Hurumende Chii?

Hurumende ndiyo gadziriro yakarongwa iyo nzanga, hurumende, kana kuti nyika inodzorwa nayo. Inoumba uye inomanikidza mitemo, inodzora zvinhu zvavose, inogovera mabasa eboka, uye inochengeta nhevedzano. Kufundwa kwemarudzi ehurumende kwakavakirwa pakunzwisisa kuti nzanga dzinorongwa sei, kugovera upfumi, uye kudzikamisa rusununguko rwomunhu oga nezvinodikanwa zvavo. Hurumende iri yose, pasinei zvapo nechimiro chayo, inofanira kupindura mibvunzo mitatu inokosha: ndiani anotonga, marongedzero anoitwa vatongi, uye miganhu iripo pachiremera chavo.

Marudzi Makuru Ehurumende

Masayendisiti ezvematongerwe enyika anoronga hurumende dzakavakirwa pakuti ndiani ane simba, kuti simba rinoitwa sei, uye mwero wokutora rutivi kwevagari vemo.mapoka makuru anobatanidza madzimambo, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, udzvinyiriri, ubati ushe hwoutongi hwakaipa, uye kusagadzikana. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rune mavara akasiyana, mienzaniso yenhau, uye misiano izvo zvinoratidzira mamiriro ezvinhu etsika nezvamatongerwe enyika akasiyana.

Monarchy

Hurumende yemadzimambo ihurumende umo munhu mumwe, mambo, anobatira somusoro wehurumende nokuda kwoupenyu kana kuti kusvikira kukuvambwa.

Mutongi Wakakwana

Muumambo hwakakwana, mambo ane simba risina kuganhurirwa pahurumende navanhu. Hakuna ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, uye monarch ̱ mashoko anoshanda. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza Louis XIV weFrance, ane kutonga kwakaratidzira urefu hweabsolutism, uye vatongi vapakuvamba vazvino uno veRussia pasi paPeter Mukuru. Nhasi, vashomanene bedzi voumambo hwakakwana vasara, saSaudi Arabia, Oman, uye United Arabhu Emitrates, kunyange zvazvo ivava vakatozovapo vapamhindi vakananga kundobvunza.

Mutongi Webumbiro reMitemo

Muumambo hwebumbiro remitemo, monarch ’ masimba anorondedzerwa uye anoganhurirwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti gadziriro yapamutemo. Mambo angabatira somukuru mukuru wetsika apo anosarudzwa vakuru vakuru vanoshandisa chiremera chinodzora. Mienzaniso yakatanhamara inobatanidza United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Sweden, uye Spain.

Utongi Hworuzhinji

Democracy, kubva mumashoko echiGiriki demos (vanhu) uye kratos[, inoisa simba rinodzora mumaoko avanhu. Yakavakirwa panheyo dzehuenzani hwezvamatongerwe enyika, utongi huzhinji, uye dziviriro yamaruramiro mashoma. Democracy iripo padziri, nezvimiro zvikuru zvichiva zvakananga uye zvinomirira.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, vagari vemo vanovhota pamiitiro, mitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvikuru pasina varevereri. Athens yakare muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa wenhau, umo vagari vemo vakakodzera vakaungana mumagungano kuti vasarudze nhau dzehurumende. Ubati ushe hwakananga hwazvino uno hahuwanzowanika pamwero wenyika asi hunopfuurira muzvinhu zvakadai sezvirongwa zvokutanga, zvirongwa zvokufambisa, uye misangano yetaundi muSwitzerland neU.S.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Ubati ushe hwamadiroriodhekisi, hunonziwo republic, hunobatanidza vagari vemo vanosarudza vakuru kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvavo. Ichi chimiro chinoshanda nokuda kwamarudzi makuru, ane vanhu vazhinji umo kutora rutivi kwakananga kunoitwa nomugari wemo ari wose kusingabviri. Ubati ushe hwapasi hwazvino uno, kubatanidza United States, Germany, India, uye Brazil, hunoshanda sehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinomirira. Mativi makuru anobatanidza sarudzo dzapachena nguva dzose, mapoka mazhinji ezvamatongerwe enyika, kuparadza masimba, uye dziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwamaruramiro avanhu.

Rurazvo.

Nyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinosiyanisa pakati pehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, idzo dzinodzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo nokutonga kwomutemo, uye hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzisingadzorwi, idzo dzinoita kuti pave nerusununguko asi dzinoganhurira rusununguko, dzinosekesa kuzvitonga, uye dzinodzvinyirira chishoro. Marudzi akadai seHungary neTurkey akarondedzerwa seanonyerererera kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, achisimudzira itiro hanya pamusoro pokudzokera shure kwehurumende yehurumende youbati ushe hwehurumende.

Oligarchy

Mubatanidzwa weoligarchy unonangidzira simba mumaoko eboka duku rinosiyaniswa nepfuma, zvisungo zvemhuri, udzori hwehondo, kana kuti batano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusafanana noudzvinyiriri, uyo anonangidzira simba pamutungamiriri mumwe, simba reoligarchy rinogoverwa pakati peshomanene. MaOligarchy kazhinji kazhinji anochinja kubva mune dzimwe gadziriro: hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inogona kuva mutezo wehurumende yegutsaruzhinji kana vapfumi vakawana mutoo wezvamatongerwe enyika, uye madzimambo anogona kuva mumwe kana vakuru kana kuti vadzori vakaunganidza udzori hunobudirira.

Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza madare akatanhamara eSparta yakare, Venice Republic ’ vatengesi vakatanhamara, uye Soviet Union ̱ Polituro. Vacherekedzi vazvino uno vanokakavadzana kana Russia ichishanda seoligarchy, yakapiwa pesvedzero yakakwirira yechiverengero chiduku chemabhiriyoni evaimbi pamuitiro wenyika. Vamwe vanzveri vanorondedzerawo United States seyava nemirangariro yeoligarchic, vachidudza pesvedzero yezvematongerwe enyika hurusaidzo yemasangano ehurumende navapi vepfuma.

Kudzvinyirira

Hudzvinyiriri hunoisa simba rakakwana mumaoko omutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti boka duku, rinowanzochengetwa nokumanikidzirwa, kuongororwa, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwevasingabvumirani. Vadzvinyiriri havazvidaviriri kuvanhu; vanotonga nomutemo uye kazhinji kazhinji vanobvisa vakwikwidzani vezvematongerwe enyika. Zvimiro zviviri zvinozivikanwa zvinongova zvoudzvinyiriri hwehondo, uko mauto ane zvombo anotora udzori, uye udzvinyiriri hwechikamu chimwe, uko boka rimwe rinotonga simba.

Udzvinyiriri hunozivikanwa hunobatanidza Germany yeNazi mukutonga kwaAdolf Hitler, Soviet Union pasi paJoseph Stalin, North Korea mumutsara woumambo waKim, uye Myanmar ̱ utongi hwehondo hwazvino uno hunowanzovapo munguva dzenjodzi, apo vanhu vanogamuchira kutonga kwechiremera mukutsinhana nokuda kwetsiga kana kuti chengeteko.

Ubati Ushe hwaMwari

Ubati ushe hwaMwari ihurumende umo vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vanotonga muzita resimba rakakwirira zvikuru, uye gadziriro yapamutemo yakavakirwa padzidziso yorudzidziso. Chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika nechiremera chomudzimu zvinobatanidzwa. Shoko rinobva muchiGiriki theos (mwari) uye ktos (mutemo).

Ubati ushe hwaMwari hwakatanhamara zvikurusa hwazvino uno iIran, umo Mutungamiriri Mukurusa Ayatollah Khamenei ane chiremera chokupedzisira pamusoro pehurumende, uye mutemo wechiIslam unoumba gadziriro yemitemo. Vatican City ihurumende youbati ushe hwoubati ushe hwoumwari yechienzi inodzorwa naPapa. Munhau, Papal States yeMiddle Ages, Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony, uye vaMufundisi vapakuvamba vechiIslam vanoshanda savaOcracies. VaOcracies vanotarisana nekakavadzano pakati pedzidziso nezvinodikanwa zvinoshanda zvehurumende, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kurwisana nemitemo yavanhu, zvikurukuru pamusoro porusununguko rwerudzidziso neuhuhuhuhuhure.

Maanarchy

Anarchy anonongedzera kukusavapo kwehurumende yapakati kana kuti hurumende. Mukushandiswa kwakarovedzeka, inonongedzera kunyongano nenyongano. Zvisinei, vazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika vakabva kuna William Godwin kusvikira kuna Noam Chomsky vakataura kuti nyongano inogona kureva sangano renzanga rokuzvidira, risiri revo yoga kupfurikidza neyamuro imwe, bvumirano, uye kuita chisarudzo chakafanira.

Mutsika, nzanga dzechinjo hadziwanzowaniki uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinogarotaurwa. Nhau inobatanidza Zapatista mugari wemo anozvitonga muMexico, Paris Commune ya1871, uye nharaunda dzisina hurumende dzakadai semativi eSomalia mukati mema1990. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mhesano inokundikana kugovera zvinhu zvinokosha zvavose, chengeteko, uye chisarudzo chenharo, nepo vatsigiri vachirwisana kuti hurumende dzehotera dzinoparira kuvadziko huru kupfuura zvavanodzivisa.

Mashandiro Etsandanyama Neokuchinja

Hurumende shomanene dzinokodzera zvakanaka muboka rimwe. Gadziriro dzenyika chaiyoiyo zvikurusa dzinobatanidza masangano anobva mumarudzi akawanda. Somuenzaniso, United Kingdom ihurumende yebumbiro-matongerwe enyika ine gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yakasimba. Russia inoita sarudzo asi inoshanda sehurumende ine udzvinyiriri nemativi epokalgarchic. Singapore inobatanidza sarudzo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji nedzoresarudzo yehurumende nerusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika dzakaganhurirwa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinoziviswa sedemocracy ” kana kuti ̴oftisismismism.̵

Kunzwisisa hurumende dzemhuka dzinokosha nokuda kwenzvero yakarurama yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mufungo we “ democratic depression ̵ unoratidzira kuti marudzi mazhinjii akaratidzika kuva anobatanidza hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muma 1990 akapinda muzvimiro zvemibatanidzwa mizhinji kana kuti zvehurumende inodzvinyirira. Freedom House, sangano rinoremekedzwa rinorinda, unoita izvi zviito gore negore uye anocherekedza kuderera kwekodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika nerusununguko rwevagari vemo mumakore gumi namashanu apfuura.

Nhoroondo: Maitirwo Akaitwa Hurumende

Kukura kwamarudzi ehurumende kwakabatanidzwa zvikuru nezvinoitika zvenhau, chinjo dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye masangano enzanga. Kuvambira kumamirire ehurumende dzinotonga madzimambo kusvikira kuhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu hakusati kuri kwakarongwa; kunobatanidza nhevedzano yokudzikamisa nokuchinja kwakafanira, kukura nokutsiviwa kwamaruramiro, uye kuchinja kwapanhambo nenhambo.

Nheyo Dzekare

Hurumende dzekare zvikurusa dzakabuda mupukunyuko dzenzizi dzakadai seSumer, Egipita, Mupata weIndus, uye China. idzodzi dzakanga dziri chaizvoizvo madzimambo kana kuti nzvimbo dzinosarudzwa umo madzimambo aitaura chiremera choumwari.Hammurabi ̱ Mitemo muBhabhironi yakagadza chimwe chegadziriro dzapamutemo dzakanyorwa. Girisi yekare yakasuma hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, nepo Roman Republic yakagadzira gadziriro yakaoma yavakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, magungano, uye mirairo nemwero izvo zvaizopesvedzera gare gare gare vazivi veZuni.

Kuchinja Kwenguva Yakare

Chitendero chePudal chakaronga Europe yomuMiddle Ages kupoteredza dare ramadzishe, vasal, uye vapfumi, namadzimambo ari pamusoro asi achidzorwa nesimba ravakuru vakuru neChechi. Chisainiso chaMagna Carta muna 1215 chakaganhurira madzimambo eEngland ’ simba ndokusimbisa nheyo yokuti munhu ari wose, kubatanidza mambo, akanga ari pasi pomutemo. Ichi chinyorwa chakava chinhu chinokosha nokuda kwehurumende yebumbiro remitemo uye gadziriro dzamademocracy gare gare.

Kujekeswa uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Mazana amakore e17 ne18 akaona kumuka kwouzivi hweNjereso, uhwo hwakadenha madzimambo akakwana nemaruramiro oumwari. Vafungi vakadai saJohn Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, naThomas Paine vakatsigira maruramiro omusikirwo, zvibvumirano zvenzanga, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba. Iyi pfungwa yakanyandura Chinjo yeAmerica (1776) uye Chinjo yeFrance (1789), iyo yakavamba mariphabliki akavakirwa pamipimo yedemocracy, kunyange zvazvo yakaganhurirwa pakuvamba kuvanhu vakarongeka.

Zana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 rakaunza wedzero yapashoma napashoma yemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, kumuka kwamasangano echikwata, uye vakadzi ̱ nhimbe dzamaruramiro. utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu hwakapararira muEurope, America, uye mativi eAsia.

Kutangazve Kwenyanzvi

Zana ramakore rechi21 rakapupurira kumukazve kweudzori munharaunda dzinoverengeka. Russia pasi paVladimir Putin, China pasi peXiniping, uye Turkey pasi peRecep Tayip Erdo& 287;an yakasimbisa simba, chishoro chakaganhurirwa, uye rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau. Masangano eDhemocratic munyika dzakadai sePoland, Hungary, uye Brazil akadzvinyirirwa. Nyanzvi dzinokurukura kana muitiro uyu uchimirira kudzorwa kwechinguvana kana kuti kubviswa kwenguva refu kubva pahurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuongorora Kubudirira Kwehurumende Kunoenzaniswa

Kubvisa rudzi rwupi rwehurumende ndi “ Actbestone ̵ kunotsamira pamipimo inoshandiswa: dzikamo, kukura kwemari, rusununguko rwomunhu oga, kuenzana, kana kuti chengeteko. Gadziriro imwe neimwe ine zvisakiso.

  • [ Hurumende [[[FLT: 1] dzinokombamira kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo, kutanga zvitsva, uye kuparira udzori hunodavidza, asi dzinogona kuva dzinononoka, dzinovharwa, uye dzinotapurika kuruzvi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Miitiro yezvokugara [[FLT: 1] inogona kushandisa mitemo nokukurumidza ndokuchengeta nhevedzano, asi kazhinji kazhinji inodzvinyirira kusabvumirana, inopunza maruramiro avanhu, uye inotambura njodzi dzouori nedzomutevedzeri.
  • Hurumende dzemonarchy [ dzinopa kupfuurira kwokufananidzira nemisoro yezvamatongerwe enyika yenyika, asi dzinogona kuratidzika kuva dzechinyakare kana kuti dzisina democratic kuvatsoropodzi.
  • [ Pocracies inomanikidzira kumanikidza tsika dzakanaka asi inoganhurira rusununguko rworudzidziso nechisarudzo chomunhu oga.
  • [[FOLT:0] Hurumende [ dzinopa ngwariro kupfuma nesimba, kuchitungamirira kukusaenzana uye kusagadzikana kwenzanga.

Nzvero yemifungo, kubatanidza mashoko anobva yeIntelligence Unity ’ indekisi yeDemocracy Index uye House yeFreedom [[], nguva dzose inoratidza kuti nzvimbo inodzorwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu yakakwirira zvikurusa pamatanho okukura kwomunhu, gutsikano youpenyu, uye banza rezvemari, kunyange zvazvo ichida masangano akasimba, mutemo, uye chitsama chitsama chitsama chavagari vemo kuti zvishande zvakanaka.

Nei Kunzwisisa Zvimiro Zvehurumende Kuchikosha

Kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa marudzi ehurumende hakusi kurovedza kwedzidzo kusinganzwisisiki, kunogovera mashoko nemitoo yokunzvera zviitiko zvazvino uno, kuyera kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira muupenyu hwomunzanga. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa misiano pakati poutongi hwehurumende yehurumende nehurumende inodzorwa, ivo vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuziva tyisidziro kumasangano outongi hunosarudzwa navanhu uye kutsigira nokuda kwoutungamiriri hunozvidavirira.

Uyezve, kunzwisisa kuti hurumende hadzina kubatana asi kuti dzinochinja nokurwisa nokuchinja kunokurudzira maonero akajeka zvikuru okuchinja kwezvematongerwe enyika.

Miitiro Yazvino Nenhungamiro Zvomunguva Yemberi

Zviratidzo zvakasiyana - siyana zviri kudzokororazve utungamiriri hwenyika yose. Unyanzvi hwemagetsi hunogonesa nzira itsva dzokuita zvinhu uye kuongorora panguva imwe chete. Mabungwe ehurumende anobvumira vanhu kuti vapinde uye kuti vabudise mashoko, nepo hurumende dzine simba rinoshandisa michina inoshandiswa kuongorora zvinhu. Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kutama, uye zvirwere zviri munyika yose zvinoedza simba rehurumende yose kuti iite chimwe chinhu nenzira inobudirira.

Kukura kwevatungamiriri vehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kubatanidzwa kwesimba muChina neRussia, uye kuedza nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu isina uori munzvimbo dzakadai seIreland neTaiwan kunokarakadza kuti mhindumupindu yemarudzi ehurumende iri kure nokure. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anonangidzira ngwariro nenzira inowedzera pagadziriro dzemhuka, dzehurumende dzinodzora, uye gadziriro dzokuronga senzvimbo dzinokosha dzokufunda.

mhedziso

Kubva kuhurumende dzinotonga dzakakwana kutungamirira hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kubva kunzvimbo dzinosarudzwa navanhu kusvikira kukuedza kwapashure, zvimiro zvehurumende zvinomirira rudzi rwomunhu ̱ kuedza kwakasiana - siana kwokupedza chinetso chesangano. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rune betsero nemhinganidzo, uye rumwe norumwe runoratidzira dzikamo yakati pakati penhevedzano nerusununguko, gamuchidzanwa nemutsva. Kuvadzidzi, kunzwisisa aya mapoka nemamiriro avo enhau inhano yokutanga kuunzi unzi unozivikanwa. Vadzidzi, iyi zivo inogovera gadziriro nokuda kwavadzidzi mukurukurirano dzine revo pamusoro pesimba, ruramisiro, uye nguva yemberi yokudzora.

Kunzverazve musoro uyu, nzvera zviwanikwa kubva ku Encclopaedia Britannica ̱ kupinda pahurumende [ kana kuti Constitute Project[, iyo inopa nyika & #817; mabumbiro emitemo anonzverwa kupfurikidza nemisoro nemativi. Zvishandiso izvi zvinobvumira vadzidzi kuenzanisa kuti vagadziri vehurumende vagadziri vawavo vawaro.