Masangano Epamutemo Avanorwira Varwi Vane Mitauro

Gadziriro yechina yeMitemo yeUnited States inodzivirira vagari vemo pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfari. Mumashoko emichina yemakombiyuta, inoreva kuti kuchengetwa kwemutemo kunofanira kuwana rugwaro runotsigirwa nezvikonzero zvingabvira usati waongorora zviri mukombiyuta, foni, kana kuti nhau yegore. Chibvumirano hachisi chingoriwo chekuongorora kwomutemo chete pasimba revakuru, kuvimbisa kuti vaongorori vane hwaro hwapamutemo uye kuti kunzvera kwavo kunoganhurirwa. Chinodikanwa chimwe chetecho chinoshanda kuongorora mashoko mufiti, mitamu, uye kunyange marudzi akati emashoko akavanzika apo hurumende inenge ine nzira yokuanyora.

Chinodikanwa chetendero hachisati chiri chakakwana. Matare akaziva kutsaurana chakananga, kwakatetepa kwakadai semvumo, migariro yakasiana, uye chiremera chokunzvera muganhu (8) asi izvi zvinodudzirwa nenzira yakananga. Munzvero dzemipimo, mutsetse pakati pomubato usingabvumirwi nekusashanda kwehurumende unogona kuva wechipfuvara. Nyanzvi dzemitemo, vanzveri vezvomutemo, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanofanira kunzwisisa miganhu iyi kudzivisa kudzvinyirira ufakazi nemhosva zvavagari vemo.

Zvinokonzera Kubudirira uye Mashandiro Anoita Madhigita

Chisakiso chinowirirana chiripo apo hwerengedzo yemigariro ingatungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti ufakazi hweutsotsi huchawanwa munzvimbo yacho kuti hunzverwe. Nokuda kwemichina yemichina, ikoku kunoda batano pakati pomubato woutsotsi unofungidzirwa naro muchina chaiwo wenhau, kambani, kana kuti nzvimbo yamazita. Nzvero dzakapararira dzokuti munhu ane kombiyuta haisati yakwana; affidavit anofanira kujekesa maidi anobatanidza chishandiso chacho kumhakanwa, kuti anonyumwirwa akashandisa kero yakati yeemail kukurukura navaropi, kana kuti ayo anoisa matanda anoratidzira kubuda kusingatenderwi kubva kukero inobvumirwa kubva kukero yavo yeIP.

Madare anotarisirawo kuti zvibvumikiso zvinange mativi enguva. Ufakazi hwemazino hungava hupfupi, asi chibvumikiso chinofanira kurondedzera nguva inowirirana nenzvero. Chibvumikiso chemwedzi mina chekare chinotsvaka mashoko kubva muchapanyuko chinoshandiswa vhiki rapera bedzi chingava chisina basa nokuda kwokushaikwa kwechisakiso chinobvira. Vatengi vanofanira kubatanidza zvinhu zvenguva pfupi yapfuura, zvinotsigira kuti vatange chisakiso chinobvira panguva yokubudisa rugwaro.

Kurondedzera: Kurondedzera Chii Nenzvimbo

Chinodikanwa cheGadziro yeChina chinoraira kuti chibvumikiso chirondedzere zvakananga zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa nenzvimbo inofanira kusechwa. Kunzvera kwemichina, ikoku kwakaoma zvikuru nemhaka yokuti nhau yekombiyuta kana kuti yegore inogona kuva nemamiriyoni emafaira, mamwe acho angasava anokosha. Chibvumikiso chinobvumira kunzvera kwemashoko ose pachinhu chinongoda kubviswa sechibvumikiso chehurumende, chinoyeuchidza nezvemibato yebetsero yehurumende.

Kugutsa mamiriro ezvinhu, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kurondedzera mapoka emashoko anenge atsvakwa. Somuenzaniso, maemail pakati pemisi ine mashoko akati, kana kuti mafaira ane kufutunurwa kwakati kunowirirana nemhosva. Kana rugwaro rwacho rwuri rwefonsic imaginification yechinhu chose, kunzvera kwakatevera kunofanira kuitwa kuchishandisa mitemo inodzokororwa kuufakazi huri pakati pohumwe hufakazi. Masangano akawanda anoshandisa muitiro wematanho maviri: kutanga, kuita mufananidzo weFernsic wechinhu chakazara; chechipiri, shandisa kunzvera kana kuti upedze kubvisa mashoko anogamuchira bedzi. Tsigirosai uye gadziriro yokuuraya zvinofanira kupiwa zvose zviri zviviri kumoniti.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Nepo mutemo wakarongwa uri wokuti kunzvera kwemakombiyuta kunoda maruramiro, kusiyana kunoverengeka kwakasanoumbwa kunobvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kupfuurira pasina mumwe. Uku kusiiwa kunonzwisiswa chose chose, uye hurumende inotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa kuva kwayo yakakwana. Mumaminuro, imwe neimwe inotakura misungo yakasiana.

Kubvuma

Kubvumira chinhu chinowanzoitwa. Kana munhu ane chiremera chaicho kana kuti chinooneka pachishandiswa achibvuma nokuzvidira kusecha, hapana chibvumidzo chinodikanwa. Nokuda kwemakombiyuta kana kuti maakaundi ebatanidzwa, upi noupi anogara nechiremera chimwe chete anogona kubvuma. Zvisinei, kana mushandisi asingabvumirwi avapo uye zvinhu, kubvuma kungava kusingashandi. Vatsigiri vemitengo vanofanira kunyora, kubvuma chero panenge zvichibvira uye kuzivisa munhu wacho kodzero yavo yokuramba. Kubvumira hakugoni kumanikidzwa, uye mutoro wacho unogara pahurumende kuratidza kuti une simba revoriti. Mumafoni, zvingabvumirawo kuti zvive zvisina basa. Somuenzaniso, muteve woga wekambani inoto uyo anotaura kuti madhirongwe panguva ipi neipi.

Migariro Yakaoma

Migariro yakaoma inomuka apo chiito chokukurumidza chinenge chiri madikanwa kudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi, kunzvenga kwokunyumwira, kana kuti kuvadziko kuvamwe. Muzvinoitika zvemichina, ruramiso inozivikanwa zvikurusa injodzi yokuti mashoko angadzimwa kana kuti kunyorwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mukuru mukuru aona anonyumwirwa achisvika pafoni apo achiziva kuti foni inogona kuputswa nemurairo mumwe, kutsvakwa kusina rubvumiro kwerunhare ikoko kungaruramiswa. Zvisinei, hurumende inofanira kuratidzira hwaro hune mufungo hwokudavira kuti tyisidziro yacho yava pedyo. Matare anopanikira kutaura kuti runhare rwose runogona kuputswa; maidi akananga sezvinofungidzirwa zvechienzi zvemichina kutsataidzwa kana kuti mashoko emisikanzwa achangobva kunyorwa zvinoda kutsvakwa. Kuwedzera, kunzvera kwokutsvaka kusina kuganhurirwa kudzorwa kuoneka kuti kushaitwe.

Murangariro Wedzidziso Yakajeka Nokutsvaka Ruvara Rwomubatanidzwa

Chiono chakapfava chinobvumira vakuru vakuru kuwana ufakazi hunooneka nokukurumidza sechisina kutenderwa kana kuti hunopa mhaka kana huripo nenzira yapamutemo. Mukunzvera kwemitauro, ikoku kazhinji kazhinji zvikurusa kunoshanda apo mukuru mukuru anoshandisa nenzira yapamutemo chishandiso (mutoo., kupfurikidza nemvumo kana kuti rugwaro rwapamutemo) uye kuona mufananidzo kana kuti faira ine chokuita zvakajeka neutsotsi. Zvisinei, murangariro wakajeka haubvumidzi mukuru mukuru mukuru kuvhura mafaira kana kuti matura asingaonekwi nyore; kunzvera kupi nokupi nokupi nokupi nokupi nokupi nokupi kunofanira kutsigirwa nechisakiso chakazvimirira.

Chiremera chokunzvera muganhu ndechimwe chinosiiwa. Dare guru ragara richirangarira kuti kunzvera kwenguva dzose kwavanhu nenzvimbo inogura muganhu weU.S. hakudi maruramiro kana kuti chisakiso chinobvira. Ikoku kunoshanda kumichina yemichina uyewo. Customs and Bordline Protection (CBP) na Immigration and Custommentmentmentmentmentmentment (ICE) inogona kunzvera maratop, foni, uye mamwe makombiyuta pamhenderekedzo dzenzvimbo dzepanongedzero pasina pamutemo. Zvisinei, mune miganhuro: mu [[FLT: 0] United States v. Kolsusz[[FLT:] [20] [20]), , FLT] , nharaunda inochengetwa kuti zvishandirwa zviri nyore nyore pakushamba pamuganhu kana kuti zviidzirirwe zvine mufungo, mukunzvera kwehurumende. Kunzvera kwapano "FM." zvinonzvera pakati pereketi zvinyorwa zve "F.

Chiratidzo Chezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinobatanidza nheyo dzegamuchidzanwa dzeChina dzeWed Amendment nokunzwisiswa kwazvino uno kwemichina yemagetsi sezvinhu zvakawanda zvemashoko emunhu oga.

Riley v. California (2014)

Mu Raley v. California, Dare rakabatana rakataura kuti mapurisa anofanira kuwana rugwaro pamberi pokunzvera zviri mukati memipimo zvenhau yefoni inobatwa kuti isungwe. Chisarudzo chakaramba chibvumikiso chokuti mafoni anopesana nechinhu chinowanwa pachinhu chinofungidzirwa, kufanana nebhuku rekero kana kuti kero renhau. Chikuru cheSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reMasore Roberts rakanyora kuti serura ribate "chinyorwa chenhau yenhau yezvino uno uno unodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu [munhu] (kugara munyika kumunhu). Chisatenderwa kuti kunzvera kusina revo kwapamutemo kungapa hurumende mashoko akawanda kupfuura zviripo mumudziyo upi noupi. Kunzvera kwechinoitika chapamberipo kuti kuchengetere chinyorwa cheko chenhau yechengetedzo nea isati itsa mashoko nemhaka yenhau yacho youdzo yapamhene. Chibvumiro chenzira chefoni chinoshandiswa kudzo chapamheteshi yadzo. Chiteshi chenguva ino inogona kupfurira kupfurira ku

Carpbate v. United States (208)

.Calpent v. United States yakanyorera kuwanika kwehurumende kwemashoko enzvimbo yenhau yesero (CSLI) yakachengetwa navatakuri vemichina yenyuyuta. Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende inofanira kuwana murairo(hapo murairo chete wedare pasi peTread Communings Act((* kuti iwane 127 yemazuva eCSLI yokunzvera utsotsi. Kurangarira kwakatenderwa pa "dzidziso yechitatu-ngxenye," uko kunowanzoita kuti mashoko agoverane nokuzvidira neboka rechitatu (se bhangi kana kuti foni) anorasikirwa nedziviriro yechina. Dare rinorega kutambanurira dzidziso iyoyo kuzvinyorwa zvesero yesero yetejini nemhaka yokuti vashandi havapi nokuzviito zvavo; mashoko anongoitwawo, asingashandirwi, kupfurikidza nokuwanda, mamiriro emwedzi michina yenhau dzinoteverwa mberi.

Zvimwe Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha

Zviitiko zvakawedzera zvakajekesa mativi chaiwo emitemo yemitemo. Mu Florida v. Jardines (2017), Dare rakaramba kuti kushandisa zvinodhaka-sniffing imbwa pasuo remberi reimba kutsvakwa kunoda kuparira... murairo ungashanda kumaturusi eredhiyo. United States v. Jones, Dare rakasarudza kuti kuisa mukoto weGPS pamotokari kuumba pasi peGenetimeter, kusimbisa pfungwa iyo inopinza zvinhu zvomuviri muchako. Matare anotaurwawo nokuda kwekunzvera manyoro, muenzaniso wemagariro, uye muenzaniso wenhau dzinoteverwa. [FFF]

Kushandisa Sangano Roruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Kuongorora zvinhu nekombiyuta kunoita kuti vanhu vatange kunetseka kuti zvinhu izvi zvakamira sei uye kuti hurumende haikwanisi kuzviita sei.

Kuchengeta Makore Nedzidziso Yechitatu

Apo mushai anochengeta mapepa ari mumamishoni akafanana naGoogle Druev, iCoult, kana kuti Fockbox() vanoronzesa mashoko avo kuboka rechitatu. Dzidziso yechitatu inotaura kuti kana ukangopa nokuzvidira mashoko echinhu chimwe, unorasikirwa neFreadmersion. Zvisinei, [FLD][FLD]] [1] yakaratidza kubva padzidziso iyoyo nokuda kwemapoka akati emashoko anozivisa mashoko akavanzika. matare egore akaparadzana pachinhu kana chitsvene chiri chesero yesero kui. Zvinyorwa zvegore zvinoshandiswa zvikurukuru kushandisa kudzivirira kwekero yechitatu kupepa kana kuti kurasira kupepa mu [FLT]] Centterters [[FLT] [FLT] [FFD] [3] [3]. Vamwe vanoisa pfungwa yechinhu chakatikaronzeri pasi pezvikamu zvavo zvegore, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemite yemite yemiteokeromendidzo.

Kunyora Nhema uye Kuita Kwose Kwokunyengera

Kunyora kwapanguva ino kunopa denho yechienzi: kunyange netendero yapamutemo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungasakwanisa kuwana mashoko akakotsekana. Hurumende pane dzimwe nguva yakatsvaka kumanikidza vanonyumwira kuti vapedze mashandiro anoshandisa mifanikiso yemichina yemichina (g., maminwe kana kuti chiso chinotanga) kana kuti kupa mashoko okurega. Kudzivirira kweFindmermentation paSounding - inforective kungashandisa mashoko okusainira, asi matare akafunga kuti kuvhura jira jiro kuti ivhungwe nokuti harisi chinhu chakaitwa nomuviri. [[FLT: 0] Mune] Mune bvunzurudzo: Kutsvaka kweHondo [FLT:] [FLT] [1] [208], mutongi wehurumende angashandisa kupfurikidza nomurayiro wemitemo wokuwedzera, kana kuti arege kupiwa simba mumugwagwa.

Indaneti Yezvinhu Nezvishandiso Zvinonaka

Makambani epamusha akangwara, mafashoni akangwara, uye marobhoti emotokari anoita upfumi hwemadimondi . Nhevedzo dzemamichina epamusha. Zvikamu izvi zvinowanzofukidzwa nezvinodikanwa zvakafanana nefoni nekombiyuta. Asi kuwanda nokuunganidzwa kwemashoko kunoramba kuchiwedzera mano ehurumende okuongorora pasina magwaro kana majekiseti akaiswa nevagadziri vemakombiyuta. Nheyo dze Carpent dzingashandisa kudiviti yemajeri refu inobva kuIoT systs. Kunzvera kunofanira kuva kwokungwarira kuchengeta mametaimeti nechekwa echito yecheketi nokuda kwouchapupu hweIoT, sezvo madata anogona kunyorwa pamusoro pezvisaririra kana kuti adzimwe.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda Kwokusimbiswa Kwomutemo Nenzvero Dzokuongorora

Kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi hwemakombiyuta hunounganidzwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwenhau hunopikiswa mudare, masangano anotarisira mutemo namarabhoritari okusashanda anofanira kutevera iyi miitiro yakanakisisa:

  • Chengeta chibvumikiso pamberi penzvero ipi neipi yezviri mukati mechaicho, kutoti chapaapoka chinozivikanwa chichishanda zvakajeka. Kuvimba nebvumirano kana kuti chinyorwa kunoda mapepa akangwara uye kunofanira kuva kusingaitiki pasi pepost- RAJY[FL:3] uye post-
  • Tsvaka maruramiro ane chaiwo. Batanidzira rondedzero yemuchina, maakaundi, marudzi emashoko atsvakwa, uye ukuru hwepoku. Dzivisa mutauro webillerplate; affidavit inofanira kuratidzira batano chaiyo pakati poutsotsi noufakazi hwemichina hunotsvakwa.
  • Kushandiswa kwoukuru hwemitemo yokunzvera [ inoderedza kuhwirudzurwa kwemashoko asina ukama. Kushandiswa kwemibatanidzwa yemafaira anozivikanwa, kushandisa kunzvera kwokutanga kwakaganhurirwa kuukuru hwetsamba, uye zvishandiso zvakavanzika zvakakudzwa kana kuti zvakavanzika.
  • Chengeta cheni ine udzame hwekodzero yokuchengeta mwana[[FT:1] kubva panguva apo chishandiso chinobatwa kana kuti mashoko anowanwa. nyora kusvika kuri kwose, kuendesa, uye nhanho. Maginicha anowanzobudisa matanda okunzvera anofanira kuchengetwa.
  • Rovedza vashandi vose pazvinodikanwa zveGadziro yeChina, kubatanidza simba re Riley uye Muvengi[. Makanganiso anotungamirira kukudzvinyirira ufakazi anogona kuderedza kukwidzwa nokukokera sutusi pasi pa 42 U.S.C. 1983.
  • Gara uchiziva nezvemisiyano yemitemo yehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinogovera dziviriro dzakavanzika huru zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Somuenzaniso, California inoda maruramiro okunzvera chiitiko chemagetsi kuti apinde kunyange kana anonyumwirwa asati ari pasi pehurumende. Hurumende inofanira kuwirirana nemirau yayo nemitemo yenhau.

Vanzveri vemitongo vanofanirawo kubatira pamwe navachuchisi mukati mechikamu chinoraira kunyora. Vatambudzi vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutevedzeri wedanho anosvitsa mupimo wechisakiso chinobvira uye kuti rugwaro harupfuure icho mejasi asingatori rutivi angabvumira. Kunzvera kwapashure, hurumende inofanira kubudisa kuwana dziviriro, kubatanidza judha, uye danda remashoko ripi neripi rinobatwa kunze kwedavi. Kuyera pamutemo kunovaka chivimbo uye kunoderedza njodzi.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda nokuda kwokunzverwa kwemichina nemashoko hazvisi zviteshi zvemipinyi zvinobatanidza mabumbiro emitemo; idziviriro dzebumbiro-mitemo dzinodzivirira kuvandika kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nepo zvichigonesa kuchengetwa kwomutemo. Gadziriro yeChina, sezvinotsanangurwa mu Riliy, , [[FLT]] Nhengeta, [[FLT]] Nhengedzi, uye dzimwe mira, dzinoraira kuti mutemo uchengetedze kubvumirwa kwemitemo usati wapinda mumadhirobhurobhodhi ezvomu. Zvinyorwa zvomunhu oga zvakachengetwa. Zvikamu zvinovapo, asi zvinongoramba zvichiganhurirwa uye zvichiitwa. Sezvinopfuurira kufambira mberi, nokunyora mashoko anokosha, kufukidzwa kwemashoko emitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, uye kudzoreverwa kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kupfurikidza kwemitemo.