Sumo

Kushanda kwepachivande uye kuongorora zvishandiso zvinokosha izvo masangano anochengetedza mutemo anovimba nazvo kuongorora nokuparadza bhizimisi routsotsi, kudzivisa kurwisa kwemagandanga, uye kudzivirira kuchengeteka kwevanhu. Kubva pakupinda kwemakambani ezvinodhaka nguva refu kusvikira kusori dzinonzi dzemagetsi, nzira idzi dzinobvumira zviremera kuunganidza ufakazi hungadai hukaramba hwakavanda. Zvisinei, simba rokuchengeta, zvinyorwa, uye kufambidzana nevagari vemo vane ngozi huru yokubatwa zvisina kufanira uye kudzorwa maruramiro makuru. Kubatanidza mirairo yemitemo inoshanda uye dziviriro dzamabumbiro remitemo, gadziriro yemitemo inoda kuti zvimiro zvizhinjisa zvekunzvera kana kuti basa revhure zvibvumirwe nekodzero nokuda kweizvi zviratiro zvinokosha nokuda kwavarati, vagadziri vemiitiro, uye munhu upi noupi anoitira hanya nekodzero dzehurumende.

Nyaya ino inopa kunzvera kune udzame kwemuitiro wekubvumidzwa sezvakunoshanda kumabasa echivande nokunzverwa. Inonzvera fandesheni yebumbiro remitemo, marudzi chaiwo ezvibvumikiso zvinoshandiswa, mitemo yakakomba inofanira kugutsa kuzviwana, uye miitiro yokutarisira inovimbisa kutevedzerwa. Panosvika mugumo, varavi vachava nenzwisiso yakazara yezvose zviri zviviri kukodzera kubatira sechidzitiro chechivande chomunhu oga nechinokosha chinovhura chiito chapamutemo chokunzvera.

Tsitsi yeBumbiro reMitemo: Kudzivirirwa Kwechina

Chinodikanwa chemitemo mukushanda kwoungwaru uye kunzvera chinotangira zvikurukuru kuGadziro Yechina kusvikira kuBumbiro Remitemo reU.S.

maruramiro avanhu okuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, hazvisati zvichizoputswa, uye hapana vaWarrits vachamuka, asi pazvikonzero sezvinobvira, zvinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti chibvumikiso, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo ichanzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvokubatwa..

Mutauro uyu unosimbisa chinhu chikuru: Kunzvera kupi nokupi kana kuti kubatwa nechisimba kunovhozhokera pakariro ine mufungo yomunhu yokuva woga hakunzwisisiki nenzira inoshamisa kutoti kuchiitwa kudivi raingatsigirwa nechisakiso chinobvira nerondedzero yakarovedzeka. Nokuda kwokushanda kwokuvanza nokunzvera, ikoku kunoreva kuti mibato yakadai sokuvhura, kuisa vagadziri vemikoto yeGPS, kupinda mumusha munyengedzo dzenhema, kana kuti kushandisa makamera akavanzika munzvimbo dzapachivande kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kacho inoda pamutemo. Dare rapamusoro rinosimbiswazve nguva dzose kuti kunzvera kusingabvumirwiswi, kwete mutemo.

Mupimo Unosakafanira Wezvinoparira

Chisakiso chehwaro hweidi ripi neripi ringabvira kuva chisakiso. Chisakiso chinobvira chiripo apo hwerengedzo yemigariro ingatungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti utsotsi hwave huripo, hwave huri, kana kuti huchaitwa, uye kuti ufakazi hwokuti utsotsi huchawanwa munzvimbo kana kuti kupfurikidza nemitoo inorehwa. Iyi inhevero haisati iri yechokwadi asi inopfuura fungidzirowo zvayo. Mumashoko akapoteredza mabasa epachivande, sezvinobvira chisakisa mutongi kupa maruramiro okushandisa. Somuenzaniso, kuwana maruramiro ewatendi yomutemo, kunofanira kuratidzira kuti pane chisakiso chinobvira kudavira kuti kurukurirano chakananga pamusoro poutsotsi ichawanikwa.

Zvinodiwa Kuti Uve Nounhu Hwako

Chibvumirano cheChina chinorairawo kuti chibvumikiso zvikurukuru chirondedzere nzvimbo inofanira kunzverwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Kunzverwa, ikoku kunoreva kuti chibvumikiso chinofanira kududza nzvimbo yapachinotsvakirwa kana kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe, rudzi rwokunzverwa runobvumirwa (g., kuongorora kwamavhidhiyo, kuvhara kwenzwi), uye urefu hwekushanda. Zviratidzo zvavakuru izvo zvinopa kungwarira mutemo kuteererwa kwakafara zvinorambidzwa. Chinodikanwa chaicho chinodzivisa kufamba kunorevedza uye chinovimbisa kuti kuvhozhotera kunowirirana nokunzvera.

Basa Repamutemo Revarwi Mumabasa Aiitwa Vavanda uye Mushandirapamwe

Marudzi akasiana - siana emibato yakavanda neyokunzvera anodzorwa nemirairo yakasiana - siana negadziriro dzapamutemo. Nepo vose vachifanira kuwirirana neGaramende rechina, Congress nevanogadza mitemo yakananga iyo inogadza miitiro ine udzame yokuwana maruramiro mumativi akapoteredza akati. Kunzwisisa aya magadziriro anokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi hunounganidzwa hunoshanda mudare uye kuti vakuru vakuru havafaniri kuratidzirwa kukuva mhaka yavagari vemo.

Kutsvaka Kunoitirwa Vanhu

Kutsvaka ndirwo rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa rwetsamba dzinoshandiswa mukushanda kwovuvanza. Vanobvumira mutemo kupinda nzvimbo dzakati kana kuti motokari ndokutsvaka zvinhu zvinoumba ufakazi hweutsotsi. Muzvinoitika zvapachivande, rugwaro rwokutsvaka rungashandiswa kutora, magwaro, kana kuti makombiyuta pashure pechishandiso chemichina yapachivande yaita kuti chitengwa kana kuti mubato usiri wapamutemo. Chibvumikiso chinofanira kurondedzera nzvimbo yacho kuti inzverwe nezvinhu zvakaringafanira kubatwa. Kutsvaka kwechibvumirano kungabatanidza kupinda kwakabatana neboka ramanomano, uko kungabatanidza nokushanda kunopfuurira. [[FLT:]

Vatambi Vemawaya Emagetsi (Title III)

Kuvhura runhare(kudzorwa kwewaya, kutaura, kana kuti kurukurirano dzemagetsi dzemagetsi) ndicho chimiro chinodzorwa zvikurusa chetsororoso uye chinodzorwa neTitle III yeOmnibus Crime Control neSafe Streets ya 1968 (kusimbiswa pa 18 U.S.C.). Thiti III inoisa zvinodikanwa zvisingabviri pachikonzero. Kuwana murairo, mutevedzero womutemo unofanira kuratidza:

  • chisakiso chakarurama [ icho munhu ari kuita, akaita, kana kuti ava kuda kuita mhaka chaiyo (mutoo., kuponda, kutengesa mirimo, ugandanga).
  • [ chisakiso chakafanira [ chokuti kurukurirano chaiyo pamusoro pemhosva iyoyo ichawanwa kupfurikidza nokudzivisa.
  • Miitiro yokunzvera [ yakaedzwa ndokukundikana, kana kuti nenzira ine mufungo kunoratidzika kuva isingabviri kana ikaedzwa, kana kuti ine ngozi zvikuru.
  • [ Miitiro yokuita kuti kuve nokusadzorwa iripo kuderedza nhevedzo yekurukurirano dzisiri dzenguva dzose.

Zvibvumikiso zvefoni zvinopiwa bedzi nokuda kwenhambo yakaganhurirwa (murezvikamu 30 zvamazuva, nefutunuko dzinobvira) uye zvinoda mishumo yefambiro mberi yenhambo nenhambo kumutongi. Tsamba yeMutongi yeCriminal Resource Manual[[[FLT: 1]] udzame hwemiitiro inofanira kutevera pakukumbira nokuda kweTitle III Reacts.

Vatambi Vemibato (Mabhuku Anonyoreswa Kuresa & Musungo neTrace, GPS, Vidhiyo)

Kupfuura kurova, dzimwe nzira dzokunzvera dzinoda maruramiro kana kuti zvirango zvedare pasi pemirau chaiyo:

  • REBS and Trace Bitting and Trace Disk : Aya makombiyuta anorekodha nhiyo dzemafoni akasununguka nedzisingabudiriri (asi asingari mukati). Pen Register and Trace Sigmentte (18 U.S.C. . . 311-327) inoda mirau yedare yakavakirwa pachreding kuti mashoko anokosha kunzverwa kwetsotsi kunopfuurira (akaderera mupimo kupfuura chisakiso chinobvira.
  • Kutsvaka[: Mu United States v. Jones (2012), Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti kuisa mutengi weGPS mumotokari kunoumba kunzvera pasi peGPS yeGeneral Amendment uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoda maruramiro anotsigirwa nezvisakiso zvinobvira. Masangano akawanda zvino ane mitemo yakananga inodzora GPS.
  • Vidiyo Surveillance[[FLT: 1]: Muenzaniso wedare wakatanga kuti kutarisirwa kunopfuurira kwevhidhiyo kwenharaunda dzakavanzika (kwakadai somukati womusha kana kuti hofisi yomunhu oga) kunoda mvumo. Nemhaka dzenharaunda dzavose, hapana rugwaro runodikanwa zvarwo, asi kunzvera kwenguva refu kana kuti kunoitirwa donzo kunganyandura dziviriro dzeGenese Amendment.

Marudzi ose eidzi dzinoraira anofanira kusvitsa chinodikanwa chakananga() kutsaura nzvimbo, nguva, uye mutoo wokunzvera. Mamwe madzorerwe anodawo vatongi kurangarira zvimwe zvinotsiva zvishoma zvinodzorwa pamberi pokubvumira kunzvera kwenhambo refu yevhidhiyo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuwana Mushandi

Kutevedzerwa kwemitemo kunofanira kuitwa kuti kubvumirwe kutongwa nokuongororwa pachivande.

Chisakiso Chinosarudzwa

Sezvacherechedzwa, chisakiso chinobvira inheyo. Chinofanira kuvakirwa pamaidi nemigariro muzivo yomukuru mukuru uyo angada munhu wengwariro ine mufungo kudavira kuti utsotsi hwaitika uye ufakazi huchawanikwa. Maidi anofanira kuiswa muapidhi yapikirwa. Kuteerera kubva kuvazivi vanovimbika kunogona kurangarirwa, asi matare anoshandisa muedzo we "mitengo yemigariro" kuwana kuvimbika nohwaro hwezivo.

Affidavit neOath

Kushanda kuri kwose kunofanira kubatanidza chibvumikiso chapikirwa chinobva kumukuru mukuru anoona nezvokushanda kwomutemo. Affidavit anofanira kurondedzera kunzvera, maidi anotsigira chisakiso chinobvira, nzvimbo chaiyo kana kuti chipfuro, uye rudzi rwenzvero kana kuti basa rapachivande rakakumbirwa. Mukuru mukuru anopika pasi pechirango chekuti mashoko acho ndeechokwadi. Kana kuti affidavit ine mashoko enhema kana kuti zvirevo zvinoitwa nokuzvidza zvokwadi nenzira yokusangwarira, murairo wacho ungabviswa pasi pe [[FLT: 0] Frankss v. Delirew [FLD]

Zvakananga Nenguva Yacho

Chibvumikiso chinofanira kududza nechakananga chinobvumirwa. Nokuda kwechibvumikiso chokutsvaka, ikoku kunoreva kuronga zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Nokuda kwechiratidzo chokunzvera, kunoreva kurondedzera chinodheererwa, mutoo (muchirevo, "video kunyorwa kwepakati peMazita 3B pa 123Main Street"), uye nhambo yenguva. Mitemo yorudungwe inokashairira: Zvibvumikiso zvewaya yewarttap zvinofanira kuganhurirwa kumazuva 30, nepo zvibvumidzo zvichifanira kuurawa munguva ine mufungo (kazhinji 10-14 mazuva). Mutendi anofanirawo kutaura kuti ingaurawa bedzi mukati me masikati kutoti mutongi abvumidza kuurawa usiku nokuda kwechisakiso chakanaka.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kuongorora Kusatora Rutivi

Gavhuna bedzi asina kutora rutivi uye asina kuvimbika angapa maruramiro. Mutongi anohwirudzura mutongi uye angabvunza mukuru mukuru kujekesa maidi. Mutongi anofanira kuita chisarudzo chakazvimirira icho chinobvira chiripo. Kana mutongi akawana kumbiriso isina kukwana, maruramiro acharambwa. Iyi nzvero yedare idziviriro inokosha mukurwisana nemunyengeri.

Mabasa Averevedza Pasina Vasingabudiriri: Mazano Akasiyana - siyana uye Kuganhurirwa

Matare akaziva kuti pane zvakawanda zvakasiyana nezvinodiwa, kunyanya kana pasina kutarisirwa kunoitwa kuti munhu avimbe nevamwe kana kuti kana mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma achida kuti vakurumidze kuita chimwe chinhu.

Kubvumira

Kana munhu ane chiremera panzvimbo kana kuti nzvimbo achibvuma nokuzvidira kusecha kana kuti kuvapo kwomumiriri akavanzika, hapana murairo unodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru wechivande angapinda mumusha kana mugari wemo achivakoka. Zvisinei, mvumo inofanira kupiwa norusununguko, kwete kumanikidzwa. Darewo rinonzvera kana mutendi wacho akanga ane chiremera chaicho kana kuti chiri pachena. ZVIPROFESA ZVINOSHANDIKA pachivanda zvinokurukurawo pamusoro pekubvumirana uye nzira dzokunyengera.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Kana mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo munzvimbo ndokuona ufakazi hweutsotsi mukuona kwakajeka, vangahutora pasina maruramiro. Nokuda kwavashandi vechivande, ikoku kunoreva kuti kana vakakokwa kupinda mumusha ndokuona kuvengwa patafura, vanogona kuhushuma ndokutsvaka rugwaro runotevera rwokuhutora. Dzidziso yakajeka haibvumiri kupinda; inongobvumira bedzi kubvumwa kwoufakazi hunowa nenzira isiri pamutemo.

Migariro Yakaoma

Apo kunenge kune tyisidziro yapakarepo kuupenyu, ngozi yoruparadziko rwava pedyo rwoufakazi, kana kuti kurondwa kwokukurumidza kwomunyumwiri anotiza, vakuru vakuru vangaita nzvero isina maruramiro kana kuti kunzvera. Somuenzaniso, kana mutengi wechivande akaziva kuti anonyumwirwa ava kuda kuparadza mirimo, vakuru vakuru vangapinda muzvivako pasina pamutemo. Mamiriro ezvinhu anorangarirwa pahwaro hwenhau, uye hurumende inotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa njodzi.

Kufarira Vanhu (Hapana Tariro Ine Mwero Yokuva Woga)

Mabasa omuchivande anoitika munzvimbo dzavose . zvakadai semapaki, migwagwa, kana kuti minda yakazaruka (pane nguva dzose hapadi pamutemo nemhaka yokuti vanhu havana kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga mune zvavanofumura vanhu. Mushandi wechombo anogona kucherechedza uye kunyora mabasa muruzhinji, kubatanidza kurukurirano dzokurekodha (dzinobvumira kubvumirana imwe inogutswa mumitemo yewaya yemasero). Zvisinei, kutevera kwakareba kupfurikidza neGPS kana kuti masero-sero kwavero kwaverwa kudzivirira [FLT] Sune Amendmentstions, sezvinoonekwa mu centerbatent v. United States]

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kungwarira: Kunyange muruzhinji, dzimwe nzira dzokuongorora nadzo, dzakadai sokushandisa dhiramu kuti utarise kuseri kweimba kana kuti telephoto lens kuti utore nguva yausingaonekwi, dzingadarika mutsetse uchipinda mukutsvaka kunoda rugwaro.

Matanho Okutarisira Nokuzvidavirira

Vatarisiri havasipo pasina chinhu; gadziriro dzakasimba dzokutarisira dzinoita kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwirirane nemitemo uye kusashandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera chinopiwa. matanho aya anokosha kuti vanhu varambe vachivimba uye kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti uchapupu hunowanwa hahubvumiki mudare.

Kutonga

Mutongi anobudisa chiremera chokutarisira zvinopfuurira. Zvibvumikiso zvewaya yewaya, mutongi angada mishumo yenhambo nenhambo pamusoro pefambiro mberi nenhamburiko dzinodukupisa. Pamhedziso yenzvero, mutongi anogamuchira rondedzero inoudzame zvakawirwa. Kana hurumende ikatadza kuwirirana nemigariro yedare, mutongi angadzvinyirira ufakazi kana kuti kuzvidza vakuru vakuru. Mamwe masangano anodawo kuti mutongi ahwirudzure mutevedzeri weaffidat uye maruramiro pashure pokuurawa kuti abvumikise kutende kutendwa.

Kushuma Kwomutemo

Mutemo weFederal unoda kuti Office yoUdhutu hweDare reU.S. ipe mushumo wegore negore kuCongress pamusoro penhamba yezvikumbiro zvewaya yetabletap, mvumo, uye kurambwa, pamwe chete nemhosva dzinobatanidzwa. Uku kuoneka kunobvumira vagadziri vemitemo navanhu kutarira kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvizhinjisa zvokunzvera. Hurumende dzinowanzoisa zvinodikanwa zvakafanana zvokushuma nokuda kwemitemo yapamutemo.

Vaongorori Vanowanzoongorora uye Kuongorora Zviri Mukati

Masangano anochengeta mutemo anowanzova namakamu amomu kana kuti mahofisi ebasa rebasa rinohwirudzura kuitwa kwemitemo. Department of Justice’s Office of the Inspector General mitoo yokunzvera nokunzvera [ mupokani wokunzverwa kusina kufanira kana kuti kunzvera kusina pamutemo. Uku kunzvera kwomukati kunogona kutungamirira kuchinjo dzemitemo, chiito chokuranga, uye, mumhaka hurusa, kupomera mhaka dzavapurisa vanoputsa mutemo namaune.

Kugadzirisa Kunoitwa Nevanhu Vose

Vanhu vane maruramiro anoputswa namabasa oungwaru apamutemo kana kuti kunzvera vangapomera mhaka vakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo namasangano pasi pa 42 U.S.C. 1983 (nokuda kwavatambi vehurumende) kana kuti zviito [. Vanogona kutsvaka kuvadziko neyamuro yeyamuro. Kupara mhaka kwete bedzi kutsiva vanyajambwa asi kunodzivisawo kusazvibata kwomunguva yemberi. Matare angabvisawo ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweRepublition Yechina mumutemo weRevolute, uko kunogona kuparira kurovererwa nokumanikidzira mutemo kuti zvikwaniswe kutsigira zvinodikanwa.

mhedziso

Chinodikanwa chinodikanwa inzvimbo inobvumirwa pamutemo yokushanda kwokuvanza nokuongorora. Chinovimbisa kuti simba guru rehurumende rokuongorora utsotsi rinoshandiswa nokudzorwa, kujeka, uye kuremekedza kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Kubva pakuratidzwa kwokutanga kwechisakiso chakatetepa chinobvumira chiito chisina pamutemo pamamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, mitemo inoratidzira ganhuriro yokungwarira pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko. Mutemo unofanira kufamba munzvimbo iyi yakaoma noururami, uchiziva kuti kukundikana kuchengetedza chiratidzo chakafanira kunogona kupinza mungozi kunzvera kwose uye kutungamirira kukudzvinyirira ufakazi hwakakomba. Panguva ino, miitiro yokutarisira yenhau iripo panguva ino.

Kunyanzvi, kuramba kuripo panguva ino paGaramisiti yeChina yeMitemo yePendekosti uye mitemo chaiyo zvinokosha.Kunzwisisa dziviriro idzi kunokosha kuti vakuru vakuru vazvisarudze. Sezvo ruzivo rwokuongorora runopfuurira kufambira mberi, kukurukurirana pamusoro pepanenge pachidiwa pasina mubvunzo kuchawedzera. Asi nheyo yacho inoramba isingachinji: Hurumende isati yapinda muupenyu hwemunhu oga hwevagari vemo, inofanira kutanga kuita kuti mutongi asina kwaakarerekera anzi anoruramiswa, aganhurirwe, uye anofanira.