Kutanga: Kuberekwa Kworusununguko rweAmerica

Chikasimbiswa pana December 15, 1791, Bill of Rights inoramba iri shongwe yekodzero dzevagari vemo veAmerica. Iyi migariro gumi yokutanga kugadziridzwa kweU.S. Bumbiro reMitemo rakazvarwa nenharo dzinotyisa pakati paFederalists naAntifederalist. VanaAnti-Fedalist vaitya kuti Bumbiro reMitemo idzva raipa simba rakawanda zvikuru kuhurumende yepakati, richisiya vagari vemo vasina dziviriro kuudzvinyiriri. Kuomerera kwavo pavimbiso yakanyorwa yerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe kwakatungamirira kukugamuchirwa kweBill of Rights. Nokuda kwavadzidzisisss navadzidzi zvakafanana, kunzwisisa izvi zvisaririra hachisi chidzidzo chete munhau inongova nhungamiro inoshanda kukodzero idzo muAmerica iri yose nhasi. Nyaya iyi inonzvera imwe neimwe neimwe muganhu yematendiro, kugovera mashoko enhau, kutsanangura kwapamutemo, uye kubetsera kwapamutemo, kukubatsira kuti udzidzise zvinotoko.

Nhoroondo: Nei Bhizi Rekodzero Dzaiva Dziri Madikanwa

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba, rakasainwa muna 1787, harina kubatanidza rugwaro rwekodzero. Nhume dzakawanda, kubatanidza James Madison, pakutanga dzakadavira kuti kwakanga kusiri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga iri imwe yemasimba akaganhurirwa, yakaverengwa. Zvisinei, muitiro wokuita kuti pave nokunatsa wakaratidza itiro hanya huru yavose. Mitemo yakadai seVirginia neNew York yakatendera Bumbiro reMitemo pashure pokuvimbisa kuti maruramiro aizowedzerwa nokukurumidza. Madison amene gare gare gare akanyoresa mapepa ekodzero, akatorwa zvikuru kubva kuVirgian Declaracment of Rights neControgement yeEngland Revotion ye 1689. Nhau iyi inosimbisa kuti Bill of Rights yakanga isati iri yatetwa pashure pekufungwa asi kubvumirana kwechikuru uko kwakaita kuti chibvumirano chibviro chibvire. Unogona kurava mapepa apakuvamba pa [FL:0] National [FF:1]

Kugadziridzwa Kwemashoko I: Rusununguko Rushanu

Nenzira isingapanikirwi IPendererez yacho ndiyo rusununguko rukurusa rwakakurumbira zvikurusa, runodzivirira rusununguko rukuru rushanu runoumba hwaro hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. urwu rusununguko haruna kuganhurirwa chose chose; matare akabvumira ganhuriro dzine mufungo, asi Dare Rapamusorosoro kazhinji kazhinji rinoshandisa mipimo yakakwirira pamberi pokubvumidza ganhuriro dzehurumende.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Rusununguko rwokutaura runodzivirira kwete bedzi mashoko anotaurwa asiwo kutaura kwokufananidzira, kwakadai sokupisa mureza (Texas v. Johnson, 1989). Inofukidza kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kutaura kwounyanzvi, uye kunyange kuvenga kutaura, chero bedzi rusinganyanduri chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo (Brandenburg v. Ohio, 1969). Zvikoro zvine nzira inoganhurira kutaura kwavadzidzi uko mune zvokunyama kunovhiringidza muitiro wedzidzo (Tiker v. Des Moines, 1969).

Rusununguko Rwepepanhau

Iyi dziviriro inodzivisa hurumende kunzvera zvinobudisa nhau pachine nguva mberi (chidziviso). Zviitiko zvepasi ramapepa zvakadai se New York Times Co. United States [1971] yakadzivisa hurumende kumisa kubudiswa kwePentagon Papers. Mutevedzeri wemitemo yokuzvidzora, yakadai semitemo, asi inofarikanya dziviriro yakasimba kudzivirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vazvidavirire.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

First Amendment ine zvikamu zviviri zvezvikamu zvorudzidziso: Kugadzwa kwaClaus (kutsigira hurumende yorudzidziso) uye Free Execlorence Claus (kudzivirira maruramiro okushandisa kutenda kwomunhu). Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti zvikoro zvavose hazvigoni kutungamirira minyengetero (Engel v. Vitace, 1962) uye kuti kutaura hakugoni kuronga miitiro yorudzidziso nokuda kwemitoro chaiyo (Chechi yeLukumi Balu Aye v. Hialeah, 1993).

Kodzero Yokuungana Nokukumbira

VaAmerica vane maruramiro okuungana norugare nokuda kwokunyunyuta, kufamba, uye misangano. Uku kodzero inguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo zvakaganhurirwa, asi ganhuriro dzinotsamira pazviri zvinotarisana nenzvero yakakomba. Kodzero yokukumbira inobvumira vanhu kukumbira chinjo kubva kuhurumende, kubva kudzokororwa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo kusvikira kuchinjo dzomutemo dzorudzi.

Mugadziridzi II: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Second Amendment inoti: “Kugadziridzwa uku kwakasanodzorwa Militia, kuva kuri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hakuzokanganiswi.” Nokuda kwenhau zhinji yeAmerica, iyi gadziridzo yakarondedzerwa sekodzero yakabatana nebatira yehondo. Zvisinei, Murwi weColumbia v. Heller[FLT] [FLT] [2001] [2008], Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kodzero yomunhu yokuva nepfuti yepfuti yezvipfumu mumusha. Makore maviri gare gare gare gare gare, [FLT:] MDonald v.[FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [FLT] [20] [20]) yakadzivirira kumashoko okudzora, kupfurikidza nokudzosera kwechipfumo. Nhasi, anosara kudzorwa kwemitemo yeChig.

Penjero III: Varwi Vari Kutungamirira

Third Amendment inorambidza hurumende kumanikidza varidzi vedzimba kuvarwi mukati menguva yorugare pasina kubvumira kwavo. Uku kugadziridza kwakanga kuri kuita kwakananga kuMabasa anodzorwa navagari vomuBritain ayo vaisada. Kunyange zvazvo zvisingawanzodzokororwa, mudzimu weThird Amendment unosimbisa nheyo yokuti musha inzvimbo tsvene yomunhu oga isina kudzorwa nemauto. Ukoshi hwawo hwakaderera hweDredhine Amendment jurispurence.

Penjero IV: Kutsvaka uye Kubvisa

Gene Refendment inodzivirira vagari vemo pa “kunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha.” Kazhinji kazhinji, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuwana maruramiro akavakirwa pachikonzero chinobvira pamberi pokunzvera musha kana kuti munhu. Chitendero chinofanira kurondedzera nechakananga nzvimbo yokunzverwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Mumazana amakore, matare akanyora kuvhozhokera kwapakarepo: kuvhozhokera, kunzvera kwapachena, mamiriro ezvinhu, uye kunzvera zvinoitika kuti vabate. Kutonga kwechiru, kwakagadzwa mu Mapp v. Ohio[FLD] [1961] [1961], anodzivisa ufakazi hunowanikwa kubva mukunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo mudare. Muzera remictation, Dare repamusoro resimendelves , rinoda kudzivirira maseromeotation pafoni, inoda kutendimeotation pamicrome (R.C.), Policeroleant yedare rinofungidzirwa kupfumite dare rinoshandiswa kupfumiteokero.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemashoko V: Kodzero Mumhosva Dzematsotsi

Mubatanidzwa Wechishanu weMitemo une dziviriro dzakawanda nokuda kwavanhu vanopomerwa mhaka, mumwe nomumwe ane mavambo akadzama omutemo weEngland noruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwehurumende.

Kupomerwa Kukuru

Nokuda kwemhosva huru kana kuti dzine mukurumbira wakaipa, muchuchisi wehurumende anofanira kutanga nokupa mhaka kukuru kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kutoti kwatopiwa mhaka.

Kuora Mwoyo Kuviri

Zvisinei, kudzivirirwa uku hakudzivisi chigaro chakasiyana (muchibvemo, hurumende nehurumende) kukwirira mufambiro mumwe chetewo, uyewo hakudzivisi kutongwazve pashure pedare rinobetsera vatongi.

Kuzviomesera Nokusada Kusarudza

Hapana munhu “achagombedzerwa mumhaka ipi neipi yetsotsi kuva chapupu mumene.” Ikoku kunopa nyevero dzakakurumbira dzeMiranda (kubva Miranda v. Arizona, 1966), ichida kuti mapurisa azivise vanonyumwira kodzero yavo yokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva negweta. Mashoko anowanwa pasina nyevero dzakakodzera anowanzosanzwisisika.

Kuronga Nokutora Zvakafanira

Dare reFindrome reChiteshi cheSamende reChibvumirano chaMazita aClaus reChinjo inoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro inoruramisira isati yanyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu. Kutora Claus kuraira “mubhadharo wakarurama” apo hurumende inotora nzvimbo yavanhu vose nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yakakurumbira. Mhaka yenharo Kelo v. City of New London [2005] kupfuudza“ kushandiswa kwapachena” kubatanidza kukuramanyuko ezvemari, asi nyika dzakawanda dzakaita mitemo yorumano.

Mutezo Wechirungu VI: Kutongwa Kwakarurama

Singth Amendment inovimbisa mukwiridziri wemhosva kutongwa nokukurumidza uye kwavose nedare rinobetsera vatongi vasingasaruri, kodzero yokuziviswa nezvemhosva, kodzero yokutaura nezvapupu, uye kodzero yokubatsira zano nokuda kwokuzvidzivirira kwake. Kodzero yokupa zano yakadudzirwa nenzira yakakurumbira mu Gideon v. Wainwr [1963], inoda kuti nyika dzipe gweta revapfuudzi nokuda kwemhosva dzevapomeri mumatare. Izvokuzopedzisira zvatambanurirwa kuvarume vazhinji vasina kururama uko vaparindi vatarisana nokusungwa chaiko (Argisteringer v. Hamlin, 1972). Mutongi anotonga anoshanda kuutsotsi hupi nohurumwe hunopikirwa nemwedzi mitanhatu.

Mhedziso VII: Miedzo Yavagari Vemo

Seventh Amendment inochengeta kodzero yokutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi mumitongo yevagari vemo “pamutemo wavose” umo uko ukoshi mugakava hunopfuura $22 (chitsama chikuru muna 1791). Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti iyi gadziriro inoshanda bedzi mudare rehurumende, kwete kuzivisa nhau (kana pasina dare rinotonga riigovera). Kugadziriswa kunovimbisawo kuti hapana chisarudzo chedare chedare chedare chedare chedare chingaongororwazve nechimwe dare kunze kwemitemo yepamutemo. Mumuitiro, iyi miganhuro inoshanda mumatare kuti irege kudzora zvinyorwa zvechokwadi zvedare redare. Rurati yedare rapamutemo rapamutemo rinofanira kuva rinokosha kuti richengete chivimbo chavose mugadziriro yokutonga, sokubvumira vagari vemo kuti vasarumwe dare vasarusarutsiro pamusoro pezvibvumirano, kupfurikidza nenzvimbo.

Mugadziridzo VIII: Chirango Choutsinye uye Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare repamusorosoro rakadudzira “kuchinja nemitemo yenzanga yetsika dzakanaka. Somuenzaniso, chirango chokuuraya munhu mukuru nokuda kwokubatwa chibharo (Coker v. Georgia, 1977) uye mhosva dzakaparwa nevechiduku (Rhousev. Smons, 2005) dzakaramba kuiswa muuori. Kutsiva kunorambidzawo mitongo isingachinji, zvakadai soupenyu nokuda kwokubatwa chibharo kwevakura (Gram v. Florida, 2010).

Mhedziso IX: Kodzero Dzisina Kutenderwa

Ninth Amendment inoti: “Kurongwa kweBumbiro reMitemo, kwamaruramiro akati, hakusati kuchizorangarirwa kuva kunorambwa kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu.” Uku kugadziridzwa kwakawedzerwa kukuderedza rutyo rwokudamura kuti dzimwe maruramiro ose aizoreva kuti dzimwe kodzero dzakapiwa. Nepo Ninthner Amendment yoga yave isingatongovi hwaro hukuru hwekutonga kweDare Rapamusoro, inotsigira kuzivikanwa kwamaruramiro asina kutsaurwa, akadai sorudyi kuvandika (Grislold v. Connecticut, 1965) uye maruramiro okuroora (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015). Ruzivo rwemitemo runotiyeuchidza kuti Dare remitemo harisi chinyorwa chemashoko akakwana; igadziriro inobvumira kudzivirira nzanga kukura sokunzwisisa.

Mwedzi Wakaitwa X: Kushanda Muchiuto uye Simba reHurumende

Pendlement yegumi yeTenter inochengeterwa nyika (kana kuti kuvanhu) masimba ose asingagoveri kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika. Uku kugadziriswa inheyo yehurumende yeAmerica. Inoganhurira udzori hwechiremera chehurumende uye inovimbisa kuti dare richengetedze uchangamire hwaro kuti ridzore zvinhu zvakadai sedzidzo, kudzika mutemo womunzvimbomo, uye kutengeserana kwezvomubatanidzwa wehurumende. United States v. Lopez [1955] [195], Dare rakarova pamutemo wehurumende wokurambidza pfuti iri pedyo nezvikoro, richiita kuti ripfuure simba reProgiramu uye rivhoshonge chiremera. Nenzira yakafanana, [FLT] NationalFFYCYM.[5]

Kunyoresa: Kushandisa Bhizimisi Rekodzero KuUnited States

Pamavambo, Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakaitwa mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833) kuti hurumende dzakanga dzisingasungwa neizvi gadziridzo. Iyo yakachinja pashure peHondo yeChibvumirano cheChizvarwa neIndaneti nemhedziso yeGrandment yeGeneral, iyo inobatanidza Nhengo inodzivirira “zvipo kana kuti mabhadharo” yeU.S. Kuvamba pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, Dare pashoma napashoma “rakaidzo hurusa yekodzero dzekodzero dzehurumende kupfurikidza neIdreth Remeterm. Nhasi, inodokudzivirira kwose kudzivirira kutaura, kudzivirira kudzivirira zvombo zvisina mufungo kudzivirira nyika imwe neimwe. Dare rechitatu rinobatanidza kudzokororodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzo dzoruwa (chipfungedzi) rinobatanidza murairo weGwese.

Kudzidzisa Bhizi Rekodzero: Zvibvumirano Zvekirasi

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, kusvitsa Bill of Rights kuupenyu kunoda zvinopfuura kuronga. Ivai nenharo dzenhau dzinobatanidzwa pakati paMadhipatimendi neAnti-Federalist. Shandisai rondedzero dzedare reMitemo huru kunzvera kuti kodzero dzinodzikamiswa sei pafariro dzinokwikwidzana. Kumbirai gweta romunzvimbomo kana kuti mutongi kukurukura zvinobatanidzwa munyika chaiyoiyo. Kukurudzira vadzidzi kuwana nhau dzenhau dzenguva ino dzinobatanidza pamutemo, dzakadai sokutaura pachena panzvimbo dzekoreji, makamera echipurisa, kana kuti matare epfuti. Mitemo yeSangano yeMite yeMitemo inodzo yoUni inodzika miganhuro yeNyika ye . Kukurudzira vadzidzi kuti vagadzirise Hurumende yemitemo yenyika yenhau [[FLT]] projective [[FFLT]] projective]

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Isingaperi Yebhuku Rinopa Kodzero

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights harisi remiyuziyamu; iko iko kutsinhana kunopfuurira kuumba upenyu hweAmerica. Kuvambira pakurukurirano pamusoro pechivande chemipimo kusvikira kuganhuriro yokuramba, idzi gadziridzo gumi dzinogovera gadziriro yokudzivirira chiremera chomunhu oga mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengedzwa. Bva Bill of Rights yakasimba bedzi savagari vemo vanoinzwisisa nokuidzivirira. Sezvaunodzidzisa kana kuti kufunda idzi gadziridzo, yeuka kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kurwisana nerevo yacho nokushandisa. [[FLT: 0] Rugwaro rwakazara rweBill of Rights [ runowanika zvakasununguka, uye nheyo dzacho dzinoramba dziripo kuti vangwa. Kuziva kodzero dzako, unotsigira chipikirwa cheAmerica.