Sumo

Mvura ndiyo chinhu chinokosha chezvinhu zvipenyu, tsika, uye upfumi () uye kunzanga dzinogara, ine zvinhu zvikuru zvomudzimu, zvinoshanda, uye zvinotonga. Kunyange zvakadaro kudzorwa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura kunoramba kuri imwe yenzvimbo dzinokakavadzana zvikuru muutarisiri hwenyika, umo kurambwa kwenhau kunobonderana nemitemo yemitemo yazvino uno. Marudzi munyika ose anotarisana nezvinetso zvinoramba zvichipfuurira mukuchengetedza kusvika kwakakwana, kuchengeta kunaka kwemvura, uye kushandisa kodzero dzawo dzokuberekwa kumvura. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera kudzikamiswa kwemiitiro yemvura uye kutarisirwa kwenyika, kuongorora midzi yenhau yazvino uno, mhinganidzo, uye nzira dzokutonga kwazvino uno. Kunzwisisa izvi simba kunokosha nokuda kwavagadziri vemiitiro, vatsigiriri, vatsigiri vemhoteredzo, uye nzanga dzinoshanda kuti dziwirirane makwikwidzano okukwidza uchangamire uchangamire uye ruzivo rwenyika.

Nhoroondo Yezvidzidzo Zvemvura

Kubviswa Kwenyika Yacho Nokurambwa Kwamaruramiro Emvura Orudzi

Mavambo emiitiro yemvura yanhasi inodenha kudzokera shure mazana amakore. Hurumende dzekokoroni muNorth America, Australia, New Zealand, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaisa nenzira yakarongwa mitemo yemvura iyo yaifuratira gadziriro dzokutonga kwevagari vemo. MuUnited States, Doctrine of Discovery nebvumirano dzinotevera kazhinji kazhinji dzinochengeterwa marudzi asi dzinotaura zvishomanene pamusoro pemvura inopa mari inoparirwa nyika dzeInditional Inditional kuti dzirwise maruramiro ayo ayo akanga asingawanzopiwi. United Declaractment on the Rights of Ivolugity Peoples (UNDRIP)[FLD] zvino inosimbisa maruramiro omutemo oudzoka nokusimbisa masangano akasiana napamutemo, asi kupfuurira kuzivikanwa.

Dzidziso Yakachengeterwa Kodzero Neganhuriro Dzayo

Mumutemo weU.S., Winters Doctrine (1908) yakasimbisa kuti apo kukakavadzana kwakagadzirwa, mvura yakakwana yakachengetwa kuti izadzike chinangwa chenzvimbo yacho. Zvisinei, kuyera kodzero idzodzo (kuzivikanwa seIndian Leadern Water Rights) kwakabvumikisa kuva kwakaoma zvikuru. Marudzi anowanzotarisana namakumi amakore efundo dzinotemesa mvura, uye kuramba kwezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kunyika dzinodzika. Nenzira yakafanana, muCanada, Chikamu 35 cheConstitution Act chinoziva vaAborigine and kodzero dzesungano, asi matare ave achingwarira pamusoro pekodzero dzemvura, achisiya Marudzi mazhinji okutanga asina pamutemo. Mabo Crea (1992) anozivikanwa nezita renyika dzokumusha, asi masangano ehurumende anounganidza mvura kazhinji kacho ane ropafadzo yokutarisira upfumi nedzinobuda pamusoro pemvura.

Zivo Yegamuchidzanwa Nemiitiro Yetsika Zvinovapo

Nzanga dzemo, kubva paMāori weNew Zealand kusvikira kuAnishimaabe yeGreat Lakes, dzakakudziridza gadziriro dzokudzora mvura dzakaisvonaka dzakatangira mukucherekedza kwechizvarwa nemutoro womudzimu. Mitemo yeColonian yakadzvinyirira nenzira inoshingaira miitiro iyi, ichiitsiva nemienzaniso yakadzorwa. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kurasikirwa kuviri: Kudzora kwechizvarwa chapasi kwakaregwa, uye uchenjeri hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo hwakaiswa mumagamuchidzanwa iwayo hwakabatanidzwa. Nhasi, mutumbi unokura wezvinyorwa zvokunzvera kuti zivo yeIvondiveri inovandudza sei kubatira mvura inochengeta, asi zvivako zvemiitiro kazhinji kazhinji haisiri kushatambira.

Zvinetso Zvemitemo Yemvura Yazvino

Makumi amakore pashure pokunge kubviswa kwapamutemo kwavamba, udzori hwemvura hwevagari vemo hunoramba huri mumisungo yepamutemo, yezvakatipoteredza, uye yemhoteredzo. Idzi denho hadzisi dzoga kana kuti dzinopesana; dzinosiana nenharaunda, mugariro webvumirano, uye manyuko. Asi mitoo inozivikanwa navose inovapo.

Gakava Remitemo Nerezvokupomerwa

Makakatanwa pamusoro pechitsama chemvura, mipimo yezvinokosha, uye chiremera chokuita zvisarudzo zvakatekeshera Infore-statial. MuUnited States, Colorado River Basin inzvimbo inotarwa: ndudzi dzine dzimwe dzekodzero dzakaresa, bva purogiramu zhinji dzinoshaikwa mbika kushandisa mvura yavakagoverwa, nepo vashai veIndiyania vasiri vadzo vanotsauka. Juricriginal davial iri pakati pomugati, Hurumende yeruwa inoita kuti pave nemisiyano. Somuenzaniso, Kurapa kwemvura kwakachena sechirongwa cheHurumende seHurumende (TAS) kunobvumira ndudzi dzakawanda kugadza mipimo yemvura, asi chikamu bedzi chezvikamu chakaregwa chamarudzi anogamuchirwa. Pasina chiremera chinoshatirwa kushatiswa munyika dzakawanda.

MuCanada, [[FT:0] Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia (2014 Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa zita rembiri reAborigine renyika, asi maruramiro emvura akabatanidzwa nezita iroro anoramba ari pamutemo. Marudzi okutanga anowanzozviwana amene ari mudare kuti adzivise kana kuti kutsiva kuyambuka kwepaipi, zvirongwa zvemadhamu, uye kubvisa kwenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzinogadzirwa zvinhu. Inignendiod anobvisa mari yezviwanikwa zvenzanga, anononotsa zvirongwa zvenzanga zvinodikanwa, uye anosiya Hurumende yeI.

Kuganhurirwa Kuwana Ropafadzo

Zvichida chiratidzo chakajeka zvikurusa chokukundikana kwemiitiro yemvura kushata kwemvura huru namabasa etsvina. PaNavajo, nzvimbo hurusa muUnited States, inenge 30% yavagari vemo havana mvura inoyerera (imwe nhamba huru kupfuura munyika zhinji dzichiri kubudirira. Mhuri dzinodhonza mvura mumatsime avose kana kuti kutenga mvura mumabhodhoro nemari yakawanda. Chinetso hachisi chakasiyana neSouthwest: Marudzi okutanga muCanada akawana mvura inovira kwenguva refu inopfuurira kwemakore akawanda kana makumi amakore. MuAustralia, nzanga dziri kure dzeAborigine dzakatarisana nokusachengeteka kwemvura kwenguva refu, nedzimwe dzinotsamira pamaroritari kana kuti manyuko asingarapiswi.

Zvisakiso zvikuru zvinobatanidza zvirongwa zvegadziriro dzepfuma dzisina kutsarukana, mhinganidzo dzehurumende, uye kuva kure kwenzanga dzakawanda. Zvirongwa zvemibato yemasangano zvemvura yeIndian Health Service zvinowanzosavapo; zvirongwa zvemibatanidzwa zvemvura zvinoda kushayikwa. Uyezve, zvigadzikiso zvemvura zvakagadzirirwa nokuda kwenzvimbo dzomumaguta zvingasashanda zvakanaka munzvimbo dzakaoma kana kuti dziri dzoga. Zvirongwa zvenzanga zvinobatanidza kucheka mvura yegamuchidzanwa kana kuti kutora mvura pasi pemari hazviwanzoiswa mumugariro wazvo namasangano anobhadhakisa mari.

Kuparadza Nhaka

Nyika dzomunzvimbo dzinogara nemvura dzinotapurwa zvikuru nokuchera, kubudisa simba, kurima kwamaindasitiri, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Dakota Access Pillet paSignal Rock yakaratidzira kuti chirongwa chimwe chepfuma chinogona sei kutyisidzira manyuko emvura ose edzinza, asi rwisano dzakadaro dzinoitika zuva nezuva munyika yose. Mercury kubva kumigodhi yendarama inoshatisa nzizi muPeruvian Amazon inoshandiswa navanhu vemorive. Kuvhiya kwakarongwa muNorth Dakota kwakabatanidza kuteura kunoparira kucherwa pedyo nenzvimbo. Accuricioter inotakura mishonga yezvipembenene nefresa mvura inoshaisa mvura muGreat Lakes, inoparadza kushata kwendudzi dzemaruwa nemvura.

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunowedzera izvi. Mazaya echando anoderedza mvura inoyerera muzhizha izvo nzanga dzezvizvarwa zvinotsamira paAlaska neAndes. Chimurenga chinowedzera makwikwi emvura muAmerican Southwest, umo ndudzi dzine kodzero dzemvura dzakakwirira dzinomanikidzirwa kuaita kuti akure maguta. Mwero yegungwa inopinza mungozi misha yeIniziyan neArctic, ichimanikidza kudzongonyedza nzanga dzinovhiringidza ukama hwemakore akawanda nemvura. Kugadziridza kwemitemo kunoramba kuchiderera uye kuchikamuka; nyika dzakawanda dzinoshaiwa gadziriro dzakasimba dzokudzivirira manyuko emvura kubva mukuwedzera kwemichina yemaindaneti muLouisiana neArctic, inopinza miuyo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yebasa.

Mikaha Yemitemo Nokuparadzwa Kwegadziriro

Kunyange apo mitemo inowanika papepa kuti idzivirire maruramiro emvura, kushandiswa kunowanzova kuduku. Kuwedzera kupfuvura, Mitemo, uye Inbigning Conpese (FPIC), nheyo huru yeUNDRIP, haiwanzomanikidzirwa mukugovera migove yemvura. Mukushanda, hurumende namasangano zvinopfuurira nezvirongwa pamusoro pezvirambidzo zvedzinza, kuvimba kuti matare achapa muripo unotsiva panzvimbo pemirairo. Kupfuurirazve, mutemo wemvura munyika zhinjisanoramba wakamanikidzirwa kudzidziso dzepfuma nedzoro, kusiira kamuri duku nokuda kwemiedzo yeIvatoria vadzo vadzorwi vanotonga nyika dzinorangarira mvura sechivimbo chavose kana kuti chinhu chipenyu. Somuenzaniso, matare eNew Zealand akapiwa vanhu mu2017, achirumbidzwa semanyuko anenge anenge anonoka, uye anorwisana nedzimwe nzizi dzinonzi Māi dzinopfuurira kurwirawo nokuda kwenzinzinzi.

Zvirongwa Zvokugadzirisa Zvinetso Zvemiitiro Yemvura

Kuchinja nzira iripo zvino kunoda nzira yakasiyana - siyana inoda kuti izivikanwe zviri pamutemo, sangano renzanga, kuisa zvinhu mubhizimisi, kudzivirira mhoteredzo, uye kudzora kunoshanda pamwe chete. Nzira dzinotevera hadzina kudzokororwa, asi dzinomirira nzira dzakabvumikiswa kana kuti dzinovimbisa.

Kuzivikanwa Mumutemo Nokubatanidzwa Kwamaruramiro Emvura Omunyika

Cherekedza, kodzero dzemvura dzinomanikidzirwa ndedzehwakavakirwa. muUnited States, purogiramu yeWaterSMART[ yeGuaustration yakatsigira nzvimbo dzekodzero dzemvura dzemadzinza dzinobatanidza zvitsaudzo, zvirongwa zvemari, uye kugadzira zvivako zvokudzora. Pakati pa 1978 na 2023, nzvimbo dzinopfuura 30 dzemvura dzakatangwa neCongress, kuendesa uchokwadi nezviwanikwa. Zvisinei, ndudzi dzakawanda hadzisati dzabatanidzwa. Kuwedzera mutemo wokubatanidza mamiriro okubatanidza, uye kuvimbisa kuti nzvimbo dzinobatanidza gadziriro dzokuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu enzvimbo nevhu ndidzo dzinodzivirira. muCanada, kuzivikanwa kwekodzero dzemvura dzevaAborigine vemo dzinopfuvura dzinopfuudzwa nemitemo yedare redare renyika dzinofanira kukurumidza kuwanda.

Kutarisirwa Kwemvura Kwakaiswa Munzvimbo Nekubatanidzwa Kwezivo Yamagamuchidzanwa

Nzanga dzinogara munyika dzinogara hadzisingoriwo zvavo vachengeti vekodzero navachengeti vezivo. Apo ndudzi dzinodzora kutarisirwa kwemvura kwadzo dzimene, miuyo inovandudzika. White Earth Band of Ojibwe muMinnesota, somuenzaniso, dzakatanga gadziriro yemvura yakakwana yakavakirwa paAnishimaabe ye [FLT] NIGibi Gigami[ [Mazi Makurusai amo a] (Mazi Makuru sehama) uye kushandisa mutemo wedzinza kudzora kurasika mvura. Nenzira yakafanana, Kamayoq yemaza yemazaya ePeru yemas yakamukobheki yakamutsiridzazve unyanzvi hwokucheka mvura hunochengetedzwa nokuda kwemisha yavo. Vaiti vemitengi vanofanira kutsigira mari, vanotsigira kudzosera uchangamire uchangamire hwehurumende, uye kuita kuti pave nokuzivisa zivo yetsika yetsika.

Kugadzirwa Kwemari Nemaumbirwo Enyika

Kuvhara mukaha wokuwana mvura kunoda mari yakatsigiswa, inochinjika. Chibvumirano cha2021 cheU.S. chinopa miuyo yemari yeIn Health Service chinobatanidza mari itsva inokosha nokuda kwegadziriro dzemvura dzeIndian Health Service, asi kugadzirwa kwave kuchiderera. Zvikamu zvakawanda, zvinhu zvakanaka: zvinofanira kugadzirwa nezvinoiswa munzanga, zvichishandisa ruzivo rwakakodzera sepombi dzezuva, kucheka mvura yemvura, uye gadziriro dzokurapa dzakakodzera. Kurovedza vashandi vomunharaunda nokuchengeta nguva refu mari kunokosha. Zvirongwa zvakafanana nerongedziro dzechiwirirano dzemvura munzanga IFLT:0] EPA'S program yeChirongwa cheNyakagadzirirwa cheDidziro yezuva, zvinogovera muenzaniso kupfurikidza nokupa rubatsiro rwebasa uye kupiwa maIPromenzi dzinofanira kuwedzerwa.

Dziviriro Dzakasimbiswa Dzemhoteredzo Negoridhe Rakatsvedzerwa

Nzanga dzemo dzinofanira kuva nechiremera chine revo chokudzivirira mvura dzadzo pakushatiswa. Ikoku kunobatanidza mano okuisa mipimo yakanaka zvikuru kupfuura mipimo yepasi pedural jenial .Isimba iro purogiramu yeTAS inogovera asi rakaderedzwa nemhaka yesimba rapashoma. Gadziriro dzeko dzehurumende dzinogonawo kuchinja rwisano kuva . Somuenzaniso, Klamath River Basin muCalifornia ne Oregon akaona kuti damu gurusa muU.S. nhau inodzorwa mu2024, yakadzorwa namakumi amakore esimba rakabva ku Yurok, Karuk, uye mamwe madzinza akanga ari matsoro. Kugadziriswa kwemhoteredzo inovapo kunovimbisa betsero nokuda kwehove, runako rwemvura, uye miitiro yetsika. Mitengodzodzodzo inoda tsigiro, kuvaka dzidzo yesimba mu 2024, uye kugoverano yokutarisira chiremera.

Kuita Mitemo Yakaoma uye Kutora Rutivi Rwomunyika

Gadziriro yemvura haigoni kuitwa [ nokuda kwe nzanga dzemo pasina kubatanidzwa kwadzo kwakananga. Kubatira pamwe kunoshanda kunoreva zvinopfuura kubvunza kwechiito; kunoda kuti pave nemitemo inowirirana, mitumbi inobatana inoita zvisarudzo, uye mifananidzo inowirirana pamapazi emvura. Kukurukurirana kweNational Water Policy yeCanada kwakabatanidza utungamiriri hweMarudzi rwokutanga, asi pesvedzero chaiyoiyo inoramba isingawirirani. Hurumende yeHawaii’s Commission on Water Resource Management zvino inobatanidza mumiririro weHawaii, uye mapoka enyika dzemo yeAustralia ari kuwana chigadziko patafura kupfurikidza neNational Water I iyation. Nhavitive. Idzi dzi nhamburiko dzinofanira kuwedzerwa ndokukudzorwa.

Kuongorora Kutarisirwa Kwemvura Kwevagari Vomunyika

Rudzi rweNavajo: Kurwira Kumhanya Nemvura

Navajo Navajo, inopa Arizona, New Mexico, uye Utah, inoenzanisira ukoshi hwenzvimbo dzemarongerwo enzvimbo. Kwamakumi amakore, mari yehurumende yezvirongwa zvemvura panzvimbo yacho yakaderera kushaiwa. Mutemo wezvivako 2021 wakagovera zvikurukuru nokuda kwemvura yeUniversity yeIndian Health Meeting negadziriro dzetsvina yetsvina mundudzi dzose, asi Navajo roga rinofungidzira kuti rinoda mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni $4 (Z $4 000 000 000) kuti ribatanidze misha yose. Munguva ino, vagari vemo vanotsamira pavareyi voga mvura, vachipedzera mugove mukuru wemari yavo pamvura. Mapoka akafanana neNavajo Mvura yemvura yakaisirwa panzvimbo yeNavajo akaisa panzvimbo dzemvura dzemvura dzemvura pamazana emhuri, asi inoda kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvicharamba zvichidzorwa.

Māori neRwizi rwaWhangui: Kutendeutswa sechishandiso

Muna 2017, New Zealand yakaita Te Awa Tupua Act, ichibvuma zviri pamutemo kuti Rwizi rwaWhangui rwaiva chinhu chipenyu chine kodzero dzarwo. Mutemo wakatanga boka rine Māori naHurumende kuti ribate rwizi, uye yakabvuma kubatana kwakadzama kwomudzimu pakati peWhanganui iwi (rudzi) nerwizi. Kunyange zvazvo chiito chacho chakarumbidzwa sechinhu chitsva, chinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma: Boka rinoshanda mukati memasangano ehurumende aripo okutarisira zvinhu zvemari, uye iwi inoshuma kushatiridzika kunofambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma nokuna nokuna nokunatsiridza mvura. Naizvozvo, muenzaniso wepamutemo wakakurudzira nhamburiko dzakafanana muCanada (nokureva Magpie River) uye India, kuratidza kuti pfungwa dzapamutemo dzinogona kudzora apo hurumende inotonga.

Kudyidzana Kwemahombekombe Orudzi

Anishimaabe ndudzi dzakapoteredza Great Lakes dzakasimudzira muenzaniso wekutonga pamwe chete kwechibvumirano. Chibvumirano cha1836 cheWashington chakapa mitezo yedzinza kodzero dzokuredza muGreat Lakes uye mvura dziri mukati menyika, uye muna 2000, Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakatsigira maruramiro iwayo mu United States v. Michigan[[FL:1]. Kubvira ipapo, ndudzi dzakatora rutivi mukutarisira kwezvokuresa nomuChippea Ottany Resource Authority (CORA). Nepo Dare remvura rapamusoro-doodoose rakaparira miuyo yemvura, iri nzanga ine miuyo inoparira miuyo yemvura, ndudzi: Michigan ine dziviriro yemvura, nhevedzano pamusoro pemageactricrime. Chibvumirano ichocho chinoratidzira maruramiro okushanda nesimba chibvumirano chinoitwa kuva chibvumirano chinoitwa.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzemvura dzinodenha kutarisirwa kwenyika dzinogara dzinoparirwa nemhesano dzenhau, kusava nomutemo, kusaregeredzwa kwemarongerwo ezvivako, uye dzvinyiriro dzemhoteredzo (8) asi hadzichinji. Fambiro mberi inoda kuziva kuti kodzero dzemvura dzevagari vemo hadzisi kungotaura zvezvinhu; iratidziro dzouchangamire, tsika, uye mutoro kuzvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Kubva kuChinembichisyini kusvika kuUNDRIP, mapuraneti epamutemo aripo, asi anofanira kuitwa zvizere uye kukudzwa. Mitengo yemitengo inofanira kuremekedza zvirongwa zveICOMY - COMFS uye kuvaka. Kudzivirira kwetsika kunofanira kusimbiswa kupfurikidza nokubatana kwezivo yegamuchidzanwa.

Nzira iri mberi ndeimwe yeyananiso nokudzorerwa () kubvuma zvikanganiso zvomunguva yakapfuura nepo gadziriro dzokuvaka dzinotsigira kodzero dzemvura dzavanhu vomunyika imwe chete senheyo yenyika dzine utano, nzanga dzinosimba, uye mvura inotsigirwa nokuda kwavose. Kukurumidzira kukuru, asi ndozvakaitawo banza. Nechitsidzo chakasimba, kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kudisa kudzidza muuchenjeri hwakapinzwa mumagamuchidzanwa emvura ekwazvakaberekerwa, nyika inogona kufamba ichienda kumiitiro yemvura inoshanda ruramisiro nedzikamo yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo.