Zvibvumirano Zvinosarudzwa Nevanhu Vane Mabhuku Apamutemo muUnited States

Sarudzo yemitemo inodzora muUnited States igadziriro yakaoma, yakarongwa yakasiana--- siyana yemirau yehurumende, mitemo yehurumende, kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, uye mirau. Iyi gadziriro inoratidzira gadziriro yenyika yehurumende, umo hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera chinokosha pakutarisirwa kwesarudzo apo hurumende inoisa dziviriro nemitemo. Kunzwisisa iyi inokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, sezvo inoumba zvakananga muitiro wehurumende yedemocracy uye kushandiswa kwamaruramiro okuvhota.

Pamavambo payo, mutemo weSarudzo weU.S. unodzikamisa kudikanwa kwemipimo yakafanana yenyika nokuchinjika kuti nyika dziwirirane nemiitiro yadzo yezvigaro zvakasiana nemigariro yakasiana. Muuyo ibasa rakasiyana - siyana muhurumende nehurumende rakadai semiganhu yokunyoresa, zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa, mitoo yokuvhota, uye rondedzero. Uku kugovera mikana yokuedza, kuparirawo zvinetso zvine chokuita nokubudirira, kukwanisa kupinda, uye kuchengeteka.

Mavambo: Chiremera cheBumbiro remitemo uye Kugadziriswa Kunokosha

Dare reU.S. rinopa chigadziko chemitemo yesarudzo. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba risina kupa zvakajeka maruramiro omubatanidzwa okuvhota, rakapa masimba akati okusarudza kuhurumende nehurumende. Chikamu I, Chikamu 4 chinopa chiremera chehurumende kugadza "Nguva, Nzvimbo neManhevedzo zvokuvata maSanders neVamiririri," asi chinopawo Congress simba ku "kuita kana kuti kuchinja mitemo yakadaro." Iyi dare rave riri resimba guru kumitemo yehurumende yokuvhotera.

Pedzi Yokupedzisira Yechi15, Yechi19, uye Ya26

Kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kutatu kunonyanya kuoma mukurondedzera kuti ndiani anogona kuvhota:

  • Pession yechi 15 (1870): Kurambwa kwekodzero yokuvhota pahwambo, ruvara, kana kuti uranda hwekare. Pasinei zvapo naikoku, kuedza kunyora, mitero yokuvhota, uye dzimwe mhinganidzo dzakapfuurira kutozosvikira Voting Rights Act ya 1965.
  • Pemesion yechi 19 (1920): inopa vakadzi chirango chakawedzerwa, kuchiguma nokufamba kwamakumi amakore. Kwakanga kusingabvisi zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvokuvhota, asi kwakawedzera zvikuru kusarudzwa.
  • Penzuro yechi 26 (1971): Yakaderera zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18, ichipindura nharo dzokuti avo vakura zvakakwana kunyorerwa basa rehondo vanofanira kuva nekodzero yokuvhota.

Mukuwedzera, Pession yechi 17 (1913) yakachinja kusarudzwa kwevaSanihendi veU.S. kubva pakusarudzwa nevanopa mitemo kuti vatungamirire vhoti yakakurumbira, uye Fimendment yechi24 (1964) yakabvisa mitero yokuvhota muvhoti dzehurumende. Iyi mvumo pamwe chete inosimbisa kuzvipira kweBumbiro remitemo kunowirirana nokubatanidzwa kukuru.

Mitemo Mikuru Yechisarudzo

Dare rakagadza mitemo inoverengeka inokosha iyo yakaronga mipimo yenyika uye inoderedza miitiro yorusaruraganda.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa1965 (VRA)

Yakarangarirwa kuva mumwe wemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo inobudirira zvikurusa, VRA yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Gadziriro huru dzakabatanidza kurambidzwa kwenzvero dzokunyora nokunyora nemimwe miitiro, uye chinodikanwa pasi peChikamu 5 chokuti dzimwe zviremera zvine nhau yorusaruro zvinowana tendero yehurumende ("precladence") pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Zvisinei, dare repamusorosoro renyika ra2013 mu [FL:0] Shelby County v. [FLT:]] Raraker[F:1] rakaparadza nzira yakashandiswa kusarudza kuti idzo dzakafukidzwa, zvinobudirira zvinodiwa neapo. Chiratiso chisarudzo chakatungamirira kurungariro chemitemo itsva yokuvhotera. [FL:]

National Voter Brigister Act ya 1993 (NVRA)

Yakanzi "Motor Voter Act," NVRA Act yakavavarira kuita kuti vhoti isvike zvikuru. Yaida kuti nyika dzipe mikana yokunyoresa apo vanhu vaikumbira kana kuti kuvandudza rezinesi rokutyaira, uye kugovera zvimiro zvokunyoresa zvetsamba. Yakarairawo kuti ichengete mapepa evondi akarurama asi isingabvisi vavhoti nemhaka yokukundikana kuvhota. Mutemo wakawedzera nhamba dzokunyoresa, kunyange zvazvo zvinetso zvakasara.

Chirango Chinobatsira America Vote Chiito cha2002 (Hava)

Yapfuudzwa mukutevera gakava ramakurukota ra 2000 ramasarudzo, HAVA yakaraira chinjo kumiitiro yokuvhota nokutarisira. Yakaparira Evolution Application Commission (EAC) kugovera nhungamiro nemari. Gadziriro huru dzakabatanidza zvinodikanwa zvokurongera kurongwa, mapepa okunyoresa anonyoresa ehurumende yose, uye kunatsiridza kuwanikwa kwavavhoti vane urema. HARVA yakasundawo nyika kutsiva michina yokuvhotera yechinyakare, kunyange zvazvo yakapa rusununguko rukuru mukushanda.

Mimwe mitemo inokosha yehurumende inobatanidza Murayiro weChizvarwa cheAbesea Accondee Voting (UOCAVA), uyo unodzivirira vavhoti vehondo navane mhiri kwemakungwa, uye Murayiro weMidyari neOverseas Voters Electment (MOVE), uyo wakabatanidza zvinodzivirira izvozvo.

Mutemo Wehurumende: Engineunion of Euthoutor

Nemhaka yokuti zvinotaura kuti zvinosarudzwa zvinotungamirira, zviitiko zvakati zvomuvhoti zvinowana — “kunyoresa, mitemo yokusarudza, zvisarudzo zvokukurumidza, maawa okuvhota, uye marongedzero anokosha zvikuru. Mabumbiro emitemo eHurumende kazhinji kazhinji ane dziviriro dzawo amene dzekodzero dzokuvhota, pane dzimwe nguva dzakakura kupfuura idzo dziri muBumbiro reMitemo remitemo yeU.S. Hurumende dzinopfuudza mitemo yesarudzo inofanira kuwirirana nomutemo wehurumende, asi dzinochengeta chisarudzo chakasimba.

Kunyoresa Nemashoko Anokosha

Mitengo yakagadza misi yokunyoresa kwayo imene, zvikurukuru kubva pamazuva 15 kusvikira ku30 pamberi pesarudzo, kunyange zvazvo mimwe ichipa kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero. Mimwe mitemo yeID inopesana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda ID; dzimwe dzinogamuchira magwaro asingashandisi foni kana kuti kushandisa kusaina uchokwadi. National Conference of State Legislatures respoint stance stance ID [[, dzinosimbisa kusiyana kukuru. Vatsigiridzi vanodzivisa iyi mitemo inodzivisa kubiridzira; vatsoropo vasha vasaidzori, vakwegura, uye vahoveri vahotera.

Mitoo yokutumira: MuPerson, Abisee, uye Matsamba

Mitengo inosiana mukugamuchira kwayo kuvhota kwapakuvamba, pasina kurovha kwapakarepo, uye maruwa ose anovhota papositi. Somuenzaniso, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, uye dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzinoita sarudzo zvikurukuru nepositi. Dzimwe dzinoda pembedzo nokuda kwomuvhiyi aisipo. Dara reCHOVID-19 rakawedzera chinjo dzakawanda dzechinguvana, uye mamwe maruwa kubvira panguva iyoyo akaita kuvhotera zechigarire kana kuti kukudza. Chirongwa chemichina yokuvhota, yakananga yokuisa magetsi (REoccordection, kana kuti michina inoiswa pepa mumaoko.)

Kuderedza Nokuderedza Magariro

Pashure pekuverenga vanhu kwegore rimwe nerimwe, matare ehurumende anodzosazve miganhu yemitemo neruwa rwehurumende. Muitiro wacho ndewezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru. "Guverymanidering"" "Kukwevera maruwa kuda mubato wakati kana kuti boka() yakadenhwa mudare pasi peMutengi Nhengo naVoting Rights Act. Dare Rapamusoro ratonga kuti kutaura kwechiteshi chegerrymerder kusashanda zvakanaka mumatare ehurumende ( RUUC] v. Chisakiso chavose [[FLT:], 2019), kusiya chinjo kumitevedzo yenyika sezvirongwa zvehurumende zvakazvidzorwa. Zvizhinji, kubatanidza California, Michigan, uye Arizona, zvakagamuchirwa kuti zvive.

Kurumbidza Kodzero Nekuwana: Hondo Dzinopfuurira

Mitemo nemiitiro zvinowedzera kana kuti zvimwe zvinorambidza kupinda mukuvhota inowanzoiswa panzvimbo huru. Nharaunda dzinokosha dzinosanganisira:

  • Mitemo yeID: Sezvacherekedzwa, iyi yakasiyana- siyana kubva pazvinodikanwa zvemifananidzo zvakasimba kusvikira pane dzimwe nzira dzinochinjika. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti dzinogona kuderedza kunyorwa kwemimwe migariro yavagari vemo.
  • Ubhadharo nokuda kwe Voters ine urema: VaAmerica vane Urema Act (ADA) na HAVA vanoda kuti nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzisvike uye kuti michina yokuvhota ibvumire kuvhota kwapachivande. Bva zvinetso zvokuteerera zvinopfuurira, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomumaruwa.
  • Language help: Chikamu 203 cheVoting Rights Act inoraira zvishandiso zvokusarudza mitauro miviri mumativi ane mitauro miduku yavagari vemo vanokosha. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti vakurukuri vasiri veEngland vanogona kutora rutivi.
  • Chikanganiso chapamhene: Mitemo yakawanda inoganhurira maruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavanhu vane zvitendero zvinotenderwa, nemiitiro inovambira pakuparadzana kwechigarire kusvikira kukugadziridza kwokuzviitikira pakusunungurwa. Iyi inotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi nzanga duku. Nokuda kwemifungo ine udzame yehurumende netaundi, ona project yeMissionsion [[FFT:3]]
  • Kupesana Nechinjo: Dzimwe nyika, kubatanidza Florida neIowa, nguva pfupi yapfuura dzakadzorera maruramiro okuvhota kuvanhu vaichimbova vakasungwa, kunyange zvazvo kushandura kwakadenhwa.

Chengeteko Yechisarudzo Nokutendeseka

Kuchengetedza kurongwa kwemarongerwo ezvirongwa kwakanyanya kuzivikanwa kubvira pazvainetsa nezvokupindira kwedzimwe nyika musarudzo ya2016.

Kuchengeteka Nebetsero Dzehurumende

Cybersecurity and Infrapublicture Security Agency (CISA) inoshanda nehurumende navakuru vakuru vezvisarudzo kuti vadzivirire gadziriro dzokuvhota. Federal inopa mari pasi peyaHaVA inobetsera inoisa midziyo yokuwedzera nemhesano dzengozi. Nyika zhinji zvino dzinoda kunzvera kwapashure peminzvero yepepa nesvuro yepepa mukurwisana nezvirefu zvemagetsi . Kuyera miuyo yengozi (RLS) inorangarirwa somupimo wendarama uye inoshandiswa mumaruwa seColoradorado neRhode Island.

Mapepa Ebharati Nenzira

Mukupindura itiro hanya pamusoro pokucheka mapepa, nyika zhinji dzinoda muvhoti wepepa revhinic makwara (VVPAT). Panosvika 2024, zvinenge vhoti zvose muU.S. zvinoiswa pamarongedzero anobudisa chinyorwa chepepa. Chinodikanwa chapamutemo chezvichengetedzo zvepepa chinosiyana; dzimwe nyika dzinoraira nomutemo nepo dzimwe dzichitsamira pazvisarudzo zvokudzora.

Kubatanidzwa Kwehurumende Nehurumende

Evolution Application Commission inogadza nhungamiro dzetsika dzokuvhota nokuzvidira. U.S. Imba yeRusarudzo inopa miuyo nokuda kwavavhoti navatungamiriri. Kurongeka kunotambanukira kukugoverana uchenjeri hwetyisidziro nokuitisa miitiro yepatafura yokuvhota. Kunyange zvakadaro, mamiriro ezvisarudzo akafanira eU.S.

Kurwisa Mari Nekutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mamiriro ezvinhu apamutemo nokuda kwenhimbe yezvamatongerwe enyika nemari mumatongerwe enyika akaumbwa nezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro, zvikurukuru Buckley v. Valeo [1997] uye Citizens United.FEC (2010). Iyi mitongo yakagadza kuti kupedzera mari kupesvedzera sarudzo ichimiro chokutaura kwakadzivirirwa pasi peFirst Amendment.

Miganhu Nemichina Zvinoshandiswa Pamushandirapamwe

Federal Econstruction Campaignt ya1971 netanho dzayo dzakagadza ganhuriro pamipiro kuvapinduri namapati, uye kuziviswa kwevapi. Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) inodzikamisa iyi mitemo. Zvisinei, ndyiko dzakazvimirira neSuper PACs uye masangano asingapinduri dzinogona kuva dzisina muganhu, chero bedzi asingatsinhirani nenhimbe. Zvinodikanwa zvokudzivisa zvakaneteswa nokumuka kwe "First" mapoka asingazivi pachena vapi.

Kuedza Kubatsira Vanhu uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Dzimwe nyika namasipala zvinopa mari yavose nokuda kwavada kubvumirana kupedza ganhuriro, zvakadai sepurogiramu muNew York City neConnecticut. Pamwero wehurumende, gadziriro yemari yapurezidhendi yavose yakasiyiwa zvikuru navakuru vakuru nokuda kwemari inoperevedza. Zvikarakadzo zvinopfuurira zvinobatanidza gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo kubvisa Citazens United, mirairo yokuoneka, uye gadziriro duku dzemiitiro yokuchinja.

Nokuda kwokupetwa kwakakwana kwomutemo wemari wazvino uno, bvunza FEC's nhungamiro yavada kufunda namatare.

Zvinetso Nemasangano Anoita Kuti Zvinhu Zvichinje

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yapamutemo yakasimba, denho dzinokosha dzinopfuurira idzo dzinoda chinjo yokukurumidza.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nenharo Yokuwana

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nyika dzakawanda dzakaisa mitemo inoisa zvinodikanwa zvemuvhoti, kuganhurira kuvhota, kuderedza mazuva okuvhota apakuvamba, uye kubvisa mapepa avhota. Vatsigiri vanopikisa aya matanho anodzivisa unyengeri ndokuwedzera chivimbo; vashori vanoti vanoumba kudzvinyirira kwazvino uno kwomuvhoti, nzanga dzinotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi dzeruvara, vakwegura, uye vadzidzi. Kurwisana kwacho kwakatungamirira kukupesana muChibvumirano cheRekodzero, Bumbiro remitemo, uye mitemo yehurumende. John Voting Rights Act, izvo zvingadzorera previtation Act, zvakakarakadzwa muCongress asi zvisina kupiwa.

Kuvandudza Chinjo

Gerrymandering inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba chokubatanidza nokuderedza simba rokuvhota. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaramba kupindira mukudzosa, matare ehurumende akarova mepu pasi pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende (g. muPennsylvania ne North Carolina). Masangano eIndependent, kuvhota kwakarongwa, uye maruwa akawanda ari pakati pechinjo dzinokura senzira dzokuita nadzo kumirira mugadziridziri.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemashandiro Acho Emazuva Ano

Ruzivo rwokusarudza runobva ruchingoerekana rwachinja. Kunyoresa pakombiyuta kwava kuwanika munyika dzakawanda, asi kunetseka nokusabatana kwemakombiyuta kuri kuramba kuripo. Vanotengesa michina vanotarisa kombiyuta kana kuti vaidzoresa njodzi. Kumanikidza kuti vanyore mapepa okuvhota uye kubhadharwa kwemitengo yengozi kwave kutsigirwa. Asi mari inoshandiswa pakuvhota kazhinji haiwanzova shoma, hurumende dzakawanda dzinovimba nezvishandiso zvokukwegura, uye vashandi vanotsvakisha vanoshanda vanoshanda paboodha yazova yakaoma zvikuru.

Kuchinja Kwakadzinga uye Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Zvikarakadzo zvokushandisa gadziriro yapamutemo zvinobatanidza: kunyoresa kwomuvhoti kunoitwa kugarira, kuri zvino kugamuchirwa munyika dzinopfuura 20, kuita kuti Kusarudza Zuva rezororo rehurumende; kuisa nhambo dzapakuvamba dzokuvhota; uye kufutunura patsamba. The for People Act (H.R. 1) mu 117th Congress yakaedza kuita chinjo dzakawanda dzakadaro, asi haina kupfuura. Pamwero wenyika, chinjo dzinopfuurira kukurukurwa, nedzimwe nyika dzichienda kukuwana kwadzo kwose kwose apo vamwe vakaisa ganhuriro.

mhedziso

Sarudzo yepamutemo inodzora kusarudza muUnited States haisati iri gadziriro mhatsa kana kuti yechinhu chimwe. Igadziriro mhenyu inochinja kupfurikidza nomutemo, rondedzero, uye kurukurirano yavose. Kuvambira paReconformationon-era inogadziridzwa kusvikira kukurukurirano dzazvino uno pamusoro pokuvhota uye kusabatana kwekombiyuta, rutivi rumwe norumwe rwomutemo runoratidzira kurwisana kunopfuurira pamusoro pomunhu anosvika pakuvhota, kuti vhoti inoiswa sei nokuverengwa, uye kuti mufananidzo wakarurama sei unosvitswa. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, vanoisa musengwaro muiyi haisiyo bedzi yedzidzo asi donzo renyika yose. Kunzwisisa mitemo inoumba marumbidziro avagari vemo vagari vemo kuti vatsigire gadziriro iyo yose iri yose iri yakachengeteka uye inosvikirirwa, vachitsigira chipikirwa chamatooruzhinji pairwo rudzi rwacho rwakaitwa.

Sezvo zvikwangwani 2024 zvinosvika uye kupfuura, mizhinji yeiyi mibvunzo yapamutemo ichapokanidzwa mumatare namatare okugadza mitemo munyika yose. Kugara uchiziviswa namanyuko akavimbika akadai se NCSSL Evolutions nePults peji ne [FLT] Center yeChirevoriso [ Brenan Center yeRuramisiti] [ inodikanwa nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anozvipira kudzivirira nokusimbisa muitiro weSarudzo.