Kutanga: Chivako Chokururamisira

Nheyo yedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo inheyo yeruramisiro munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Inoraira kuti hurumende dzibate vanhu zvakaenzana, pasina rusaruro rwoudzvinyiriri rwakavakirwa padzinza, chirume, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvisingachinji. Nokuda kwavadzidzi venhau nomutemo, kunzwisisa nheyo iyi inokosha kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakachinja sei kurwisa udzvinyiriri uye kuumba kodzero dzavanhu dzazvino uno. Nyaya ino inogovera kupetwa kwakajeka kwakakwana kwedziviriro yakaenzana nemavambo enhau, nhau dzeDare rakatanhamara, kushandisirwa kwazvino uno, matare emitemo anoshandisa kunzvera kutaura, uye denho dzinoramba dzichivapo. Nokunzvera aya mativi, varavi vachawana kuonga kukuru nokuda kwokutamburira kuenzana kupfuurira kuita kuti kuenzana kuve chinhu chaichoitiki.

Mavambo Enhau Edziviriro Yakaenzana

Pfungwa yokuti vanhu vose vakafanirwa nokubatwa kwakaenzana mutemo usati wavamba neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Nheyo dzawo dzouchenjeri dzinodzokera shure kuuzivi hwekare, dzidziso dzorudzidziso, uye magwaro apakuvamba apamutemo. Magna Carta (1215) yakazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka angagona kurangwa kunze kwomutemo wenyika, mutungamiriri kumiitiro yakafanira. ChiNgezi Bill of Rights (1689) chakaganhurirazve simba ramambo, asi hachina kuparira nheyo yavose yokuenzana. Vazivi vakajekerwa vakafanana naJohn Locke vakatsigira kuti vanhu vose vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo, kubatanidza upenyu, kubatanidza rusununguko, uye zvinhu, uye kuti hurumende inofanira kudzivirira idzi kodzero dzinosasarura.

MuAmerica, Declaration of Independence yakazivisa kuti “varume vose vakasikwa vakaenzana,” bva chipikirwa ichi chakapokanidzwa negadziriro youranda uye kuzviisa pasi kwapamutemo kwavakadzi. Bumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba rakarangarira vanhu vari varanda savane nhanhatu vomunhu nokuda kwamadonzo omufananidzo uye rakadzivirira zvakajeka kutengeswa kwavaranda. Ukuru hwakaramba huri chishuvo panzvimbo pemurairo webumbiro remitemo kutozosvikira pashure peHondo yavagari vemo.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nemana uye Kugadziridzwa

Reconstruct Amendments (13th, 14th, uye 15) dzakapfuudzwa kubvisa uranda ndokutanga gadziriro yokuenzana kwedzinza. Iwenath Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1868, ine Exfrectal Protection Claus, inoti: “Hapana Hurumende... icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuMabumbiro Matema emitemo / mitemo inoganhurira rusununguko rwavanhu vaichimbova varanda uye inovaramba kodzero huru.

Vagadziri vekugadziridza mamiriro ezvinhu vakada kuti ishande zvikurukuru kuVaAmerica veAfrica, asi rugwaro rwacho runoshandisa mashoko akafara okuti “munhu upi noupi,” achiisa hwaro nokuda kwefutunuko yomunguva yemberi. Mukati mokugadziridza, Congress yakaparirawo Freedmen’s Bureaunt uye yakapasa maruramiro avagari vemo kuti itsigire dziviriro yakaenzana. Zvisinei, kududzira kweDare gurusa mu [[FLT:]] Caseter-Karata [183] [Imba] [Imba] uye kodzero dzevagari vemo dzakaganhurirwa [[FLT] [53] dzakaganhurira] kusvika kwaro, dzichibvumira kutaura kurevesa sokusa rusaruro. [Mirrow 1707]

Kududzira Kukurusa kweDare

Kumuka Nokuwa kwe “Kuzvienzanisa Asi Kwakaenzana”

Chisarudzo cheDare mu [FLT][FOLT] Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) yakatsigira dzinza renyika rakaiswa pasi pedzidziso ye “asi akaenzana.” Homer Pleby, murume wedzinza rakavhengana, akadenha mutemo waLouisiana waida kuti motokari dzenjanji. Dare raitonga kuti muganhu iwoyo hauna kuputsa Dziviriro yeClaus Eche sezvivako zvakaenzana. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa gadziriro yorusaruraganda yakapfuurira kwamakore anopfuura makumi mashanu.

Dare rakachinja kosi mu [FLT][Frown v. Board of Education (54) [, iyo yakataura kuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakasiana “hadzina kusino kuvimbika.] ." Chirever Justice Earl Warren akanyora kuti nzvimbo inoparira kunzwa kwokuzvideredza uko“ kunonyandura sundo yomwana yokudzidza.” Brown akadzosa Plew Prew mumashoko edzidzo yavose ndokuva hwaro hwepamutemo hweChiwivil Rights Movement. Gare gare gare gare zvisarudzo zvakashandisa kurangarira kumwe kuzvimwe zvivako zvavose, pakupedzisira zvakabvisa pfungwa yokuti “kupesvedzera mwana kuti adzidze. Brown Plevessss mumugariro wapamutemo wedzidzo yezvibvumirano zvemitemo.

Kuenzana Kwakawedzera: Kuberekana, Kurara Pamwe, uye Kupfuura

Kunyange zvazvo Kudzivirira Claus kwakaenzana kwakaiswa pamavambo parudzi, Dare rakatambanudzira dziviriro dzaro kumamwe mapoka. Mu [FLT]] .Reed [1971], Dare rakarova mutemo weIdaho wairatidza vakadzi sevakuru venzvimbo, unoratidza nguva yokutanga kusarura vakadzi kwakaderedzwa pasi peSutuko reSangano raClaus. [FLT:] CRAG] v.[FLT][5] [FLT]]

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, [FLT] Obergefell v. Hodges (] akadavira kuti varoorani voga voga vane kodzero yepamutemo yokuroora, kuwana kuti mitemo inorambidza roorano inopesana neMitemo yeChiitiko nedziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus. Dare rakarangarira kuti roorano ikodzero huru uye kuti kubvisa varoorani voga voga vokwanyina vayo kunobvisa chiremera chakafanana. [FLT:]][C][C] County 2020][FLT][FL:][FLT]][FLT]][5]

Chiito Chinosimbisa Nechiito Chedzinza

Gadziriro dzokusimbisa purogiramu dzakarongedzerwa kupedza rusaruro rwomunguva yakapfuura dzakamutsa kurukurirano huru. Mu Regents dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke (1978], Dare rakabvisa mipimo yedzinza asi rakabvumira rudzi kuti rushandiswe sechinhu chimwe mukubvuma. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] Grouter (2003) yakatsigira Yunivhesiti yeMichemo yeMil School, kuwana kuti mhando yavadzidzi ifariro inosunda. Zvisinei, [FLT] [FLD] [4] mifungo yamarudzi.[2001] [2006] [FT] yakatsigira pamutemo pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvemitemo zvemitemo, kubvumira Dare risingafungidziro kuti rivere.]

Zvirongwa zveProgramu Zvazvino Uno uye Nharo Dzinopfuurira

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kunoramba kuri nhau huru munharaunda dzakawanda dzoupenyu hweAmerica. Mukodzero dzokuvhota, Shelby County v. Hoker (2013) chisarudzo chakakunda gadziriro huru yeProto Revoting Rights Act, kuchitungamirira kukukura kwemitemo yehurumende inotapura kuvhota vashoma zvikuru. Zvinetso pasi peSucleal Protection Clause zvakaunzwa mukurwisana nezvinodikanwa zvevota, gerrymermanning, uye felony renfrancement.

Mururamisiro youtsotsi, kusawirirana kwedzinza mumapurisa, tongero, uye kusungwa zvakatungamirira kukutaura kuti tsika inoramba dziviriro yakaenzana. Hondo paMirimo uye mitongo miduku yapamutemo yakava netapuro huru panzanga dzeBlack neHispanic. Kushandiswa kwesimba, zvikurukuru navanhu vatema vasina kushongedzerwa, kwakanyandura kukumbira gadziridzo nemhosva kuputsa kwakaenzana.

Kurevererwa kunopfuura kusarurana. Nharo pamusoro pemari inopiwa chikoro, kugoverwa kwezvipo, uye miitiro yechirango kazhinji kazhinji zvinoda dziviriro yakaenzana. Nenzira yakafanana, kukwanisa kurapa nokuregeredza kwemunhu mumwe nomumwe, vanhu vane mimba, uye avo vane urema (vanowedzera kuiswa pasi pomutsetse. [[FLT: 0]]Afford Care Act ] Mipiro isati iri yokusasarura uye zvinetso zvemisikanzwa yeMidia yevatano yechikadzi yetarisiro yokudzivirira yazvinopfupikisana.

Mipimo Yehwirudzuro: Kusarudza Kunoita Dare Kudzivirira Kwakaenzana

Kunzwisisa zvikamu izvi kunokosha kuvadzidzi vapi nevapi vokudzivirirwa kwakaenzana.

  • Scrutiny: Kushandiswa kugovera kwakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti shambidziko, uye kumitemo inoremedza maruramiro makuru (kudzosa, roorano, kufamba kwenyika). Hurumende inofanira kuratidza fariro inogombedzera uye kuti mutemo unosanogadzirirwa kuiwana. Mitemo mizhinji inokundikana kunzvera kworumano.
  • Scrutiny: inoshandiswa nokuda kwezvimiro zvakavakirwa pamunhurume. Hurumende inofanira kuratidza donzo rinokosha uye kuti mutemo une chokuita zvikuru nedonzo iroro. Iyi mirau inopa matare rusununguko rwakawanda rwokuputsa mitemo inosimbisa mativi ose.
  • Ratical Basis Review[[FLT: 1]]: Mupimo wakarongwa wemitemo mizhinjisa yezvemari nenzanga. Mutemo unofanira kuva une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende. Inenge mitemo yose inopfuura nehwaro hune mufungo, kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zvinoitika zvakafanana Rommer v. Evans (1996)[FL:3] yashandisa shanduro yakaoma zvikuru kutsika dzinoronga boka rakati.

Kuchinja kubva pahwaro hune mufungo kuenda pakuongorora kwapakati kana kuti kworumano kunoratidza kuziva kweDare kuti mamwe mapoka akambosarurwa uye asina simba rezvematongerwe enyika munhau.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Nyika dzakawanda dzinobatanidza nheyo dzakafanana mubumbiro radzo remitemo uye zvishandiso zvekodzero dzevanhu.

  • Canada: Chikamu 15 cheCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (19982) chinovimbisa kuva akaenzana pamberi napamberi pomutemo, uye maruramiro okudzivirira nokubetsera zvakaenzana pasina rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, rudzi kana kuti dzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, zera, kana kuti kurema kwendangariro. Matare eCanada akadudzira uyu mutsetse mukuru kubatanidza dziviriro nokuda kwavaroorani vamwe navamwe vanhu vane urema.
  • South Africa: Post aparate Constitution ya1996 inobatanidza chitsama chakasimba chemashoko chokuenzana (Kupesana 9) icho chinorambidza rusaruro rusina kururama pazvikonzero zvakawanda, kubatanidza dzinza, vatano, mimba, mugariro weroorano, mirangariro yevatano, uye urema. Inobvumirawo zviito zvinodzorwa. Dare reBumbiro reMitemo rakabudisa miraudzo yetsika padzimba, utano, uye kuenzana kweroorano.
  • European Convention on Human Rights: Chikamu 14 chinorambidza rusarura mukufarikanya maruramiro anodzivirirwa neKokorodzano. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakataura nhau dzakadai sorusaruro rwakadai seRome, LBTQ, uye vashomanene vorudzidziso.

Iyi mienzaniso yamarudzi ose inoratidza kuti nepo mutauro chaiwo uchisiyana, kuzvipira kukuru kwokubatwa kwakaenzana muitiro wehurumende yavanhu vose.Kuufunda kunopfumisa kunzwisisa kuti dziviriro yakaenzana sei inogona kushandiswa mugadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzemitemo.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Pasinei zvapo nenheyo yayo yebumbiro remitemo, dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo inotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinokosha. Urudzi hwegadziriro yetsika nerusaruro rwakajeka zvinopfuurira kupararira mumasangano, kubvira kumapurisa kusvikira kudzimba kusvikira kuroja. Nhaka youranda nokuparadzana zvinoramba zviri munzvimbo dzepfuma, kusaenzana kwoutano, uye kusaruramisira kwedzidzo. Kunyange apo mitemo inenge isina kupindirana nechitarisiko, kuomerera kwadzo uye kutapura zvinogona kuva zvinoderedza rusaruro.

Kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunopa imwe denho. Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona kupesana mukurwisana nefambiro mberi dzamaruramiro avagari vemo, nedzimwe nyika dzichiisa mitemo inoganhurira kuvhota, ganhuriro yeLGBTQ+ maruramiro, uye kurambidza rondedzero yedzinza yakakomba muzvikoro. Iyi mipimo inowanzotarisana nedenho dzebumbiro remitemo, asi miuyo haizivikanwi mumiuyo inochinja. Kugadzwa kwavatongi vanotsigira dudziro dzapakuvamba dzeBumbiro reMitemo reMitemo yeMitemo yeChiratiko chaMatemo yePrement Claine, sezvinooneka mu Mitemo yeChibvumirano cheFaial Adgississssss [[FFF1]]

Vatsoropodzi vanotaurawo kuti kunzvera kwakakomba kwakaoma zvikuru uye kuti matare pane dzimwe nguva anokundikana kutaura zvimiro zvamanomano zverusaruro. Somuenzaniso, Dare harisati rashandisa nzvero yakakomba kumitemo iyo nenzira isingaenzaniswi inokuvadza vanhu vashomanene vedzinza asi isiri yakajeka (zvikurukuru, mitemo yokutonga mirimo). Kudanidzira nokuda kwemutoo wakakomba zvikuru, wakadai se [[FLT: 0]] kuzviisa pasi kworusarura [[[FLT:]] nheyo, inosimbisa kuti uenzani hunoda kupesana navanhu vakasiyana, kwete kungobata chete vanhu vamwe navamwe.

Zviwanikwa Zvedzidzo Zvokudzidza Zvakadzama

Kune vaya vanoda kuwedzera kudzivirira kwakaenzana, pane zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana.

Mugumisiro: Basa Rinoenderera Mberi

Dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo haisati iri murairo wapamutemo wakasiana asi chipikirwa chinowirirana. Kuvambira paReformations kusvikira kurukuro rwamaruramiro avagari vemo muzana ramakore rechi 20, uye kubva kurwisano nokuda kwechirume neLGBTQ+ kuenzana kusvikira kunhau dzakasimba dzekodzero dzokuvhota nedziviriro dzamatsotsi dzinogadziridzwa, nheyo inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba chokufambisira ruramisiro. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kupesana neiyi fambiro mberi kunotiyeuchidza kuti kuva vakaenzana kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, dzidzo, uye kuva nedzidzo. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kupinda nenhau yakapfuma nedziviriro yazvinovapo zvinovarira kuva mugari vomunyika inoziviswa. Mashoko akapfava anotaurwa nomutemo wacho anoramba... kudzivirirwa kwomunhu upi noupi... kukura kwemitemo, uye kupfuurira kuremarira kwamazana amakore.