvinovadzivirira zviri nani kutora rutivi zviri nani mugadziriro yedemo yedemo yedemocracy uye kutsigira hurumende inogara iri mukati muganhu wayo. Zvinhu zvakadai sezvipfuyo [FLD].[5].[1] .[FFF]