Political Action Committee (PACs) inoita basa rinokosha mukutsigira mari nokutsigira masangano ezvematongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, apo maPAC akawanda anoshanda magariro pasina zvisungo zvepamutemo kuvada kukwikwidza kana kuti mapati .Anozivikanwa semaPCs asingaitiri akaenzana neanonzi makwikwi akanaka anova chinetso chakaoma uye chakakwikwidzanwa zvikuru. Kukwira kwevatengi ava vanozvimirira kwakaumbazve sarudzo dzeAmerica, kumutsawo manzwi nepokumutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pokuva necherekedzo, kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira.

Kunzwisisa Zvitendero Zvisina Kubatanidzwa Nokukura Kwazvo

MaPC ayo asina kubatanidzwa masangano anosimudza ndokushandisa mari nenzira yakazvimirira nemutevedzeri upi noupi, mubato wezvematongerwe enyika, kana kuti dare renhimbe. Pasi pomutemo weSarudzo, "nongedzero" PC inobatanidzwa nesangano ravashandi, sangano rebhizimisi, kana kuti sangano remitezo. Mukupesana, maPC haana sangano romubereki rakadaro. Iwo anoratidzira chaizvoizvo boka rechisarudzo chakananga, remifungo, reindasitiri, kana kuti chisakiso, uye anokumbira mipiro inobva kuboka ravose kana kuti kuboka rakarondedzerwa ravapi vemitengi.

Nyika yazvino uno yePACs isina kubatanidzwa yakachinjwa zvikuru nezvisarudzo zviviri zvemitemo zvinooneka: 2010 Chisarudzo cheUnited. FEB inodzora neD.C. Nhamba yeNhare [ Speech.org v[FLT] chisarudzo. [FLT]]] . [FLT] CINUNICEN United[ inobvumira masangano nemipiro kupedza zvitsamaumbiso zvisina muganhu, nepo zvinogoverwa zvakananga namamirioni.[FLT] Zvino.[FLT] Zvino.[FLT]

Kupfuura paPACIS, mamwe maPACI asina kubatanidzwa anobatanidza matare ezvamatongerwe enyika egamuchidzanwa (ana ganhuriro dzemipiro) uye "Hybrid PAC" (iyo inochengeta zvose zviri zviviri nhauro yakaganhurirwa nenhauro yendyiko yakazvimirira isina kuganhurirwa). Mhatsa yamasangano pasi pe "amburera isina kubatanidzwa" inoomesa nhamburiko kusimbisa mwero wokutamba.

Kukura kwacho kwave kuchishamisa. Mukuwirirana nemashoko akabva kuFederal Envotion Commission (FEC), isina kubatanidzwa paCs / kubatanidza Super PACs /s /9 bhirioni dzinopfuura $2,50 munhambo yesarudzo yoga yoga. Uku kudirana kwemari yakazvimirira kwakapfuura kupedzwa namatare ebato nenhimbe dzevakwikwidzani mumadzinza akawanda, kuchipa vaPC vasina kubatanidzwa pesvedzero pamusoro pokutumira mashoko, kushambadza, uye kuvhota.

Matambudziko Mukuedza Makwikwi Akanaka

Kupikiswa Kwakaratidzwa Muti

Chimwe chedenho dzinopfuurira zvikurusa kushaikwa kwenguva chaiyoiyo, kujeka kune revo. Nepo mutemo wehurumende uchida kuti PACI dzakawanda zvikurusa dzigadziridze mishumo yezati iripo nguva dzose neFEC, mishumo inowanzopiwa mwedzi yakawanda pashure pokunge mari yapedzwa, uye inozivisa zvishomanene pamusoro pamanyuko apakuvamba emari muzvinoitika zvizhinji. Somuenzaniso, "Masangano" mapoka anopedza mari inopedzerwa pakushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika asi asingazivisi zvikurukuru mipiro yawo mudungwe 501(c) (4) uye 501(c) (masangano) emitero. Masangano iwaya anogona kugamuchira mipiro isingaganhurirwi zvikuru uye anopedza zvikuru pakuvhotera kunowirirana pasina kuzivisa zvinopa.

MaPUC asingabatanidzwi anowanzogamuchira mipiro inobva muaya mapoka ane rima emari, achigadzira chifukidziro chine mari yakawanda pamusoro pekufamba kwenhimbe. A Super PAC ingashuma kugamuchira kuchinjwa kukuru kubva ku 501(c), asi vatangi vechokwadi (vanhu vemondalism, masangano, kana kuti fariro dzokumwe . Kuda kunoramba kwakavanzwa. Uku kunosekesa mano avavhotera okunzvera kuti ndiani ari kuedza kupesvedzera vhoti yavo uye chikonzero nei.

Kupfuurirazve, gadziriro yemakombiyuta yeFEC ichiri yechinyakare zvikuru. Matare mazhinji anongori epepa mishumo, inotungamirira kukunonozeka, zvikanganiso, uye mitatisi isina kukwana. Kushaikwa kwechirongwa chenguva yakarebesa kwakadzivisawo kuchengetwa kwemitemo yokuzivisa. Kunyange apo mishumo inochengetwa, kuisa mukaha ukama pakati pePCs dzakawanda, kupfuura napamasangano, uye masangano anopa mishumo anoda basa rebvunzo iro vavhoti vazhinjisagona kuita. Masangano akafanana ne A Gufungurasec anoshanda kuti aende kumite uye apedze iyi mishumo, asi masangano anosara.

Kusawirirana Muzviwanikwa Nokuwana

Haasati ari maPC ose asina kubatanidzwa akaumbwa akaenzana. Vapi vemitengo namasangano ane mari anogona kupa mamirioni kuSuper PAC, nepo mapoka maduku anomirira midzi inoparira kana kuti maindasitiri enzvimbo anotamburira kusimudza kunyange zvitsama zvitsama zviduku. Iyi mari inoshandiswa inoshandura zvakananga kuva betsero dzamakwikwi: mari yakawanda inobvumira maPC akawanda kutenga kushambadza kwenguva yenjivara yeterevhizheni, kurongedza nokutambira michetura, kupinza vapi vemirayiridzo vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, uye kufashadza vanhu nezvitori zvemagariro zvenzanga zvinonyengedzero. Smas PaCs kazhinji kazhinji kacho anokwanisa kupedza kushambadza bedzi kana kuti kuedza kwokuzvipira.

Kusadzikama kwacho kwakanyanya muDare redare rapamusoro namapoka apurezidhendi, umo chiverengero chiduku chamasangano anobatira pamwe nebhiriyoni kana kuti maindasitiri anotsigirwa nematare echikwata chemari chakabatana neboka rimwe chete Chechi inowirirana kana kuti kupfuvura kupedzwa kwematare ose ebato. Somuenzaniso, muchisarudzo chavose cha2020, maPACIFUPP apamusoro 10 akapedza anopfuura $1,2 bhirioni pamwe chete, achideredza kutengwa kwematare echibharo avanhu vazhinjisa. Uku kubatanidzwa kwemari kunogona kunyura kunze kwamanzwi akasiana uye kupfuudza kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika kuzvinhu zvinokosha zvefariro dzapamusorosorosoro.

Uyezve, kusiyana kwemanyuko hakungokanganisi nguva yokufema chete; kunoumba mano okuita kunzvera kushorwa, kunyora pamutemo zvinetso, uye kuongorora nzvimbo yakaoma.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokutungamirira uye Makomba

Nhimbe yezvemari yeFederal EFomment Campaice Act (FECA) yakagadziriswa neBipartisan Champaign Reform Act (BCRA), yakagadzirirwa nyika umo matare ezvamatongerwe enyika aidzorwa kana kuti zvimwe akabatanidzwa zvikuru namasangano anopfuurira. Kuputika kwePaCs /Pass_acts parati pari pashure pa Citisants United[[FLT:]]

  • Mitemo yokugadza: Nepo maPUC anorambidzwa kubva pa "kubatanidza" navadairwa, mirau inorondedzera kubatana kwakatetepa uye kazhinji kazhinji kwakaoma kuisa. Madate anogona kuoneka paSuper PAC contarsers, mavhidhiyo anotumira paPACI anoshandazve, kana kuti kubvunza nyanzvi dzinoshanda gare gare nokuda kwamapoka akazvimirira. /all] FANEC yakatamburira nguva dzose kuunza zviito zvokuchengetera zvinhu munharaunda ino, achisiya muganhu uri pakati pekuzvimirira nezvinoyananisa.
  • Mari yokuwedzera zvakare: Kunyange zvazvo BCRA yakarambidzwa kuganhurirwa "mari" mipiro kumatare ebato rorudzi, isina kubatanidzwa paPCs( kunyanya Super PACs na 501(c) (4) mapoka (*) zvino ibatira semikoto yemipiro mikuru, isina muganhu inogona kushandiswa kupesvedzera sarudzo dzemubatanidzwa. Iyi inoitazve nomutoo unobudirira gadziriro yemari yakapfava iyo BCRA yaida kubvisa, asi pasina zvinodikanwa zvimwe chetezvo zvokuzivisa.
  • Mhatsa yetsika yapakati: PACs dzisingabatanidzwa dzinoshandawo mumitemo yehurumende inosiana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinorambidza mipiro isina kuganhurirwa kumapoka akazvimirira, nepo mamwe asina. Iri basa rinoparira mikana yokudzosera paraundi, apo PACs anosimudza kana kuti wirira mari kupfurikidza nehurumende inobvumira madiro zvikurusa.
  • Nhamburiko dzemari dzokumwe: mutemo weFederal unorambidza nyika dzokumwe kupira kumari ipi neipi inowirirana nesarudzo, asi kusanyanyooneka kwemitengo yemari ine rima kunoita kuti kuchengetwa kuve kwakaoma. Zvitsauko zvekuvhurwa kwemari kwakaiswa kunze kwenzvimbo kupfurikidza namakambani eshekeri kana kuti 501(c) (4) zvakanyorwa, zvichisimudzira chengeteko nepereko.

FEC imene inowanzorondedzerwa sesangano rakavharwa. Nevamiririri vatanhatu (8) vanobva pabato rimwe nerimwe guru(a vhota zhinji inodikanwa nokuda kwezviito zvokumanikidzira, asi vavhoti vanoramba kunzvera kazhinji kazhinji. Somuuyo, kunyange apo kuputswa kwakajeka kunoitika, miuyo haiwanzowaniki. Mushumo 2022 neBrennan Center wakawana kuti FEC haina kuisa chirango chinokosha paPACIPUC nokuda kwetsimbano isati iri yapamutemo munopfuura makore gumi.

Tapuro Pamakwikwi Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokuvimba Nevanhu

Muuyo unowedzerwa weiyi denho imhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika umo mari (* zvikurukuru inobva muboka duku, rakapfuma rezvipo) pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi. MaPUC, nemhaka yokuzvimirira kwawo nokupfavirira, anogona kuzadza musika wezvinobudisa nhau nezviziviso zvakaipa, kuvandudza chitarisiko chomubhadhari nokuzvidavirira kushomanene, uye kuchinja kurukurirano kunhau dzinodiwa navatsigiri vavo. Ikoku kunogona kukurira kunyorwa kwevashori vashomanene uye kunyange kufukidza nhimbero yemutevedzeri amene.

Kuvimba kwavanhu negadziriro yokuvhota kunotambura somuuyo.

Uyezve, kukura kwemaPU asingazivikanwi kwakadzikatidza kuzvidavirira. Vatambi vanogona kuzviparadzanisa vamene nokushambadzira kunoitwa nePACI mhepo inodzorwa neSuper PaCs, vachitaura kuti havana udzori pamusoro pezviri mukati. Uku kukwanisa kudzivirira kupfuudza kwezvamatongerwe enyika nepo kuchibvumira nhimbe yakaipa kukura. Vatambi vanogona kusiiwa vasina chokwadi kuti ndiani ari kutsigira shoko uye kuti ifariroi ingabatira muhofisi.

Mhinduro Dzingangovapo: Nzira Yakagadzirirwa Zvakawanda

Kugadzirisa zvinetso zvemakwikwi akanaka pakati pemaPU anenge asina kubatanidzwa kuchada kuchinja zvinhu mumativi akawanda anenge aripo ne(magakava, madzoro, uye tsika. Hapana mabara esirivha, asi pamwe chete anogona kudzorera dzikamo neperero.

Kupedzisa Kujeka Kwenguva Chaiyoiyo

Nhano yokutanga ndeyokuvhara zvirevo zvokuzivisa. Congress inoda masangano ose anopedza chitsama chamavhooresa akazvimirira(c)(4) uye (c) (6) kuzivisa vapi vawo mugadziriro yakakodzera, inotsvakwa. Kubvumira kwakadai seDSCLOSE Act kungakarakadzwazve asi asina kupfuudzwa. Kusimbisa EFEC's system stem yemicrect uye kuraira nokukurumidza kushuma kwemipiro mikuru (mumaawa 48) kungabetserawo. Kuwana kwapachena kunzvimbo yapakati, shoo yemiteshi yebasa renhau, vatsvakurudzi, vatsvakurudzi, uye kutevera mari.

Kuchinja Kurongwa Kwomubatanidzwa Kunotonga

FEC inofanira kubudisa nhungamiro yakajeka, yazvino uno pamusoro pechinoumba kubatana. Kusarudza kungagona kubatanidza vatengesi vanogoverana, basa rapamberi revashandi venhimbe, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakajeka kunyange kana zvikasakumbirwa zvakananga. Vamwe vachinji vakatsigira chirambidzo chikuru: mari ipi neipi iyo iri "ne mufungo yakarongerwa kupesvedzera" sarudza rakati ringagona kurongwa sesangano kunze kwokuti PACI nemutevedzeri vanogona kubvumikisa kuzvimirira. Nepo mupimo wakadaro ungagona kusimudzira funganyo dzeFirst Amendment, chinjo dzakaganhurirwa dzinogona kuwana puro.

Kukurudzira Kuganhurirwa Kwezvikamu Zvikuru

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotaura kuti muenzaniso usina kuganhurirwa wemipiro yePACIPAC ndiwo mudzi weshamhu yezvisakiso. Nepo Citimans United yakadzivirira ndyiko dzakazvimirira sekutaura, hakuna kuda kuti mipiro kusangano kuita kuti ndyiko idzodzo dzive dzisina kuganhurirwa. Mitengo inoverengeka iripo: Mitemo ingagona kuisa jasipo paSuper PACs (g. $50 000 pamunhu oga oga pagore), kana kuti masangano angagona kuedza ganhuriro. Dare rapamusoro-soro harina kutaura pamutemo pamitengodzo yemitengo yemipiro pamatare anoita kuti zvitsaripo zvakazvigaro bedzi, kusiya kamuri yemiteshi yemitengo.

Kupa Simba Musangano Wokufambisa Mari

FEC inoda chinjo yegadziriro yokuvaka kuti ipedze hurema hwayo. Nzvero dzinobatanidza kuderedza chiverengero chavamiriri kusvikira kuvatatu (pasina vamwe vanopfuura mumwe mubato ripi neripi), kuumba mutungamiriri anotarisira akazvimirira uyo anogona kuunza nhau pasina kurangarira, kana kuti kutanga mumwe muitiro wokuita kuti pave nokuwedzera kwegadziriro yokusimbisa yakadai senhimbe yemari yakatsaurirwa mukati meBato reRugare. Mushandi anonzvera angadzivisa kupunzwa ndokugovera zvakajeka kumatare anoedza kuwirirana nomutemo.

Kushanda Kworuzhinji Nokugadzira Zviduku

Imwe yenzira dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzokuenzanisa nayo nzvimbo yokutamba ndeyokukudza pesvedzero yavapi vaduku kupfurikidza namasangano avose. Nyika dzinoverengeka nenharaunda dzakaita gadziriro umo mipiro miduku (mutoo, $250 kana kuti pasi) inofambidzana nemari yavose pamizhinji (g., 6:1). Izvi zvinogonesa vapi vapari vemapuranga kuti vakwikwikwidzane nevarwi vakuru vePAC kupfurikidza nematanho avose. Pamwero wehurumende, gadziriro yevanoda kubvisa mipiro miduku yapatooga yaigona kuderedza sundo yokudiridza mapoka okunze nemari isingaganhuriwi. Dare rapamusorosoro rakatsigira miitiro yakadaro inowirirana sechibvumirano, sezvinoonekwa mu [[FLT:] Freeprise Club. Bennet [1]

Kusimudzira Kuziva Vanhu Nedzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Pakupedzisira, vavhoti vamene vanoda zvishandiso zvinosvikika nedzidzo kuti vanzwisise mari yenhimbe. Masangano enhau, makambani enhau asingarindi, uye mapoka ezvoruzivo rwemichina zvehurumende zvinogona kupfuurira kugadzira nzvimbo dzinotevera kuyerera kwemari kubva kumanyuko kusvikira kurusarudzo. Kuwedzera kwokuziva mashoko muzvishambadzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika.[1] Zvikurukuru vagari vemo vanowana mari isina tariro uye nzira dzokushandira pamwe. Kuda vanhu kuti vagadziridze zvinhu kunova nesimba zvikuru apo vavhotera vanonzwisisa kuti tsika yacho inoshanda sei uye kuti inobatsira sei.

mhedziso

PaCs dzisingabatanidzwi zvino inzvimbo yechigarire musarudzo yeU.S. kuzvimirira kwavo kunopa kuchinjika nerusununguko mupesvedzero yebato, asi kunoparirawo mhoteredzo inodzorwa nemukwikwidzani iyo inoramba ichidiwa namashoko akapfuma zvikurusa. Makwikwi makuru pakati paaya PC haasviki pasina kuchinja kwamaune: mitemo yakajeka zvikuru, miganhu ine mufungo, uye ganhuriro yemupiro inogona kushanda. Pendeko yedemocracy inotsamira pakuvimbisa kuti inzwi riri rose, kwete rinotambira mari inotengwa zvakanaka. Sezvinosvika 2024 nezvinotevedzana zvinotevera, kurumidziro yokutaura izvi zvinokura bedzi. [FLD:] [FLD], [FFF], [3]