Table of Contents

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu iri yose yakanaka, simba rinopiwa zviremera zvinotonga riripo mumanikidziro huru: rinofanira kuva rakaganhurirwa, rinozvidavirira, uye pakupedzisira pasi pezvido zvavanhu. Pasina iyi miganhu, chiremera chinotamba kuudzvinyiriri. Nhevedzo inobudirira zvikurusa mukurwisana nesvomho yakadaro iukama hwakabatanidzwa hwakakwirira pakati pohuganhu hwehurumende nehune simba rehurumende. COPUP(h) kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kwavanhu muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika nenzanga hwavanhu vorudzi rwavo (hwusati uri bedzi muganhu wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu; inzira iyo ganhuriro yechiremera inorondedzerwa nayo, inodzivirirwa, uye inomutsiviwa. Iyi nyaya inonzvera ukama hukuru pakati pohumwe nzanga nehumwe , mienzaniso yenhau, miganhuro yazvinoteverwa, zvinopfuurira, uye unyanzvi hunogamuchirwa nokuda kwokubatanidza kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Mavambo Echiremera Chine Miganhu

Dzidziso Yenzanga uye Kubvumirana Kwevatongi

Pfungwa yokuti chiremera chehurumende chinofanira kuganhurirwa inobva murondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga, inoziviswa navazivi vakadai saThomas Hobbes, John Locke, naJean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke, zvikurukuru, yakataura kuti vanhu vanopa maruramiro akati bedzi kuhurumende mukutsinhana nokuda kwokudzivirirwa kwoupenyu hwavo, rusununguko, uye pfuma. Kana hurumende ikapinda miganhu iyoyo, vanhu vane musengwa wakarurama, uye mutezo. Iyi fandesheni inoisa nzvero yokupedzisira pachiremera mumaoko avagari vemo, ichiita kuvimbisa kwavo kupfuurira kuva nomusengwa kwavo kwetsika. Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru zvikuru kwouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika yeKocle, ona [FLD] Encyclopedia of Philosophy pa[FFocle:]

Makepi Nedzikamo: Musvimo Wakarongwa

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rinopesvedzerwa neMontesquieu's Spirit of the Laws , rinogadza nheyo yamasimba akaparadzana nemitoro inopfuudzwa. Mukuru mukuru, mutongi, uye mapazu okutonga mumwe nomumwe ane mabasa akasiyana uye mano okudzivisa mamwe. Zvisinei, tsika inongoshanda bedzi kana vagari vemo vakainzwisisa ndokuraira kuchengetwa kwayo. Chibvumirano chinovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanozvidavirira kuganhurirwa kumiganhuro yemitemo, kuti kuzvitonga kunodzivirirwa, uye kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinosimudzira simba.

Uchangamire Hwakakurumbira Sechiremera Chokupedzisira

Thomas Jefferson akazivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "vanhu ndivo bedzi vanovimba nechokwadi nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwerusununguko rwedu." Iyi pfungwa iripo / uchangamire hunodiwa (hwunopa chiremera chose chapamutemo) chinobva kuvanhu. Asi uchangamire hahusati huri mugariro wokusaita chinhu; hunoda kushingaira. Kukumbira, kuungana, uye kutaura mabasa chaiwo ayo vagari vemo vanosimbisa nawo kuti hurumende inovabatira, kwete imwe nzira.

Basa Rokubatanidzwa Mumiganhu Inoparira

Kurumbidza Senzvero Yenguva Dzose Pasimba

Sarudzo mutoo unooneka zvikurusa uye wetsika uyo vagari vemo vanoganhurira nawo chiremera. Nokukanda mapepa, vanhu vanogona kutusa kana kuti kuranga vapamberi, kudzorwa kwemitemo, uye chiratidzo chinogamuchirwa pakushandisa simba. Asi kuvhota kunoshanda bedzi apo kunowanika, kunoitirwa zvakanaka, uye kunoziviswa. Kuderera kwemuvhoti muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kunoreva kuderera kwechekero iyi inokosha.

Masangano Enzanga Yavagari Vemo Nembwa Dzinorinda

Masangano asiri ehurumende, mapoka okusasarura, uye masangano enzanga anoshanda savatarisiri zvechigarire vechiito chehurumende. Mapoka akafanana neAmerican Civil Liberies Union, Transparency International, uye midzi yomunzvimbomo inodzora mitemo inowirirana, kufumura uori, uye kusimudzira dzvinyiriro yavose. Masangano aya anowedzera manzwi emunhu oga oga ndokugovera nheyo nokuda kwokutarisira kunopfuuridzirwa.

Kupomera, Kusateerera Kwehurumende, uye Chiito Chakananga

Kubva kuBoston Tea Party kusvika kuFrandy, kurwisa kusina masimba masimba kwakamanikidza zviremera kuti zvitarisane nokusaruramisira uye zviito zvokunzvenga. Zviito zvakadaro chiyeuchidzo chine simba chokuti kuva pamutemo kwomutemo kunotsamira pakubvumira kwetsika kwevanodzora.

Basa Rinokosha Rezvinobudisa Nhau Zvakasununguka

Mapepanhau anonzvera uye zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira zvinobatira sedavi rechina rehurumende inoshanda.Vatori venhau vanofumura kushatiswa, vanoita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire, uye vagari vemo vane maoko vane mashoko anodikanwa kuti vapinde nenzira inobudirira. Apo rusununguko rwokubudisa runenge rwuri mukudenhwa, bvumirano yenzanga inopofumadzwa. Mhatsa yezvirongwa zvokubudisa nhau inokosha mukuganhurira chiremera.

Zviitiko Zvakaitika Kare Muchibvumirano Chokuberekana

Chinjo yeAmerica Nebvunzo Yamaruramiro

Chinjo yeAmerica yakanga iri zvikurukuru kupandukira chiremera chisina muganhu. Vanyori vecolonist vakaraira kuratidzirwa neganhuriro pamutero, kuchitungamirira kurudzi rutsva rwakavakirwa panheyo yokuti hurumende inofanira kusungwa nebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa nemutemo wekodzero. kurukurirano dzapachivande dzakatevera dzakava nokutora rutivi kwavose kusingaenzaniswi, netumabhuku, uye rondedzero dzepepanhau dzinoumba chinyorwa chokupedzisira.

Sangano Revarwi Nokuwedzera KwevaFranchishe

Kuzhinji kwenhau yeAmerica, vhoti yakanga yakaganhurirwa kuvarume vachena. Mitambo yezana ramakore rechi 19 napakuvamba rechi20 yaishandisa kufora, hurukuro, zvikumbiro, uye zviito zvokusateerera kwavagari vemo kuraira vhoti yavakadzi. Rubudiriro rwavo rwa(wwwnamendi rechi 19 (8) haruna kungokudza bedzi vavhoti asi yakaratidzirawo kuti kuvimbisana kwehurumende kwaigona kuputsa miganhu yapamutemo kukutora rutivi.

Sangano Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nechibvumirano Chokupa Kodzero

Kurwisa kwokuenzana kwedzinza muma1950 nema1960 kwakabatanidzwa zvinetso zvepamutemo, kunyunyuta kukuru, uye midzi yakarongwa kuputsa mitemo yaJim Crow.

Masangano Enyika Yose Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona kuvimbisana kwehurumende kuchibudirira munyika yose. Kurovanya kwechiArabia, sangano reamburera reHong Kong, uye kurovanya kwemamiriro okunze enyika yose (kwakaitwa nepwere seGreta Thunberg) zvose zvinoratidzira kuti vagari vanoshandisa sei maturusi emagetsi uye kurongeka kwegamuchidzanwa kuraira kuzvidavirira panhau dzinovambira pauori kusvikira kukuvadziko yemhoteredzo. [[FLT:] mamiriro okunze epwere enyika yose azova muenzaniso une simba wenzira iyo chizvarwa chitsva chiri kutorazve nayo miganhuro yokutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Michina Yazvino Uno Yokuganhurira Vane Simba

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Matare Anotevedzerwa Pamutemo

Matare anogona kurova mitemo isingawirirani nebumbiro remitemo anogovera ganhuriro yegadziriro pamitemo navakuru vakuru vanonyengera. Iri simba, rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison, rinotsamira padare rinozvimirira. Chibvumirano chinogona kudzivirira kuzvitonga kupfurikidza nemitemo inopesana pachiremera chedare uye kupfurikidza nokutsigira kugadzwa kwedare kune mativi mana.

Nhungamiro Dzokuzvimirira Nezvisingadzorwi

Hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzakaita mitumbi yakazvimirira − yakadai semibatanidzwa yesarudzo, mahofisi etsika, uye vaongorori vakuru-vose (hwunoongorora zviito zvehurumende pasina kudzora kwakananga kwezvamatongerwe enyika. aya masangano akangosimba bedzi sokudikanwa kwavanhu nokuda kwokuvapo kwavo. Vagari vemo vakabatanidzwa vanogona kumanikidzira nokuda kwokusikwa kwemitumbi yakadaro ndokudzivirira bhajeti yavo nokuzvimirira.

Mitemo Yaibuda Nemitemo

Mitemo inodzikamisa zuva yoga inogumisa mapurogiramu ehurumende pashure penhambo yakatarwa kutoti yatenderwazve, ichimanikidzira hwirudzuro yenguva dzose. Miganhu yemitemo pavatungamiriri navaiti vemitemo inodzivisa kusimbiswa kwesimba. Mitemo yose iri miviri inoda kuva nevagari vemo vanoshingaira kuva nechokwadi chokuti inoitwa uye haikanganisiswi kupfurikidza namazano emitemo.

Kujeka Norusununguko Rwemashoko

Kuwana mashoko ezvinyorwa zvehurumende ikokuzvidavirira. Mitemo yakafanana neU.S. Freedom of Information Act inopa simba vatori venhau, vanzveri, uye vagariwo zvavo kunzvera kushanda kwomukati kwegadziriro yehurumende. Apo kuoneka kwakaganhurirwa, kuvimbisana kwehurumende kunodzorwa. Mitemo yehurumende yakasimba zvikuru ibasa rokuvimbisana.

Kudzidzisa Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Dzidzo Yemiviri Muzvikoro

Zivo pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende inoshanda nayo, maruramiro avagari vemo, uye ukoshi hwokutora rutivi zvinofanira kudzidziswa zvakajeka. Bva dzidzo yevagari vemo yaregeredzwa mugadziriro dzezvikoro zvakawanda, kuchitungamirira kukuderera kwokugona kurava nokunyora kwedemokrase. Curcula inofanira kubatanidza enzanisiro dzesarudzo, kurukurirano pamusoro penhau dzazvino, uye chinoitika chamaoko nehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Kuverenga Nekunyora Zvinobudisa Mashoko Munguva Yokusvika Pamadhigirii

Nheyo neparadziro zvinopa tyisidziro yakakomba kukuvimbisana kworuzivo. Vagari vanofanira kudzidza kuyera manyuko, kuziva tsvedzero, uye kunzvera maidi. Gadziriro dzinodzidzisa kurava nokunyora nenzwisiso, zvikurukuru muzvikoro namaraibhurari, dzinokosha kushongedzera vanhu kutora rutivi nokuchenjera. Masangano akafanana News Guard inogovera zvishandiso zvekuwana manyuko enhau nokuda kwokuvimbwa.

Purogiramu Yokudzidza Nenzanga Yavanogara Upenyu Hwose

Dzidzo yehurumende haigumi pashure pechikoro chapamusoro. makoreji enzanga, maraibhurari, uye masangano ehurumende anogona kuisa nzvimbo dzokutanga pakutaura kwapachena, kudzora, uye kunzwisisa miitiro yemitemo.

Kukurira Mhinganidzo Dzokubatanidzwa Kunobudirira

Kudzvinyirirwa Nokuwana Nemagetsi

Pasinei zvapo nevavariro dzedemocracy, mhinganidzo dzakawanda dzinoganhurira noune kuvhota. Mitemo yeIndaneti, kubviswa kwemivhoti, nzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa dzevhota, uye kurashwa kwedanho kwakaganhurirwa zvinotapura nzanga dzevoruzhinji nedzisingawaniki. Brennan Center yeChiteshi cha Justice inoshandisa simba rezviito zvakadaro uye vatsigiriri vechinjo dzakaita zvokunyoresa nokuvhota. Vagari vemo vanofanira kushanda kubvisa izvi zvipingamupinyi zvacho panzvimbo yokuzvigamuchira.

Kusawirirana Kwenzanga Nezvemari

Pfuma nedzidzo zvinofanotaura zvakasimba kutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika. Avo vane zviwanikwa zvishomanene kazhinji kazhinji havana nguva, vasonganiri, kana kuti chivimbo chokupinda. Kushandisa iyi misiyano kunoda zvigadzikiso zvegadziriro yakadai senguva inobhadharwa nokuda kwokuvhota, kuchinja mari yenhimbe, uye mari nokuda kwokuronga nzanga. Chibvumirano cheCUPIC hachiwanikwi navose zvakaenzana, uye kushanda kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba ibasa rinokosha.

Kusava Ne hanya Nezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokusavimba

Vagari vemo pavanofunga kuti kutora rutivi kwavo hakuna basa, vanoshora. Uku kusada kugona kugutsa. Kurwisa kunoda kuratidzira kuti kuvimbisana kunogona kuva nemigumisiro inooneka() kupfurikidza nokubudirira kwomunzvimbomo, uye kupfurikidza nokusimbisa zvinoitika umo kupfuurira kuita chiito kwakachinja muitiro. Kuwana kuduku kunogona kuvakazve pfungwa yokubudirira.

Zvirongwa Zvokusimbisa Basa

Maturusi Anoshandiswa Pakubatanidzwa

Ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu runogona kuderedza mikana yokuita chimwe chinhu.

Ubati Ushe Hworuzhinji Husina Unyengeri Nemagungano Avagari Vemo

Mapoka akasarudzwa nenzira isina kusarudzwa avagari vemo anogona kupiwa nguva nezviwanikwa zvokufunda nhau dzakaoma ndokuita rumbidzo. Iceland, Ireland, uye Canada akashandisa magungano avagari vemo pamusoro pechinjo yebumbiro-mitemo nemimwe misoro. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti apo vanhu vanopiwa simba rokuita namaune, vanogona kuita muitiro wokuchenjera ndokudzorera chivimbo.

Kuwedzera Kutora Rutivi

Dzimwe hurumende dzakaedza kupa zvikarakadzo zviduku zvokuvhota, zvakadai serotari dzine mibairo ine mwero kana kuti zvikwereti zvemitero.

Maroot Anoronga uye Chivako Chenzanga

Kudzidzisa vatungamiriri veko kuronga nzira dzokuita nadzo zvinhu — kubva pakugogodza misuo kusvika pakuridza misangano — kunotowedzera simba rokuita kuti vanhu vashande zvakanaka.

Fundo Dzemhosva Muchiito Chinobudirira

Kushandisa Mari MuPorto Alegre, Brazil

Kubvira kuma1980, guta rePorto Alegre rakabvumira vagari kuti vasarudze zvakananga nzira yokugovera nayo zvikamu zvemari yemisika. Muitiro uyu, unozivikanwa semari yokushandisa, wawedzera kuoneka, kuderedza uori, uye kutungamirira mari kunharaunda dzinochengetwa. Zvinoratidza kuti kuvimbisana kwehurumende kunogona kurongwa sei senzvero yenguva dzose pakushandisa chiremera. Zvirongwa zvakafanana zvakapararira kumazana emaguta munyika yose, kusanganisira muUnited States.

Nhimbe Yakachena yeMontana Inotanga

Muna 2012, vavhoti veMontana vakapfuudza chirongwa chokuvhota (Chinotangira 166) kuti vatange gadziriro inobhadharwa neruzhinji yemahofisi ehurumende. Izvi zvakanga zviri mugumisiro wemakore okurongeka kwemichero nemapoka evagari vemo aivhiringidzwa nepesvedzero yevapi vakawanda. Kunyange zvazvo gare gare vakakwidziridzwa mudare, chiito chacho chinoratidza kuti mugari wemo anogona kuedza sei kuderedza kushatisa simba remari mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Bumbiro Remitemo Rakavapo reIceland

Mubatanidzwa wevagari vemunyika yacho wakabvuma pfungwa uye wakataura nezvemadhiropu, zvichiguma nokushandiswa kwebumbiro remitemo rairatidza kuti vanhu vakawanda vaibatanidzwawo.

Mugumisiro: Kudikanwa Kusingaperi Kwokungwarira

Miganhu yechiremera haisati iri yokuzvidzora. Zvinoda ngwariro yenguva dzose, kurovha, uye kutora rutivi kuvagari vemowo zvavo. Apo vanhu, vanosarudza, vanoronga, vanotaura, uye vanoita kuti vatungamiriri vavo vazvidavirire, vanofemera upenyu munheyo dzisina kujeka dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Chinyorwa chenhau chakajeka: kuwedzera kuri kwose kworusununguko neruramiso yehurumende iri yose yakazvidzora kwakadzorwa navagari vemo vakapikirwa. Sezvatinotarisana netyisidziro dzinokura dzinobva murumano rwechiito chehurumende inodzvinyirira, kubvisa udzvinyiriro, uye kusaenzana kwemitengo yetsika, kudikanwa kwokutora rutivi kwapasi hakutongorina kutongova kukuru. Chino chenguva yemberi chokudzora chedemocracy chinotsamira pakunzwisisa simba renzwi rayo amene uye hachisati chichizorega simba racho kuverwa nokusaitira kuitirwa nokusakendenga kana kuti rivere.