Kutanga: Kudzikama Pakati Pezvinodiwa Nezvakavanzika

Makamera omuviri nokuongorora mavhidhiyo zvazova zvishandiso zvinokosha zvokushandisa kusimbisa mutemo wazvino uno, zvichipa mutoo wokubatanidza nawo rugwaro, kuunganidza ufakazi, uye kusimudzira kuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwazvo kunomutsa mibvunzo yapamutemo yakakomba pamusoro peapo rugwaro runodikanwa. Gadziriro yeChina kuUnited States inodzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha, uye iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kukushandiswa kweruzivo rwokurekodha. Kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvemitemo nokuda kwemakiramu emuviri nevhidhiyo kunokosha nokuda kwamasangano amapurisa, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vagari vemo vemo. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kwakajeka zvikuru mipimo yemitemo, kunze, uye mirangariro inoshanda kushandisirwa kweizvi zvishandiso zvokunzvera.

Mubatanidzwa Wechina We Amendement

Gadziriro yeChina yeSangano rePremende inoraira kuti mapurisa awane bviro yakavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira pamberi pokunzvera kana kuti kubvuta, kutoti chakasiana chikashandei. Dare Rapamusoro ragara richirangarira kuti chinodikanwa chakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kupinza muchivande kunodzokororwa namejasi wezvakavanzika. Mu Katz v. United States[FLT] [1967], Dare rakatanga “kutarisira kune mufungo kwoungwariro yezvakavanzika” uko kunoyera kana munhu ane kariro yakavanzika yakavanzika yechakavanzika yenzanga yakagadzirirwa kuziva seyakafanira.

Pasi pe KAtz, murairo unodikanwa kazhinji kazhinji apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunopindira munzvimbo kana kuti mubato umo munhu ane kariro ine mufungo yokuva oga. Ikoku kunobatanidza mukati memusha, muhofisi yomunhu, kana kuti mukati mekurukurirano dzavanhu. Nokupesana, mibato inoitiswa pachena kana kuti mumurangariro wakajeka haisati ine kariro imwe cheteyo, inobvumira mapurisa kunyora pasina pamutemo. Zvisinei, kuwanda kwemakhamera emuviri negadziriro dzokunzvera mavhidhiyo zvakadzikamiswa iyi mitsetse, zvinotungamirira kuzvinetso zvitsva zvapamutemo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvinoparirwa Nokuda Kwemamera Yomuviri

Makamera anopfekwa nemapurisa akagadzirwa kuti anyore zviitiko zvemumunda. Nemhaka yokuti vakuru vakuru vanowanzoshanda munzvimbo dzavose ne(street, paki, kana kuti kuvaka matura) Kariro dzezvakavanzika kazhinji kazhinji dzinoderera. Naizvozvo, zvibvumikiso hazvidiwi nokuda kwokutambira makamera anobatwa mumichina yokutarisisa kana kuti kumira kwemotokari munzvimbo dzavose. Dare Rapamusoro rakatogarotonga kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vasakarira kuva voga voga mune zvavanoratidzira kuvanhu, kunyange kana vari nhau yengwa namapurisa.

Nzvimbo Dzavose dzinodzivisa Interpretections

Calculus inochinja apo vakuru vakuru vanopinda muzvinhu zvakavanzika. Kana mukuru mukuru akapinda mumusha kana kuti bhizimisi nemvumo yomuridzi kana kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kujeka, makamera emuviri angarekodhwa pasina maruramiro. Zvisinei, kana kudzikamiswa kwomutemo kuronga kushandisa makamera omuviri kuti apedze chinyorwa mukati menzvimbo yokugara yakavanzika kana kuti munzvimbo umo kutaura kunokarirwa kuva kwakavanzika. Kwakadai sekamuri rokurara kana kuti hofisi yegweta yegweta kungadikanwa zvakakurumbira. Mhaka ye [[FLT: 0] United States v. Jones[FL:] [20] (20]) inoratidzira kuti kuisa chishandiso kuzvinhu kana kuti zvinhu zvakachengetedzwa munzvimbo inodzivirirwa nemitemo. [FLT] [FFFFF]

Uyezve, nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisa mitemo yakananga inodzora kushandiswa kwekamera. Somuenzaniso, mamwe mashoko anoda kuti vakuru vakuru vazivise vanhu pavanenge vachinyorwa kana vhidhiyo yacho ichiitika munzvimbo inotarisirwa kuti munhu aone zvinhu oga.

Kubvuma uye Kubatanidza Muviri

Kubvumira kugovera chisivirira chinodikanwa chavose. Kana munhu achibvuma kunyorwa, mativi ekamera emuviri kazhinji kazhinji haabvumiki kunyange pasina rugwaro. Zvisinei, kubvumirana kunofanira kuva kwokuzvidira, kuziviswa, uye kusina revo. Mukurovedza, vakuru vakuru vangangopa zano bedzi munyumwiri kana kuti uchapupu hwokuti vari kunyorwa, uye batira pamwe inopfuuridzirwa inogona kuumba kubvuma. Madare anoyera hwerengedzo yemigariro kuti aone kana munhu ane mufungo aizova akasununguka kuramba. Varwi vanofanira kubvumira nguva ipi neipi inobvira kudzivisa zviito zvokudzosa.

Chimwe chiono chakaoma: makamera omuviri anowanzorongwa kunyora nguva dzose mukati mechinjo, asi kubvisa kusingashandisi muviri kwakasarudzwa kunogona kumutsa nhau. Kana mukuru mukuru akamisa namaune kamera yomuviri asati apinda munharaunda yakavanzika kuti adzivise chinodikanwa chapamutemo, chiito ichocho chimene chingarangarirwa kuva chisiri pamutemo. Mamwe madhipatimendi ane mitemo inoda kuti makamera arambe aripo mukati mezvinoitika zvose zvine chokuita nomutemo, kutoti kana paine chikonzero chakavanzika chokuvhara.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokurwa Zvevhidhiyo

Kuongorora kwevhidhiyo, zvikurukuru apo kunoitwa nemakamera akagadzirirwa kana kuti zvishandiso zvokuvhara, kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza Gadziriro yeChina zvakananga zvikuru kupfuura makamera omuviri. Kutsunga kwekuti rugwaro runodikanwa kugadziridzwa pazvikonzero zviviri: nzvimbo yokunzverwa uye rudzi rwekushanda kwekamera. Makhamera akawandisa munzvimbo dzavose sekona dzemigwagwa, mapakadhi, kana kuti zvivako zvehurumende zvinoda mutemo nemhaka yokuti vanhu havatarisiri kuva voga vane mufungo muvoruzhinji. Zvisinei, kunzvera, kuongorora kwenguva refu, kana kuti makhamera anobata basa mukati menzvimbo dzapamberi dzinowanzoda maruramiro.

Vhiti. Nyumbu

Makamera avharwa, akavanzwa panzvimbo yakavanzika uye anoshandiswa kucherekedza mibato panzvimbo yakavanzika, anenge nguva dzose anoda maruramiro anotsigirwa nezvisakiso zvinobvira. Mu United States v. Cuevas-Sanchez (1987), Freant Tream yairangarira kuti kuiswa kwekamera yakavanzwa yehurumende muimba yapachivande kwakaumbwa ne “search” pasi peEchinesendimende, nokudaro ichida pamutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kwepal kamera inonyora nguva dzose imba yokunze kana kuti nzvimbo yakavanzika kungarangarirwa kunzvera kana kurebeswa uye kudzorwa pamunhu.

Kusiyana neizvi, makamera anooneka zvakajeka uye anongonyora chete izvo munhu upi noupi aigona kuona ari panzvimbo yavose anowanzobvumirwa pasina mvumo.

Dzidziso Neruzivo Rwekugadzira Zvinhu zvechitatu

Dzidziso yechitatu inoti vanhu havasati vachikarira kuva voga kwakafanira mumashoko anogoverwa nokuzvidira. Iyi dzidziso yakashandiswa kumitemo yevhidhiyo yakanyorwa nekamera dzekuchengeteka dzapachivande idzo gare gare dzinowanwa nemitemo pasina pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kana kamera yepasuo yomuvakidzani ikatora ufakazi hweutsotsi, mapurisa anogona kuwana nguva dzose maruramiro iwayo asina remostora nemhaka yokuti muvakidzani akasununguka uyo akasununguka kushandura kurekodha. Zvisinei, kana hurumende ikashandisa nenzira yokushingaira kamera somushandisi wayo amene wokunzvera somudziyo wayo umene unofambiswa nomukukumbira kupfurikidza nokuisa purogiramu yesoftware inopfuudza mumunda weGaramisi yechina. Chisarudzo chenyika chenyika yeSangano mu [FLT:] v. United States: FT.[8]

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Kunyange apo kunzvera kunowanzoda maruramiro, kusanogadzwa kunoverengeka kunobvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kupfuurira pasina kumwe.

Migariro Yakaoma

Migariro yakasiana inobvumidza kuongororwa pasina pamutemo apo panenge pane kudikanwa kwokukurumidza kudzivisa kuvadziko, kunzvenga, kana kuti ruparadziko rwoufakazi. Somuenzaniso, kana mukuru mukuru akaona anonyumwirwa achitizira muchivako, achishandisa kamera kuti anyore kutanda kungava kwapamutemo pasina mvumo. Nenzira yakafanana, kana vapi navapi vanokurumidzira vakadanwa kukurumidzira mumusha, vhidhiyo ipi neipi inobatwa nekhamera yomuviri mukati mokununura kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji haisati ichitongoruramiswa.

Kubvuma

Sezvambotaurwa, kubvumira kunogona kubvisa kudikanwa kwetsamba. Kubvuma kungataurwa (zvinonyorwa kana kuti zvakanyorwa) kana kuti kuratidzwa nomufambiro. Mumashoko akapoteredza okunzvera kwevhidhiyo, muridzi wenzvimbo angabvumira mapurisa kuisa kamera panzvimbo yavo. Kana kuti, anonyumwirwa anobvuma kutaura navakuru vakuru mumotokari yemapurisa ine tekisi inobvumira kuti inyorwe. Varwi vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti kubvumira hakumanikidzwi uye kuti maruramiro emvumo anonzwisiswa zvakajeka.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Chiono chakapfava chinobvumira vakuru vakuru kuwana ufakazi pasina maruramiro kana huchioneka nokukurumidza sechinobviswa uye mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo. Iyi dzidziso inoshanda kukunzvera kwevhidhiyo pamwe chete: kana kamera inobata mubato usiri wapamutemo mukuona kwakajeka kwechiono chakadai semushonga unoitika mumugwagwa wavose nejeko. Chirango chingava chinooneka kunyange pasina pamutemo. Zvisinei, kana kamera ikashandiswa kukudza munzvimbo dzisina kujeka mumurangariro wapamutemo, maruramiro angadikanwa.

Mitemo Yakasiyana - siyana yeHurumende Netsananguro Dzokutonga

Nepo Gadziriro yeChina ichigovera pamutemo, hurumende dzimwe nedzimwe dzakagadza mitemo inoisa zvinodikanwa zvakawedzerwa nokuda kwekamera yemuviri nokunzverwa kwevhidhiyo. Somuenzaniso, migariro inoverengeka inoda kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwane pamutemo pamberi pokuronga makamera omutumbi mukati meimba yapachivande, kunyange kana mukuru mukuru wacho aripo pamutemo. Mimwe ine “mitemo miviri inobvumira pamutemo” nokuda kwokunyora mashoko, inogona kutapura kumira kwekamera kunotora kurukurirano. Mumaruwa kufanana naIllinois, Eaveslomp Act yaida kubvumira kwemapati ose okurekodha kurukurirano dzapachivande, kunyange zvazvo magadzirirwe achangobva kuitwa akaitwa mutepfeko nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo.

Mamwe masangano, akadai seWashington neMassachusetts, akadudzira mitemo yawo kuti ipe dziviriro huru dzehurumende kupfuura dzechina Amendment. Masangano anodzikamisa mutemo anofanira kuziva zvose zvinodiwa nehurumende kuti adzivise kuva nemhaka yehurumende uye kudzvinyirirwa pachena.

Kunetsa Kwokumanikidzwa Kushanda Nomutemo uye Kodzero Dzako Dzokuva Woga

Kubatana pakati pezvinodikanwa neruzivo rwokunzvera kune miuyo mikuru nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kushanda kwamapurisa uye rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Kudzikamisa mutemo, kunzwisisa iyi mitemo kunokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi hunounganidzwa kupfurikidza nemakamera omuviri uye kunzvera mavhidhiyo hunosagona kuonekwa mudare. Kukundikana kuwana rugwaro apo runodikanwa kunogona kuguma nokudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi hunotsoropodza uye kungatungamirira kukutongwa nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Uchapupu Husingabvumiki

Dare rinoshandisa mutemo wokubvisa ufakazi unowanwa mukuputswa kweGavhura rechiChina. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kamera ipi neipi yomuviri kana kuti kuongororwa kwevhidhiyo kunobatwa pasina murairo apo mumwe aidikanwa sezvingabvira zvichava zvisingashandiswi pakutonga. Uyezve, kana kunzvera kwapakuvamba kwakanga kusiri kwapamutemo, ufakazi hupi nohupi hwakabva mutsoka idzodzo (zvakadai sezvibvumikiso zvouchapupu kana kuti ufakazi chaihwo huripo somuuyo) zvingabviswawo pasi pe “chibereko chomuti” dzidziso. Masangano emitemo anofanira naizvozvo kurovedza vatarisiri pamigariro yakarurama inoparira zvinodikanwa.

Kuvimba Noruzhinji Nokuzvidavirira

Kuwana zvakafanira zvibvumikiso zvokunzverwa kunogonawo kusimudzira chivimbo chavanhu. Apo vagari vamo vanoona kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoremekedza kuva voga uye kunotevera miitiro yapamutemo, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanobatira pamwe nokurangarira bipatimendi serapamutemo. Nenzira dzakapesana, zvinoitika zvokungwarira kusina maruramiro izvo zvinofumurwa gare gare zvinogona kubvisa chivimbo uye nyanduro. Kushandiswa kwemakhamera omuviri kwakasimudzirwa sechishandiso chokuona pachena, asi ikoko kunobetserwa kana kurekodwa kukaitwa mukuputswa kwekodzero dzakavanzika. Mitemo yakajeka nokunamatira kudisisa zvinodikanwa zvinobetsera kuchengeta dzikamo yokungwarira pakati pokuzvidavirira nokuvandika.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda Kwokumanikidzwa Kwomutemo

Kuti aongorore mamiriro emitemo akaoma kunzwisisa, masangano anofanira kugamuchira mitemo yakasimba inoita kuti pave nezvinotevera:

  • Vatarisiri vanorovedza pakukarira kuva voga: vanofanira kurovedzwa kuziva migariro umo munhu ane kariro ine mufungo yokuva woga (pamberi pomusha, mukamuri rechipatara, kana kuti mukati mekurukurirano yakavanzika() uye kuraidzwa kuwana rugwaro kana kuti kubvuma pamberi pokunyora mashoko iwayo.
  • Mutengo Wakarurama Unoita kuti Paramende Yemacamera Omuviri: Policies inofanira kurondedzera apo makamera anofanira kugadzirwa, apo angavharwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvomunhu oga (imo, kutaura nanyajambwa wedenho yevatano), uye nzira yokunyora nayo.
  • Tragiols dzinopa miganhu yeTsarudzo yoRusando Rwusingachinjiki: Usati waisa kamera inovhara kana kuti kuitisa vhidhiyo nzvero refu panzvimbo yapachivande, rugwaro runofanira kuwanwa kutoti chakasiana kushandisika. Mitezo inofanirawo kutsvaka nhungamiro muzano rapamutemo pakugadzira ruzivo rutsva rwokunzvera.
  • [[Ntomba:0] DATA Reenta and Access Policies: Kunyange kana vhidhiyo ikawanwa nenzira yapamutemo pasina rugwaro, kusvika kwapashure uye kushandiswa kungamutsa funganyo dzakavanzika. Kuganhurira kusvika kwadzo kutsika uye kuganhurira kushandiswa kwadzo kumadonzo epamutemo okuchengeta mutemo kunogona kuderedza kuva nengozi.
  • Kuongorora nokudzora: Kuhwirudzura kwemukati kwekamera yomuviri nokushandiswa kwokuongorora kunogona kubetsera kuziva kuputsa kunobvira uye kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvinoraira.

Nokushandisa zvinhu izvi zvakanakisisa, masangano anogona kuderedza ngozi dzepamutemo uku achiwedzera kubatsira kwemakombiyuta anoongorora.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvisingachinji zvemakamera emuviri nokuongorora mavhidhiyo zvinosimbiswa mukudzivirira kweFreenter yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo. Nepo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchingoramba ruripo: kuchengetwa kwemitemo kunofanira kuremekedza kutarisira kusingavanzi kwomunhu kune mufungo. Makamera omuviri munzvimbo dzavose haadi pamutemo, asi ngwariro chaiyo inodikanwa apo kurekodhwa apo zvinorekodhwa zvinovhozhokera zvakavanzika kana kuti kubata zvakavanzika. Kuongorora kwapachivande, zvikurukuru kusingafungidziriswi, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kuti chibvumikiso, chinotaputirwa nezvisinganyatsotaurwi zvakanaka. Mitemo yehurumende ingawedzerazve kudzivirira. Nokuti kurovedza kwomutemo kwakajeka, kunokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti kushandiswa kwezvishandiso izvi zvine simba zvose zviri zviviri kunoitwa nomutemo kunobvumirwa nomutemo kubvumirwa pachena. Sezvzvo nzvimbo yepamutemo inopfuurira kukura, kuziviswa pamusoro pezvisarudzo dzomutemo uye kuchinja zvamatoko zvichava.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamiitiro yapamutemo inokurukurwa, rangarira chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu Katz v. United States, muuyo we Karpater v. United States[FLT] pamifungo, uye Department of Justice’s muitiro wekamera .