Mavambo Evatongi Vehurumende

Sangano riri rose rinogadza gadziriro yemitemo namasangano kuti ritarisire nhau dzakabatana nokupedza rwisano. Iyi Sacial — inozivikanwa sehurumende — ine simba guru paupenyu hwavagari vemo, kubva pamitero yavanobhadhara kusvikira kurusununguko rwavanofarikanya. Kunzwisisa chaizvoizvo masimba ehurumende ari api, uko anobva, uye mitoro yakadini yavanotakura iri chinhu chinokosha chevagari vemo vanobudirira muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kweiyi mifungo yenheyo, inogovera kupetwa kwamashoko kwakakwana nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa michina yokudzora.

Vasati vanzvera masimba chaiwo enyika, kunokosha kunzwisisa kwayakabva. Mufungo wezvamatongerwe enyika wokuMadokero unonongedzera zvikuru kuvakwani kwehurumende kubvumirano yenzanga. Vafungi saThomas Hobbes, mubasa rake Leviathan[, vakataura kuti pasina hurumende, upenyu hungava utongi hwemagariro emunhu, ruzhinji kana kuti rusununguko. Kana hurumende ikakundikana muiri basa rayo, ” kutungamirira vanhu kuisa rusununguko kumunhu mumwe kuti atsinhane nomutemo. John Locle akanatsiridza chivako ichi, achisimbisa kuti basa guru rehurumende nderokudzivirira kodzero dzomusikirwo — upenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma. Kana vatongi vakakundikana kuita basa rayo kana simba rayo richishanda nesimba, Locce, vagari vemo vakatsivi, vakatsidza kuitsiva.

Uyu murangariro wakashanduka kuva nheyo ye “ kutendera kwezvidzorwa, ” pfungwa yehwaro yakasimbiswa muUnited States Declaration of Independence. Chiremera chehurumende, mumurangariro uyu, hachisi chomuzvarirwo kana kuti chakagadzwa nenzira youmwari asi chinopiwa kumusoro kuvanhu. Iyi nhume inosiana zvakananga mubumbiro remitemo, iyo inopa simba kuhurumende uye inoisa miganhu yakakomba pairi. Kutonga kwomutemo kunobuda muichibvumirano ichi: hapana munhu, kwete kunyange mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende, anopesana nomutemo. Ikoku kunomira musiyano zvakananga ne “ chiratio chavanhu, ” apo simba rinoshandiswa nenzira youdzo uye pasina kudzodza.

Masimba Emabhinya Anotungamirirwa Nehurumende DzaChangamire

Nepo masimba chaiwo ehurumende anogona kusiana akavakirwa pachimiro chawo chebumbiro remitemo, masimba akati anoberekwa kumurangariro umene wenyika inotonga. iwaya anowanzonongedzerwa kwaari samasimba ehurumende, uye anoumba hwaro hwechiito chose chehurumende.

Simba Remapurisa

Pasinei zvapo nezita raro, simba ramapurisa rinonongedzera kuhurumende inonzi ’ inopa chiremera chikuru chokudzora mufambiro nokumanikidza murairo mukati mendima yayo kuti idzivirire utano, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yavagari vemo vayo vose. Iri simba inheyo yemitemo youtano yavose, kuvaka mitemo yemitemo yemhoteredzo, uye zvinodikanwa zvebasa. Mugadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States, simba ramapurisa rinochengeterwa zvikurukuru hurumende dzehurumende.

Simba Rokubhadhara Mutero

Simba remitero yepevy iropa rehurumende ipi neipi. Rinopa mari inodikanwa kutsigira mimwe mibato yose yehurumende, kubva kudziviriro yenyika kusvikira kuzvikoro zvehurumende. Chirongwa cheFiscal — kushandiswa kwakarongwa kwemari yehurumende nemitero — chishandiso chine simba chokudzora. Chinogona kushandiswa kunyandura upfumi hune usimbe, kuparadzira pfuma kuti ipedze kusaenzana kwemitengo, kana kuti kuomesa mufambiro kupfurikidza nokubvisa mitero pazvinhu zvakadai sefodya nezvinodhaka. Simba remitero nderokuparira simba rokuumba nzanga uye kuisa zvinhu zvinokosha.

Nzvimbo yakaisvonaka

Nyika yakakurumbira isimba rehurumende rokutora zvinhu zvakavanzika nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose, kana kuchigova kuti muripo bedzi unobhadharwa kuna muridzi. Iri simba rinokosha nokuda kwokuvaka gadziriro dzakadai semigwagwa, njanji, zvikoro zvavose, uye zvinoshandiswa. Gadziriro yeFindmerment muU.S. Constitution inoda kuti kutora kuve kwe &lquo; public ashandise ” uye kuti &lquo; muripo wakarurama ” zvinogoverwa, mipimo yakagoverwa zvikuru, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvirongwa zvekubudirira zvinotamisirwa munyika kubva kuna mwene mumwe munhu oga.

Mitemo Yokumwe Nedziviriro Yorudzi

Hurumende dzine simba rakakwana rokuita muitiro wokumwe, kupinda muzvibvumirano, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutarisira kutama. masimba aya anokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta chengeteko yenyika nokubatanidzwa nenzanga yenyika yose.Utongi hunopawo hurumende maruramiro okudzivirira miganhu yadzo ndokumirira rudzi rwadzo mumasangano amarudzi ose.

Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba: Kudzivisa Kuiswa Pasi Kwechiremera

Kudzivisa kuunganidzwa kwesimba rakakwana, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno zhinjisa dzinokamuranisa chiremera chehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiana: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Iyi tsika inozivikanwa sokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba uye inokwaniriswa negadziriro yakasimba yechekero nedzikamo. Bazu remitemo rine mutoro wokuita mitemo, bazu rehurumende nokuda kwokuasimbisa, uye bazi rinotonga nokuda kwokuadudzira. Aya masimba ane simba anodzivisa batira pamwe uye anodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuti risare mamwe.

Masimba Omutemo

Chirongwa chemitemo — Conrer muUnited States —is chinoshanda nesimba rokuita mitemo. Chinomirira kuda kwavanhu kupfurikidza navamiriri vakasarudzwa. Masimba makuru anobatanidza kupfuudza bhajeti, kusimbisa kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru nedare, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutungamirira bazi guru. MuU.S., Congress ibhimetaral, zvinoreva kuti yakakamurwa kuva imba yavamiriri neDare, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa nemasimba akasiana.

Masimba Ane Simba

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rine mutoro wokusimbisa nokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare. Iri bazi rinoshandisa muitiro wavose uye rinobatanidza hurumende huru yehurumende — — iyo inobata chinhu chiri chose kubva paki dzenyika kuenda kugadziriro dzinobetsera dzehurumende. Mutungamiriri anotungamirirawo muitiro wokumwe, anobatira somutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, uye ane simba rokutonga mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress Congress.

Masimba Okutonga

Vatongi vanorondedzera mitemo ndokuishandisa kunhau dzakati. Kupfurikidza nesimba rekunzvera, matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvisati zviri zvisakafanira, zvichizviparadza nenzira inobudirira. Iri simba rinoita kuti dare rive nzvero inokosha pamapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru. Rinovimbisa kuti zviito zvose zvehurumende zvinowirirana nomutemo mukurusa wenyika.

Kubatanidzwa Kwemakeki

Mapazu haashandi ari oga. Mutungamiriri weSangano anogona kuisa mutemo, asi Congress anogona kudzora izvozvo nevhoti huru. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa. Congress inogona kubvisa Purezidhendi kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Dare guru rinogona kurova mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress ndokusainwa naPrezidhendi. Gadziriro ino inotongana inoitirwa kumanikidza kuumba nokudzivirira pakudzvinyirira. [[FLT: 0] Dare rehurumende rinogona kubvisa Postry and agent. Governeral rinogovera kutsanangurwa kwemapazu matatu ehurumende kuti ashande.[FLT]

Kushanda Muchirongwa: Kukamukana Kwakakwirira Kwesimba

Kupfuura kuparadzaniswa kwakananga kwamasimba ari mumapazu, hurumende inokamuranisa simba kuchienda mberi pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende dzeruwa. Ichi chirongwa chinobvumira kuzvitonga kwomunzvimbomo panhau dzakawanda nepo chichichengeta chinzwano chorudzi panhau dzeitiro hanya imwe cheteyo.

Simba Rakaoma, Rakachengetwa, uye Rakavapo

Mugadziriro yehurumende, masimba anowira mumapoka matatu akafara. masimba anopiwa zvakajeka kuhurumende yorudzi neBumbiro reMitemo, zvakadai sesimba rokuumba mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kusimudza mauto. Masimba akachengetedzwa, akadzivirirwa neTenuth Amendment, ndiwo ayo asina kupiwa kuhurumende yenyika kana kuti kurambidzwa kuhurumende; aya anobatanidza masimba pamusoro pedzidzo, hurumende yomunzvimbomo, uye mapurisa omunzvimbomo. Masimba azvino ndiwo ayo ose ari maviri nyika nehurumende dzinoshandisa, samasimba okushandisa mutero, saanoita simba rokuvaka migwagwa, uye kugadza matare.

Masimba Akashandiswa Nezvakafanira uye Zvakafanira

Nepo asingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, masimba anorehwa anorangarirwa kuva “ ari madikanwa neakafanira ” kuita masimba anodudzwa. Mhaka yeChikamu chaMakurusa Mcloch v. Maryland[ [1819] anosimbisa iyi dzidziso, achishandisa kutangwa kwebhangi renyika semuenzaniso mukuru. Chiremera chemasimba aya chinobva muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, Classicle 18 cheBumbiro reMitemo, chinowanzonzi Elcle Claus.

Claus Ane Mukurumbira

Apo mutemo wehurumende nomutemo wehurumende unorwisana zvakananga, mutemo wehurumende unowanzotanga pasi peSupremacy Claus yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Rugwaro rweNational Archives[ unorondedzera kuti iyi ndima inosimbisa Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yehurumende zvakaita kuti ive yakabatana nayo somutemo mukurusa wenyika. Zvisinei, ukama pakati pehurumende nesimba rehurumende hunogarovana, kuchitungamirira kunharo dzinopfuurira nehondo dzapamutemo pamusoro pedzikano yakarurama yechiremera.

Mabasa Ehurumende Yazvino Uno

Kushandiswa kwapamutemo kwesimba rehurumende kunotsamira pakuzadzika kwokutendeka kwemabasa aro kuvagari varo.

Kushandisa Kushaya Mumba

Basa guru rehurumende ipi neipi nderokuchengeta mutemo nenhevedzano mukati memiganhu yawo.Izvi zvinosanganisira kuumba gadziriro yemitemo, kutanga mapurisa kuti aimanikidze, uye kuchengeta matare negadziridzo kuti zvisaregeredze nokuranga kuputswa. Uku kutsiga kwemhuri ndicho chinhu chinovakira basa rezvemari noupenyu hwenzanga.

Kudzivirira Vanhu Vose

Kudzivirira rudzi patyisidziro dzokunze ibasa guru rehurumende yenyika.Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kuchengeta mauto, kuitisa ukama hwamasangano amarudzi namamwe marudzi, uye kutarisira masangano ouchenjeri. Nharidzano ndeyokudzivirira rudzi ’ uchangamire ndokudzivirira vagari varwo padenho yokumwe kana kuti kumanikidza.

Kusimudzira Rubudiriro Rukuru

Iri basa rakafara rinobatanidza mhatsa huru yemibato. Hurumende dzinovaka ndokuchengeta gadziriro dzinotambudza dzakadai semigwagwa, mabhiriji, uye miraudzo yamagetsi. Dzinotsigira dzidzo yavose, dzinogovera dziviriro yenzanga kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzakadai seInshuwarenzi yeSocial Security neurovha, uye dzinodzora maindasitiri kudzivirira vatengi, vashandi, uye mhoteredzo. Kupfurikidza neidzidzidziro, hurumende inoita somutengi mukuru wezvirongwa munyika ’ inopa utano hwenguva refu nebudiriro.

Kuchengeta Zvikomborero Zvorusununguko

Zvichida rimwe ramabasa anoyera zvikurusa ehurumende munzanga yakasununguka idziviriro yamaruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe. Ikoku kunoreva kudzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo rwakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, uye zvinobudisa nhau. Inobatanidzawo kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo amapoka mashoma pakusarurana uye kuva nechokwadi chemuitiro wakafanira womutemo kuitira kuti hurumende igorega kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina miitiro inosakarurama neinojeka. Kugovera kwakafanana neACLU kugovera nhungamiro dzakajeka pakodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe dzinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa uku kudzivirirwa.[FK:1]

Mitoro Yokuva Mugari Wemunyika MuRepublic Yedemocratic

Hurumende “ yavanhu, inoitwa navanhu, uye nokuda kwavanhu ” inoda kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kuvagari vemo vayo. Kodzero dzatinadzo dzinobatanidzwa nemitoro inobetsera kutsigira gadziriro yedemokrase nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Ugari hwemo hahusi mugariro usingashandi; ibasa rinoshingaira.

Kubatanidzwa Nounyanzvi

Mabasa ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu akanakisisa apo vagari vemo vayo vanoziviswa. Ikoku kunoreva kupfuura misoro mikuru yenhau kuti vanzwisise nhau dzakaoma, vanonzvera nenzvimbo dzavo dzemiitiro, uye kupanikira manyuko amashoko. Muvhoti asina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira anotapurwa kudzvinyirira uye zvisarudzo zvemiitiro yakaipa. Vadzidzisi vanoita basa rinokosha mukushongedzera vadzidzi nounyanzvi hwokufunga hwakakomba hunodikanwa kuyera mashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mabasa

Mamwe mabasa anodikanwa nomutemo kana kuti anokosha kuti gadziriro ishande. Kubatira padare rinobetsera vatongi icherekedzo yakakomba pasimba rehurumende mukati mebazu rinotonga. Kubhadhara mitero ndiwo mutengo wokubvuma nzanga yazvino uno ibasa guru rebvumirano yenzanga. Idzi migove, nepo pane dzimwe nguva inorema, mipiro iri madikanwa yavagari vemo kuboka rezvibvumirano zvekuzvidzora.

Kubatanidzwa Kwechibvumirano

Kupfuura mabasa apamutemo, vagari vemo vanozvipira munzanga dzavo, vanopinda misangano yehoro yetaundi, vanoona vamiririri vavo vakasarudzwa, uye vanotora rutivi muudzori hwezvisakiso zvavanoitira hanya. Ivo vangamhanyira nokuda kwebasa romunzvimbomo vamene. [[FLT: 0] Hurumende dzinokurudzira kutora rutivi runozivikanwa uye runoshingaira muhurumende kupfurikidza nedzidzo yavhoti nemotokari dzokunyoresa. Iyi bvumirano inoita kuti hurumende irambe ichigamuchira zvinodikanwa nokuchinja uye mipimo yavanhu yainobatira.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Kumutemo Wehurumende uye Kubudirira

Zana ramakore rechi21 rinopa denho dzechienzi idzo dzinoedza gadziriro yegamuchidzanwa yamasimba ehurumende nemitoro.

Muganhu Wemadhigirii Nezvinhu Zvisiri Zvepamwoyo

Simba rehurumende rokuunganidza mashoko pavagari vemo varo rakakura nenzira yebetsero yenyika nokuchengetwa kwomutemo nekodzero yokuva woga irwisano yapakati yazvino uno. Nenzira yakafanana, kudzora makambani oruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ane simba uye uchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinopa denho itsva nokuda kwemitumbi yemitemo neyavakuru vakuru yakagadzirirwa zera rapamberi pechine nguva chakagadzwa.

Simba Rehurumende Inodzora

Dare rinowanzopfuudza mitemo yakafara uye rinopa mashoko akajeka kumasangano evatungamiriri vane simba, vasina kurongwa anoparira mitemo nesimba romutemo. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa iyi nheyo yokuparadzana kwemasimba, uye matare anobvunzwa nenzira inowedzera mibvunzo yechibvumirano yechiremera chesangano uye miganhu yesimba ravakuru vakuru.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzakawanda uye Kutonga Kwamarudzi Ose

Munyika yakabatana, zvinetso zvakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, zvirwere, uye zvinetso zvemari hazvigoni kupedzwa nerudzi rumwe runoita zvinhu ruchishandira rumwe chete.Izvi zvakatungamirira kukusikwa kwemitumbi yamarudzi ose inoda kuti nyika dzirongedze mitemo uye dzitonge uchangamire. Ikoku kunoparira kusawirirana pakati pemiitiro yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yenyika yose uye kudikanwa kwechiito chenyika dzose.

Mugumisiro: Kugamuchirwa Kusingaperi Kwekunzwisisa

Kubva padzidziso dzechibvumirano chenzanga cheVezhenekero kusvika kunharo dzemapikicha enhau anhasi, mibvunzo mikuru yokutonga yasara: Hurumende inofanira kuitei?

Kunzwisisa izvi zvinokosha zviri zviviri kurovedza kwoungwaru nechinodikanwa chinoshanda. Vane chikwereti neruzivo icherekedzo yokupedzisira pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza pamusoro pamapazu ehurumende, nheyo dzehurumende, uye maruramiro anopikirwa nebumbiro remitemo, vanhu vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kudzivirira rusununguko rwavo ndokubetsera kuutano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vafundisi vanoita basa guru muuyu muitiro kupfurikidza nokusimbisa chizvarwa chinotevera kuva chinofunga, chinoshingaira, uye vatori rutivi rune mutoro mukuedza kunopfuurira kwokuzvitonga.