Chirongwa Chepamutemo: Vatsigiri Munzvero Yenyika Yoga

Nzvero dzevagari vemo munharo dzinodzorwa navagari vemo dzinowanzoda kusvikwa munzvimbo dzapachivande, kubvumwa kwezvinyorwa zvehurumende, kana kuti kunzverwa kwemigariro yezvinhu. Pasina gadziriro yapamutemo yakajeka, izvi zviito zvokunzvera zvinopa ngozi yokuputsa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo panzvimbo nepfambi. Chinodikanwa chinoshanda sedziviriro yakakomba, kuvimbisa kuti vatarisiri vemitemo, vakuru vakuru vemitemo, kana kuti vapanguni vehurumende vanoita muhurumende havapindiri pachivande chehurumende pasina kutungamirira kwapamutemo kwapamutemo. Nyaya inonzvera zvinodikanwa zvepamutemo zvinodzora kunzvera kwavagari vemo munhau dzevagari vemo, kugovera nhungamiro inonzwika nokuda kwevanzveri, vakuru vakuru vezvinhu, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vapaimba yepamutemo. Kunzwisisa kuti pamutemo kudikanwa, uye kuti zvimwe zvingadzivisa zvinetso zvepamutemo uye kudzivirira kodzero dzose dzepamutemo.

Kunzwisisa Basa Repamutemo Ravamiririri

Gadziriro yeChina yeMitemo yeMitemo yeUnited States inogadza chinodikanwa chikuru chokuti kunzverwa nokubatwa nepfari kuve kune mufungo uye kazhinji kazhinji kuchitsigirwa negwaro rinobudiswa nemhaka inobvira. Nepo kugadziriswa kwacho kunoshanda zvakajeka kukuita utsotsi, nheyo dzakwo dzinotambanukira mukunzvera kwehurumende apo chiito chehurumende chinobatanidzwa. Mumashoko akapoteredza emuridzi, kunzvera kwakawanda kunoitiswa nevakuru vakuru vakuru vemitemo yehurumende, vamiririri vedzimba, kana kuti kunyange vakuru vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vanopindura kunyunyuto nezviraniso zvehurumende zvinobvira.

Chii Chinoita Kuti Kuongorora Kwevagari Vomunyika Kusava Nengozi?

Chibvumikiso chapamutemo chinopiwa nomutongi kana kuti mutongi uyo anopa munzveri simba rokupinda munzvimbo yapachivande, kutsvaka ufakazi, kana kuti kutora zvinhu zvinowirirana nokuputswa kunofungidzirwa. Nokuda kwekakavadzano dzavagari vemo, magwaro anowanzoshandiswa kunzvera mapoka anorendwa nokuda kwokuputswa kwemitemo youtano nekodhekisi yekotsekano, kuunganidza ufakazi hwomubato usiri wapamutemo (zvakadai sokubvumidzwa kana kuti kugadzirwa kwemirimo), kana kuti kuwana nzvimbo inotaputswa navanhu.

Ndirini Panodiwa Vane Mvumo Mukuongorora Kwenyika Kwakakomba?

Vanzveri havagoni kungogogodza zvavo pasuo romutengi nokuraira kupinda pasina chiremera chapamutemo. Mutemo wavose ndowokuti rugwaro runodikanwa pamberi pokupinda muimba yapachivande yemunhu pasina chibvumikiso. Zvisinei, zvinoitika zvinoverengeka zvakajeka zvinonyandura ichi chinodikanwa:

  • Kurondwa nokuda kwenzvero dzisiri dzechibvumirano: Muridzi werotari angaronga nzvero neziviso ine mufungo (muyakawanda 24 ne48 mumirau mizhinjisa yehurumende), asi kana kuramba, muridzi wemba haagoni kupinda nesimba. Munzveri wehurumende anoshanda nokuda kwechiremera chedzimba kana kuti sangano reguta anofanira kuwana pamutemo wehurumende kuti amanikidze kupinda.
  • Kutsvaka ufakazi hwokuputsa: Apo muongorori anonyumwira mubato usiri wapamutemo wakadai savagari vasina mvumo, mufambiro une chokuita nemirimo, kana kuti kuvadziko yezvinhu kupfuura kushatawo nokusakarawo, rugwaro runodikanwa kana mutengi asingabvumiri. Ikoku kunodzivirira munzvero younyengeri.
  • Kunzvera kwokushandisa pamutemo: Maguta mazhinji anoita kunzverwa kwapanhambo nenhambo kwezvinhu zvokurenda nokuda kwengozi dzekotsekano (kubuda kwomoto, nhau dzamagetsi, foroma). Kana kusvika kuchinyimwa, kongedzero yedare inodikanwa zvakatanhamara, inotsigirwa nokuratidza kuti bvunzurudzo rutivi rwepurogiramu yokuchengeta.
  • Kuratidzirwa kwezvinhu: Kana munzveri achida kuva noufakazi (mutoo, midziyo isina kusimba, magwaro anobvumikisa kuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo), rugwaro runofanira kubvumira zvakajeka kubatwa nechisimba.
  • Kupindwa kwainobatanidza nzvimbo dzakafanana: nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzakadai sekoriji, masuo epasi, kana kuti makamuri okuchengetera zvinhu kazhinji kazhinji haasati achine kariro imwe cheteyo yokuva voga. Zvisinei, kana nharaunda yacho yakakiyiwa kana kuti kushandiswa chose chose nechinhu chimwe, kosi ingangodikanwa.

Kiyi Nuance: Public v. Private Investigators

Zvisinei, kana munzveri womunhu oga akaita chiito chenhungamiro yokuchengeta mutemo kana kuti nevavariro yokubetsera kunzvera kwehurumende, zviito zvavo zvingarangarirwa kuva chiito chehurumende, nokudaro kuchinyandura zvinodikanwa zvekodzero. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero, varidzi vemo navamiriri vavo vanofanira kudzivisa kubatanidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo munzira iyo inodzivisa gadziriro yomutemo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuwana Munzveri Wehurumende Anoita Nzvero

Kuwana rugwaro rwenzvero yavagari vemo yavagari vemo inotevera muitiro wakarongeka wakafanana nemitemo youtsotsi asi nemisiano yakati mumupimo wechibvumikiso. Zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvitatu ndi chisakiso chinoshomeka[, affidavit, uye [[FLT: 4.] hwidicial formation [.

1. Chisakiso Chinowirirana Mumamiriro Ezvinhu

Chisakiso chinoparirwa mukunzvera kwevagari vemo hachidi chibvumikiso chisingapanikirwi. Panzvimbo pezvo, kunoda chitendero chine mufungo, chakavakirwa pamaidi nemigariro, kuti kuputswa kwakaitika kana kuti ufakazi hwokuputsa huripo munzvimbo yokunzverwa. Somuenzaniso, kunyunyuta kukuru pamusoro peforoma inopfuurira, yakabatanidzwa nokuramba kwomuri wedzimba kurapa, kungapa munzveri wedzimba chisakiso chinobvira chokutsvaka pamutemo chokunzvera imba yacho. Mupimo wacho wakaderera kupfuura “ufakazi hunooneka nohunopwisa” asi unofanira kuva unopfuura kunyumwirowo zvawo.

Manyuko anozivikanwa navose echisakiso sezvingabvira munharo dzinovapo dzinobatanidza:

  • Kunyunyuta kwakanyanya kwakaiswa kune vakuru vakuru vedzimba
  • Kuona kukuvadzwa kwezvivako kunze kwenzvimbo yacho (chitsauko, kunooneka mumugwagwa)
  • Mashoko anobva kune zvapupu zvakavimbika (vavakidzani, vaichimbova vagari vemo)
  • Mishumo yokuongorora isati yaitwa inoratidza kuputswa kwemitemo kunodzokororwa
  • Zvinyorwa zvevanhu vose zvokuputswa kwemitemo

Mutambo: Hwaro Hwechikumbiro Chisingarambiki

Munzveri anofanira kugadzirira mashoko ane udzame eaffidavit − a chirango chakanyorwa — icho chinogovera hwaro hwechokwadi nokuda kwechisakiso chinobvira. Affidavit inofanira kubatanidza:

  • Rondedzero yenzvimbo nenzvimbo yayo (adiro, nhamba yeboka, mativi okupinda)
  • Kuputswa kwakati kana kuti ufakazi zvakatsvakwa (muchib., “ufakazi hwokuzvipinza zvisiri pamutemo kwamagetsi” kana kuti“ magwaro ane chokuita nokurega kubvumirwa zviri pamutemo”)
  • Maidi anosimbisa chinobvira, anotaurwa nenzira ine mufungo uye mukuwirirana nenhevedzano yenhambo
  • Chinozivikanwa chomuongorori nechiremera chavo chokuita chiito
  • Mashoko anenge asina kubvumirwa nemunhu wacho kana kuti mamwe magariro epamutemo haashandi
  • “ Taramendi ” mukati meimo rugwaro rwacho ruchaurawa (sezvakafanana mukati mamazuva 10-14)

Kutaura kwenhema kunogona kuita kuti mupurisa asaone kuti uchapupu uye kuti anenge akanganisa vanhu vose.

3. Kuongorora uye Kupa Nheyo

Mutongi asina revo anohwirudzura kushandiswa neaffidavit. Mutongi angabvunza mibvunzo, kukumbira mashoko okuwedzera, kana kuti kuramba chibvumikiso kana chisakiso chinobvira chiri chisina kukwana. Kana mutongi akagutswa, vanopa rugwaro, runofanira kutaura, kuti:

  • Kero chaiyo nenzvimbo yokusecha
  • Zvinhu kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu zvingatsvakwa
  • Musi nenguva zvokungwarira
  • Nguva yakabvumirwa yokuuraya (sezvinganzi iwindo rakaganhurirwa, somuenzaniso, mazuva 7)

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zviremera zvinobvumira kuongororwa kwedzimba zvinogona kupiwa pakavakirwa pa “mupimo une mufungo wenyuyori” panzvimbo pechisakiso chinobvira, zvikurukuru apo kunzverwa kunenge kuri rutivi rwepurogiramu yokuchengeta mapurisa yakarongwa. Zvisinei, kombamiro iri kuda kuratidzwa kwakasimba zvikuru kwechisakiso chokudzivirira kuva woga.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Kunzwisisa izvi zvakasiyana - siyana kunokosha nokuti kuvimba nazvo zvisina kukodzera kunogona kuguma nouchapupu hwokusaiswa munzvimbo yacho uye hwokuratidza kuti muongorori wacho anenge achitaura zviri pamutemo.

Kubvuma

Kana muridzi wehomwe akabvumira nokuzvidira kupinda, hapana murairo unodikanwa. Kutendera kunofanira kuva kuziva, kuchenjera, uye kuzvipira. Munzveri anofanira kuwana mvumo yakanyorwa pose panobvira. Muridzi wenzvimbo haagoni kubvumira kupinda muboka ramake (kunze kwenzvimbo dzapanguva dzose kana kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro), nemhaka yokuti muridzi wenzvimbo haasati ane fariro yakavanzika munzvimbo inorendwa kana mutengo wangoshanda. Zvisinei, muridzi wepamba anogona kubvumira kunzvera nzvimbo dzavo vamene kana kuti boka rakaregwa kana kuti ratobvuma.

Migariro Yakaoma

Zvinhu zvinoda kukurumidzira zvinoisa upenyu pangozi, utano, kana kuti kuchengeteka zvingapa chikonzero chokupinda pasina chikonzero.

  • Moto, gasi rinodonha, kana kuti mafashamo
  • Mishumo yechisimba chiri pedyo
  • Maodor anoratidza kubviswa kwemvura kana kuti zvinhu zvine ngozi
  • Kuongorora mushandi anoshanda ari muchipatara

Vaparidzi havagoni kuita kuti zvinhu zvive nyore kuti vasawana tsamba.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Kana munzveri ari pamutemo munzvimbo umo vanogona kuona ufakazi hwokuputswa (sezvirokwazvo, kupfurikidza nehwindo kubva munzira yavose kana kuti apo vanenge vari munharaunda yavose), ivo vangaita chiito pacherechedzo iyoyo pasina murairo.

Purogiramu Dzokuongorora Vashandi

Vamwe vamiririri vanoshandisa gadziriro dzenzvero dzakarongwa dzedzimba dzokurenda. Muidzi purogiramu, nzvero dzinoitwa parudungwe kana kuti pamipimo isina kutora rutivi (mutoo., zvivako zvose muzera rakati). Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti mapurogiramu akadaro angaitisa nhevedzano kana muridzi wenzvimbo kana kuti chiteshi chikapiwa ziviso ine mufungo uye purogiramu inobvumirwa nomutemo. Zvisinei, kana kupinda kukaramba, rugwaro runofanira kuwanikwa. Ona Camara v. Dare reBazimendimu rinonzi (1967) uye [FLT:] [FLT]] .V.

Zvinoitwa Pakuongorora Mune Mumwe Munhu Anoda Kuongorora

Kana chibvumikiso changopiwa bedzi, munzveri anofanira kutevera nhungamiro dzomutemo dzakasimba kuti ave nechokwadi chokunzvera chinoramba chiri pamutemo.Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kuderedza chibvumikiso noufakazi hupi nohupi hunounganidzwa.

Kugarisa Nokuuraya

Mabhukwana anoshanda bedzi mukati mamaawa ezuva kutoti mutongi achibvumira kutsvaka kwechokurongedzero chousiku. Munzveri anofanira kuita chibvumikiso nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, uye muchinoitika chipi nechipi mukati menguva frame inodudzwa (mazuva 10). Panguva yokupinda, munzveri anofanira kuzvizivisa amene, kupa rugwaro, uye kubvumira mutengi kana kuti mushandiri mukana une mufungo wokururava. Mumigariro umo mutengi asina kuvapo, munzveri angangopinda asi anofanira kusiya kopi yetsamba neringi yechinhu chipi nechipi.

Kumwe Kutsvaka

Kutsvaka kunofanira kuganhurirwa zvikuru kunharaunda uye zvinhu zvakarongwa mutsamba. Kana rugwaro ruchibvumidza kunzverwa kwekamuri rokugara nokuda kwezviratidzo zveforoma, munzveri haagoni kuzarura madhirowa mukamuri rokurara pasina ruramisiro yokuwedzera. Kana ufakazi hwokuputsa kwakasiana hukawanwa mukuona kwakajeka, kunganyorwa, asi kufutunura kutsvaka pasina rugwaro rutsva kune ngozi. Vatendi vePinstigator vanofanira kunyora nhano iri yose: kutora mifananidzo, kunyora matanda ane udzame, uye kuwana siginichapupu kana kuchibvira.

Kuremekedza Kodzero Dzevamiririri Munguva Yokutsvaka

Vanzveri vanofanira kubata vagari vemo noruremekedzo uye kudzivisa kuvadziko isiri madikanwa kuzvinhu. Kana makiyi achifanira kuvhurwa kuti awane kupinda (sezvisaka, apo mufeyi anenge asipo), munzveri anofanira kudzivirira nzvimbo yacho pashure. Vanzveri vanofanira kuva namaruramiro okucherekedza kunzvera asi havafaniri kudzongonyedza. Chivako chipi nechipi chakabatwa chinofanira kutangwa, uye mutengi anofanira kugamuchira kopi yemapepa. Munzveri anofanirawo kupa mashoko pamusoro penzira yacho kana kuti kubvunzirwa.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yevaongorori Munyaya Dzenyika

Kuomerera kumiitiro yakanakisisa hakungodziviriri bedzi kutendeseka kwenzvero asiwo kunoderedza kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo.

  • Nguva dzose wana maruramiro apo unenge usina chokwadi. Kana pane kujeka kupi nokupi pamusoro pokuti chakasiana chinoshanda here, tsvakai rugwaro. Matare angatsigira zvikuru kunzvera kunoitiswa mutendero wedare kupfuura uko kwakatsamira panzvimbo inopanikirika.
  • Chengeta zvinyorwa zvakakwana. Nyora hwaro hwechisakiso chinobvira, nhano dzinotorwa kuwana rugwaro, muitiro wokuuraya, uye kurukurirano ipi neipi navaroyi. Iyi rugwaro runokosha kana kunzvera kuchidenhwa.
  • Yakabatana nezano rapamutemo. Zviremera zvizhinji zvedzimba namadhipatimendi okuchengeta bumbiro remitemo zvine mutezo wapamutemo wapamutemo muimba uyo anogona kuhwirudzura kukumbira kumbiriso pamberi pokuzviisa pasi. Vashandise.
  • Tsvaka kuvandika kwomutengi. Usakoka mapati okuwedzera (g., vatori venhau, vavakidzani vanoda kuziva) kucherekedza kunzvera. Dzikisa nhamba yavanhu varipo.
  • [ Rondedzera mushandi ane mashoko akajeka. Tsanangura chinangwa chokutsvaka, chiremera chiri seri kwakwo, uye kodzero dzavo. Mubati pamwe angasatongonyora mhaka.
  • [ Shandisa makamera omuviri kana kuti kurekodha kwenzwi (kunobvumirwa nemutemo). Kunyora kuurawa kwetsamba kunogovera chinyorwa chenhau yedonzo uye kunogona kudzivisa kusazvibata kana kuti kupomera kwenhema.
  • [ Zviwanwa zvenhau nokukurumidza uye zvakarurama. Mishumo yakanonoka kana kuti isina kukwana inogona kunetesa nhau yacho nokuda kwezviito zvokusimbisa kana kuti kutungamirira kukupotsa nguva yakagadzwa nokuda kwokutongwa kwapamutemo.

Kurangarira Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo uye Kudzika Mitemo

Kuchinja Kwechina uye Mitemo yeHurumende

Mitemo mizhinjisa yehurumende ine gadziriro dzokunzvera nokubvuta idzo dzinoparirwa negirazi kana kuti kufutunuka paGadziriro yeChina. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia neNew York, dzine dziviriro dzakavanzika dzakasimba zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, “Kukarira Kwakananga Kwezvakavanzika” kweCalifornia kungada rugwaro rwenzvero dzehurumende kunyange apo mutemo wehurumende unobvumira kupinda kusina maruramiro mupurogiramu yokunzvera. Zviteshi zvinofanira kuva zvakarovedzana nezvose zviri zviviri nemuenzaniso wehurumende uye nemitemo yazvo yakananga yehurumende.

Mitemo Yakakurumbira

Mitemo yakawanda ine mirau inorondedzera maruramiro okupinda nokuda kwavagari vemo navanzveri. Kazhinji kazhinji, iyi mitemo inoda chiziviso chakanyorwa (maawa 24 kusvikira ku 48) pamberi pokupinda nokuda kwenzvero dzisati dziri dzenguva dzose. Zvisinei, iyi mirau haisati ipfuure chinodikanwa kana kuramba kwapanyika. Vatengi vanofanira kubvunza mutemo womunzvimbomo wemuri wenzvimbo (g., Cornell Legin Information’s revolution Institute yemuridziro yehoshoo yepavhuro [) nokuda kwezvinodikanwa chaizvo nezvitekiso nokupinda.

Migumisiro Inogona Kuvapo Yokutyora Zvinodiwa Zvinoda Kurwiswa

Kana munzveri akaita nzvero pasina rugwaro kana kuti kupfuura ukuru hwetsamba, ufakazi hunounganidzwa hungadzvinyirirwa mukuita kupi nokupi kwehurumende kwapashure. Vakwiri vanganyorawo mhaka dzekodzero dzavagari vemo pasi pa 42 U.S.C. . . . . 1983 mukurwisana navaongorori vamwe navamwe uye masangano avo anoshandisa, vachitsvaka kuvadziko nokuda kwokunzvera kusina pamutemo. Mumhakaha, vafeyi vangagona kutarisana nepomero dzoutsotsi nokuda kwokudarika mhaka kana kuti kusazvibata kwapamutemo. Nzira yakanakisisa yokudzivisa nayo iyi miuyo ndeyokunamatira chose chose chose chose kukuita miitiro uye, apo mupanikiro, vanobvunza mutarisiri kana kuti mumiririri.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvisingachinji mukunzvera kwavagari vemo kwenharo dzavagari vemo dzenharo dzavagari vemo. Muitiro wokuwana mutengi wedanga renzvimbo inochengetedzwa hausiwo mhinganidzo dzehurumende; idziviriro huru dzakadzikwa muBumbiro remitemo. Nokunzwisisa apo chibvumirano chinodikanwa, kuti vangawana sei, uye kuti chii chinopesana, vaongorori vanogona kuita basa ravo nenzira inobudirira vachiitira vagari voga zvavo uye kodzero dzepamutemo. Kuziva kodzero dzavo dzepamutemo kunogona kuvabetsera kudenha kunzvera nokupa mhaka. Mugumisiro wakadzikama unoita kuti chinodikanwa chive chakarurama chive mumitengo, uye kuchengetedzereviso chemitemo yedzimba.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pomutambo pakati pomutemo wemuridzi wenzvimbo nokutsvaka nokubvunzisisa, ona U.S. Dhipatimendi renhungamiro yeRuramisiro yeChina mumigariro yedzimba uye HUD Fair House neMitemotion shopu yeOctive. Manyuko aya anopa mamwe mashoko pamusoro pemipimo yemitemo inodzora kusvika kumitemo yokurevera.