Kurerekera kumutemo, uzivi hwokutonga kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinofanira kutsanangurwa maererano nerevo yadzo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose panguva yokushandiswa, yazova simba guru mumufungo wapamutemo weAmerica . "kakurukuru mukati mesangano remitemo rinowirirana. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti inodzivisa vatongi, vanoremekedza muitiro wedemokratiki, uye vanochengeta mutemo. Kunyange zvakadaro revo yapakuvamba yose, kushandisa kuwirirana kwetsika dzenzanga dzenguva ino kuzivisa kusawirirana kukuru uye kunopfuurira. Mibvunzo yazvino uno pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemifungo yetsika, kodzero dzokubereka, uye ruramisiro yedzinza haina kufanoonwa zvakananga mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi namasere, uye revo reChibvumirano cheMitemo yemitemo inogona kunyarara kana kuti inopesana panhau idzi. Nyaya iyi inonzvera zvinetso zvikuru zvinomuka pakuedza kushandisa kwapakuvamba kuisa zvinhu zvenzanga, kuongorora maruramiro okutonga, kuongorora nokuda kwechisarudzo chokutonga, kana kuti kurangarira kugadzirisa pamutemo chapakuvamba.

Kunzwisisa Kutanga

Patsika yakapfava, yapakuvamba inodavira kuti rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo runofanira kupiwa revo yaraiva nayo apo rakaitwa. Revo iyoyo inogadziriswa; haichinjiki nokuchinja murangariro wavanhu kana kuti zvisarudzo zvokutonga. Kune zvikoro zvikuru zviviri mukati memavambo okuvamba: donzo rapakuvamba[, iro rinotarira kuvavariro yenhau yenhau yapanguva yacho [[FLT:], iro rinotarira kuidzoro yenhau yakaitwa naMutongi Anton Scintalia, razova shanduro inopesvedzera zvikuru murunako rwazvino uno uno. [[FLTLT:]] revo yavose inodzivirirwa zvikuru seboka duku renhau, iyo inorevererwa mundangariro yenhau.

Kumuka kwedzidziso yapakuvamba kwakanga kuri kuita kupesana nokunyanyisa kunofungidzirwa kweWarren neBurger Courts, uko vanodavira kuti kunyanyisa kwapanguva dzose vakawanda vakagadzira maruramiro matsva (zvakadai sekodzero yokubvisa pamuviri mu Roe v. Wade)) pasina rugwaro kana kuti bvumiro yenhau. Vatongi vanotaura kuti Constitution ichinyorwa chapamutemo, kwete chinhu chipenyu, uye kuti chinenge chagadziriswa. (8) haisati iri nzira yakarurama yokuchinja pamutemo. Iyi kugadza rugwaro kunogovera mutemo wakajeka zvakajeka: vatongi vanofanira kushandisa revo yapakuvamba, kunyange kana revo ichiita kuti vasave migumisiro yavanosada.

Pasinei zvapo nokuoma kwaro kwoungwaru, kutanga kwaro kunotarisana nedenho huru: Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyorerwa nzanga isisiripo. Revo yapakuvamba yamashoko akadai se “kutaura uye zvirango zvechienzi,” kana kuti“ dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo” inofanira kushandiswa kuruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rusina kumboitika uye mamiriro ezvinhu enzanga (kubva paInternet nokuedzwa kwemavara okugara nhaka kumhuri dzine vabereki vamwe uye roorano dzoukuru hwechiduku. Mukahaha pakati pegumi namana nemakumi maviri nekutanga kwechokwadi chinoparira kuoma kwendangariro uko munhu upi noupi wokutanga anofanira kutarisana nako.

Matambudziko Okugadzirisa Nhau Dzenzanga Dzamazuva Ano

Apo kuvamba kunosimbiswa pamibvunzo yenzanga yazvino uno, zvinetso zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana zvinomuka. zvinetso izvi hazvisi zvokungodzidza chete; zvinoumba migumisiro yezvinoitika zvakakwirira uye zvinopesvedzera kuva pamutemo kwevatongi mukuona kwevanhu.

Zvatinoziva Nezvezvakaitika

Bumbiro reMitemo rakarongwa muna 1787, uye Bill of Rights yaro yakasimbiswa muna 1791. Nyika yavavambi vacho yakanga iri mugari wemo, zvikurukuru weruwa, uye dare rapamutemo zvikuru. Uranda hwaibvumirwa nomutemo, vakadzi vakanga vasina maruramiro ezvematongerwe enyika, uye murangariro wekuva voga sezvatinonzwisisa kuti hauna. Kududzira kwechinjo kwapakuvamba kunowanzoda kuti vatongi vazvinyudze vamene munzanga, mune zvemari, uye migariro yapamutemo yezana ramakore rechigumi namasere (8) basa rinotambudza uye rinofungidzira.

Rangarira kurambidza kweSendment kweSendromend kwe “chirango chechienzi.” Revo yapakuvamba sezvingabvira yakanongedzera kuzvirango zvakashurikidzwa zvikuru panguva yacho, zvakadai sokudhirowa nokupinza zvikamu zvina, kana kuti zvirango zvinopesana nemhosva yacho. Asi korwo inzwisiso yapakuvamba inoisa kuurawa kwewechiduku, kana kuti kushandiswa kwechirango chorufu icho chinoparira marwadzo akakomba? Vazivi vemavambo vakapesana pamibvunzo iyi, nokutaura kuti revo yapakuvamba yakafara zvakakwana kubatanidza mipimo inowirirana nenheyo inowirirana nenheyo iri pasi pomutemo, nepo vamwe vachiomerera kuti revo yacho yakaomeswa kusvikira ku1791. uku kunzi kupfurikidza nokubvunza kwenhau kudiviso chaiyo kugovera chipikirwa chapakuvamba, kupindura.

Kuchinja Magariro Evanhu

Chimwe chezvisakiso zvetsika dzapakuvamba zvikurusa ndechokuti hakugoni kuparira chinjo huru mukunzwisisa tsika. Apo Amendment yechigumi na48 yakatenderwa muna 1868, vanogadzira madhingiri havana kudokuva zvamazvirokwazvo vairangarira kudzivirira roorano imwe cheteyo, roorano yemarudzi akawanda, kana kuti vatano yavanhu mumativi ose. Bva chaunga chaicho chinorangarira zvakawanda zveiyi maruramiro sezvinokosha kuchiremera chomunhu nokuva mugari wemo wakaenzana. Mutongi wekare akamanikidzirwa kusarudza mhaka yakafanana [[FLT: 0]bergefell v. Hodges[[FLT:] (20) [20]] (20)] jahmhiko) chisarudzo chakajeka zvikuru: zvimwe chinorava revonetsoro yapakuvamba ye “dziviriro inowirirana, kurambwa kwapamhinde, kana kuti arambe, kana kuti agamuchire kutsanangura kwakawanda.

Mu .Wobergefell, Mutongi Scalia akapesana pazvikonzero zvemavambo, achiramba kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harina kurangarira roorano yohumwe uye kuti chisarudzo chinofanira kusiiwa kumuitiro wedemokrasi. Mutongi Roberts akasimbisawo kuti vazhinji vakanga vasina “hwaro hwemagwaro” nokuda kwokutonga. Kunyange zvakadaro, vazhinji, vachitungamirirwa neMutongi Kennedy, vakataura kuti “chine muganhu” chinodzivirirwa neInjirimende yechisarudzo chomunhu oga kuchiremera chomunhu oga. (as) anozviti akadzika midzi mukunzwisisa kwakafara nheyo dzorugwaro panzvimbo pokushanda kwarwo kwarwo munhau. Uku kupesana pakati pomuitiro wapakuvamba nomugariro wavanhu uye kuraramira pamutemo kungava pakati pekurukurirano yetsika yazvinoumba pamutemo yazvinoumba magaro. Sezvinoita kuoneka zvapakuvamba, zvinooneka kuva zvinotoshati zvinooneka, zvinotoshatsatapukatetetete, zvinoto, zvinotoidzwa, zvinooneka, zvinototototo.

Ruzivo Nekuchinja Kwesayenzi

Vagadziri vaisagona kuva vakafungidzira kuvhura, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, kana kuti kuchengetwa kwezvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko emunhu oga. Gadziriro yeChina inodzivirira pa “kunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha,” asi kushandisa mupimo iwoyo wokunzverwa kwemipimo kunoda rudzi rweshanduro inosunda pamiganhu yemavambo. Mu California [2014] (2014, Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti mapurisa anowanzoda maruramiro okunzvera foni inobatwa mukati mokusungwa. Nepo Vatongi vakasvika pakubvumirana, kurangarira kwavo kunosvetuka. Vavaki vekutanga vangabvunza kuti varadzike sei mapepa epachivande neufakazi hwenyama, asi kuti shoorwa. Chiratiso chikashamiso chinowanzova chagara chokurangarira pfungwa chapakuvamba, chikapesana nokusafanira kunyora mutemo wakarongwa padare repamutemo razvino uno.

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba dzakakarakadza mitoo yakasiana---ku “shandura” nheyo dzapakuvamba mumashoko azvino uno .icho Mutongi Scalia akadana “rondedzero inoraramisa” pfungwa yokuziva ukoshi hukuru hwehurumende husinganzwisisiki (muchirevo, dziviriro mukurwisana nokupinda kusina mufungo kwehurumende) uye ipapo kuishandisa kumigariro mitsva nenzira inowirirana nenzwisiso yapakuvamba. Asi vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti shanduro yakadaro haiwirirani nedudziro isati iri yemavambo nemhaka yokuti inokurudzira vatongi kusarudza pakati penzira dzinopesana dzokuisa nheyo yapakuvamba. Kana revo yapakuvamba ye “kunzvera kuva nomufungo wendangariro yechinhu chekare. ”

Kunyarara Nemisiyano Zviri Murugwaro Rwacho

Bumbiro reMitemo harina kukurumbira pamusoro penhau dzakawanda dzinodzora upenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwazvino uno nedzenzanga. Haritauri chinhu pamusoro pemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano anodzora, kodzero yokuva voga, kana kuti chimiro chehurumende yazvino uno. Apo mavambo anonangana nokunyarara, vatsigiri varo vanowanzofuratira kunheyo yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo haidzori nhau yacho kumitemo. Kusvika ikoko kungasabvira murondedzero, asi kunogona kuita miuyo inopesana nekariro dzazvino uno. Somuenzaniso, kunyarara kweChistomment pamaruramiro oungwaro yezvokurapa kwakatungamirira nyanzvi dzekare kupikisa kuti hakuna pamutemo dzinobetsera rudzi rupi norupi norwupi. Kunyange revo yedaviro yapakuvamba yeIs Claus ingasabatanidza migariro migariro yazvinonziridziko yazvinodzivirira Hurumende. Asi vagari vehurumende vazvinogara vazvino uno vanotora migaro migaro migariro yavanhu kuti vasaririra kudzivirira nzanga.

Kupfuurirazve, kunyarara kunogona kushandiswa. Kana Bumbiro reMitemo risingadzore kudzorwa kwekudzorwa kwenhau, mari yenhimbe, kana kuti ropafadzo yechiremera mumashoko akajeka, vatangi vanofanira kuvimba negadziriro dzavose zvikuru. Zvakadai sevimbiso ye “Republic Game of Government” kana kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba (iwo ari kupikisana munhau). Nyengedzo youchokwadi inopera apo revo yapakuvamba imene inorwisana kana kuti apo manyuko enhau anokwikwikwidzana anorwisana. Sezvo Purofesa Randy Barnett akacherekedza, mavambo anogona kupa revo dzakawanda dzinofadza; chisarudzo pakati padzo dzimene dzinochinja pazvisarudzo zvinowirirana zvinowirirana zviri pachena kunze kwechinyorwa chenhau.

Kuedza Kuita Chisarudzo Chokutonga

Apo vatongi vanoedza kushandisa urongwa hwapakuvamba kunhau dzenzanga dzazvino uno, mutoo wacho unogona kubudisa miuyo iyo inova yakatsiga zvikuru (kuramba maruramiro matsva) kana kuti, panhambo nenhambo, yakasununguka nenzira inoshamisa (kuisa dziviriro dzakafara nokuda kwamaruramiro epfuti, somu diquality of Columbia v. ). [[FLT]] [I] Dare rakaisa chirambidzo chapamberi chepfuti yakavakirwa panzvero huru yemanyuko okuvamba, kuwana kuti chigadziriso cheChimbiso cheChimbiso chakadzivirirwa rudyi chomunhu kuti achengetedze zvombo nokuda kweyedzei. Vatsorori vanochengeta kuti muuyo. Asi vanotonge vaiwo. Vatsoropotetete reva kuti revo yavanhu vadzoreri voruzhinji yePrejiromeod " kudzoromedzo dzakafanira kupfurikidza neStongedzeromenziro.

Chimwe revo inoshanda ingozi yokuita chiito chokutonga mukuzvidzora. Vatongi vezvokuvamba vanowanzotaura kuti havasi kuita muitiro asi vanongosimbisawo zvavo revo yakatsiga yorugwaro. Bva nzvero yenhau inodudzirwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Chicago[[FLT]] inhau ipi inopa chiremera, inoyera nhau dzinokwikwikwidzana, uye muganhu weSangano rinobatanidza kugadziridza Hurumende yechipiri inorwisana nezvinotaurwa. Nyanzvi dzeCristorists dzinobvumirana zvikuru kana kuti kana kuti maruramiro eClausskaiase kana kuti Ser Creas Creas yakakodzera, uye kana kuri kuti pakunzwisisa kwokutanga kwechinete. Chicago. Chicago[[FLT] (2010]), Chisarutsuwa chaMarimendero) (2010), Dare reChibvumirano reChimbiso cheMite. Chibvumirano chinovaneso chapakuvamba chinovara kupfurikidza nokurevedzanisa pfungwa yomutemo chakaresa.

Uyezve, kuomerera pamavambo kwakakomba kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo inopesana nebvumirano yetsika dzazvino uno, nokudaro kuchideredza chivimbo chavanhu mudare remitemo. Kana Dare raifanira kuzivisa kuti chiito chokubvuma dzinza hachisati chiri chomutemo nemhaka yokuti vagadziri veI14th Amendment havana kuronga kubvumira mishonga yedzinza inoziva, kana kuti mitemo yomutemo inorambidza mufambiro wevatano yevatano yavane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano inobvumirwa murevo yapakuvamba ye “chirevo,” kudzoka kungagona kuva kwakakomba. Mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika angapindura kupfurikidza nokufuratira chisarudzo cheDare, kudzora simba raro, kana kuti kuisa pamutemo. Vanodavira pamutemo vanofanira kurwisana nokukodzera kwomutoo wazvinoparira miuyo inoonekwa zvakapararira sezvisakarurama.

Kudzikamisa Kufunga Netsika Dzazvino Uno

Mumhinduro kuidzi denho, chiverengero chakakarakadza rondedzero dzemhute dzinovavarira kuchengeta nzwisiso huru yemavambo nepo dzichibvumira kuti pave noungwaru hwakati. Imwe nzira yakatanhamara ndeyokuti progatestism [, iyo inobata revo yapakuvamba sechinorema asi inobvumira kutsauka apo miuyo yapakuvamba ichava isingatsungiririki kana kuti apo ufakazi hwenhau hungava husinganzwisisiki zvikuru. Mutongi Stephen Breyer, kunyange zvazvo asiri muiti wepakuvamba, akarangarira kuti vatongi vanofanira kurangarira madonzo emitemo yemitemo yetsika nemiuyo inoshanda. Vamwe vaProfesa John McGnis, vakatsigira nokuda kwe “miitiro yapakuvamba, iyo inotsamira pamiitiro yapakuvamba iyo yakanga iri nguva yakarovedzo yakarovedzeka.

Chimwe chinyorwa chakanaka chinozivikanwa navose chebumbiro remitemo, icho chinokweretesa mumhiko yemavambo kurugwaro asi chinoomerera kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nenheyo dzezvamatongerwe enyika (zvakadai seruramisiro nezvakanaka zvavose) izvo zvisingaderedzeki kukariro dzapakuvamba. Nepo iyi rondedzero yakatsoropodzwa sokuzarura suo kunhau dzedare, inomirira kuziva kuti rumano rwapakuvamba rungava rusingakwaniswi nokuda kwezvizhinji, nzanga yazvino uno.

Zvichida kuedza kwakanyanya kukurukurwa kuwiriranisa rugwaro rwokutanga nechinjo ipfungwa ye “kuvaka kwemasangano.” Mazita okutanga anosiyanisa pakati pa kududzira (kunzwisisa revo yomutauro worugwaro) uye kushandura [[FLT]] (kupa rugwaro rwapamutemo apo revo inobuda). Mukuwirirana nenyanzvi dzakafanana naKeith Whitton naRandy Barnett, revo yapakuvamba inowanzoisa miganhuro asi nzvimbo yeidzo inofanira kuzadzwa nokurangarira kwetsika kwetsika, muenzaniso, uye kurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mumurangariro wapakuvamba, hakupedzi kupedza chinetso chiri chose chazvino uno; inodzongodzongodzosa miuyo yavanhu. Vatongi vemitemo inobvumiranwa kuvakamuranisa migaro pamwe chete.

Nzira iyi ine revo chaiyoiyo. Muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza kuva woga kwemiitiro, somuenzaniso, mutsigiri wapakuvamba angagumisa kuti chirambidzo chikuru cheFreadmerment pakunzvera kusina mufungo chinoshanda, asi mubvunzo wezvinoreva “kusanzwisisa” munguva yetsika unosiiwa kuvaka (kubvumira matare kushandisa kariro dzazvino uno dzezvakavanzika, chiito chomutemo, uye miraudzo. Muuyo wacho hausi muitiro wapakuvamba wakaoma asi unosimbiswa mune zvenhau uyo unobvuma kudikanwa kwemutoro wedare.

Kunyange neiyi gadziridzo, kudzikamisa mavambo nemipimo yazvino uno zvinoramba zvakaoma nemhaka yokuti zviviri zvinogona kupinda murwisano yakananga. Apo revo yapakuvamba inonongedzera zvakajeka kumiuyo inopesana nemipimo yetsika yapanguva imwe cheteyo (pamwe, kuti kusarura rudzi kwakatanga kurangarirwa kuva kupesana kwedziviriro yakaenzana (ona kuti [] Prevention v. Ferguson[] kurangarira, kwakanga kunowirirana nokunzwisisa kwapakuvamba).[FLT] Brown.[5]

mhedziso

Zvinetso zvokushandisa pakuvamba kunhau dzenzanga dzapanguva imwe cheteyo zvakakura asi hazvisati zviri chaizvoizvo zvinoparira ngwavaira. Kurerekera kudzidziso kunogovera chirango chinokosha: kunomanikidza vatongi kupinda murugwaro nenhau zveBumbiro remitemo, uye kunovadzivisa kuisa mipimo yavo yomunhu oga. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mutoo haugoni kunzvenga kachikamu kanozarukira panguva, ruzivo, uye mhindumupindu. Vatongi vanozvipira kuumwari hwapakuvamba vanofanira kunzvera nenzira yokutendeseka aya mazati, kubvuma apo revo yapakuvamba inenge isina chokwadi kana kuti ikanyarara, uye kuziva kuti zvisarudzo zvavo vamene zvokududzira zvichatapura miuyo.

Kuti dzidziso yapakuvamba irambe iri uzivi hunovimbika hwedare, vatsigiri vayo vanofanira kupfuurira kuvandudza rondedzero, zvikurukuru mumativi okuvaka neshanduro yebumbiro remitemo. Vanofanirawo kutaura nenzira yakananga ganhuriro dzemutoo wacho (kubvuma kuti zvimwe zvinetso zvapanguva ino hazvigoni kupedzwa nenzvero yenhau yoga. Chimiro chakadzikama, icho chinoremekedza revo yapakuvamba sechinomanikidzirwa chinokosha nepo vachizivawo dikanwo yokurangarira kwetsika nemubato wedemocracy, zvingapa nzira yakanakisisa mberi. Pakupedzisira, kubudirira kwechinjo yemavambo kuchatsamira pasimba rayo rokugovera mhinduro dzinongoerekana dzatoitika, asi pasimba rayo rokuparira chinyorwa chemitemo icho chiri zvose zviri zviviri kutendeka kunguva yakapfuura uye kupindura nguva yemberi.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamavambo edzidziso yeChikristu nedenho dzayo, ona: [[FLT: 0] STRANF [FLT MPUNDO] ; [[FLT]]-Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLT:] [25] [25]-5] mirangariro mizhinji nemhindurodziro ; [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT]