Kutanga: Kudzikamisa Kutendeseka Kwokuongorora Nekodzero Dzevashandi

Umbavha hwebasa uye kusazvibata kwevashandi zvinogona kutyisidzira sangano, kupedza chivimbo, uye kuparira zvikwereti zvepamutemo. Apo vashandirwi kana kuti vapurisa vemitemo vanoita nzvero, vanofanira kushandisa gadziriro yakaoma yezvinodikanwa zvemitemo [1] pakati pavo kudikanwa kwepamutemo. Kunzwisisa chaizvoizvo apo maruramiro anodikanwa, kuti ungawana sei chimwe, uye kuti chii chiripo chinotambudza munzveri upi noupi, nyanzvi, kana kuti mutungamiriri wemitemo. Nyaya ino inogovera nhungamiro yakakwana, yokushandisa kuraira zvinodikanwa mubasa uye kunzvera kwakashata, kufukidza hwaro hwaro hwapamutemo, kwezvakavanzika zvapamutemo, ufakazi hwezviverengero, chibvumirano, uye miuyo yakakomba yenyanzvi ipi neipi, HR inonzvera.

Kunzwisisa Nheyo Yepamutemo Yevaparidzi

Chibvumirano chechina cheMitemo yeU.S. chinodzivirira vanhu pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nehosha. Nepo kugadziridzwa kwacho kunoshanda zvakananga kuvatambi vehurumende, nheyo dzacho dzinoumba nzvero dzakawanda pabasa nemhaka yokuti vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanowanzobatanidzwa. Chibvumirano chinopiwa chedare chinobvumira kunzvera kana kuti kukwikwidza. Kuti chive chinoshanda, chinofanira kuvakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira, chinotsigirwa neaffidavit, chinorondedzera nzvimbo nezvinhu zvacho, uye chinopiwa nomutongi asingatori rutivi.

Muchikamu chavanhuwo zvavo, vashandirwi havadikanwi nebumbiro remitemo kuwana maruramiro pamberi pokunzvera zvinhu zvekambani. Zvisinei, apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunotora rutivi mukunzvera nechapa-papo mushandirwi anoshanda somumiriri wehurumende neFreendment yeChina. Uyu musiano wakakomba. Somuenzaniso, kana mukuru mukuru wamapurisa akakumbira manija kunzvera dhesiki remubato renyika yakabiwa, kunzvera kungarangarirwa kuva chiito chehurumende uye kunoda maruramiro kutoti kwashanda.

Kuongorora Kunoitwa Kubasa Kunodiwa Rini?

Vashandiri Vemasangano Avoga

Vashandirwi vehurumende (vabati vehurumende, vehurumende, uye vamiririri vomunzvimbomo) vanosungirwa zvakananga neGadziriro yeChina. Kunzvera kupi nokupi kunoitwa nomushandirwi wechechi nokuda kwoufakazi hwekusazvibata kwavose kunowanzoda murairo kutoti wawira mumhesva inozivikanwa, zvakadai semvumo, migariro inosarira, kana kuti kunzvera kunoitiswa nokuda kwedonzo risiri renyika rebasa risingachinjiki (g., mukuenzanisa nerevo). Mukupesana, vashandirwi vomunhu oga havawanzopiwi pasi pePrence Yechina yeChina apo vanonzvera mukati. Zvisinei, mugariro wacho unochinja zvikuru kana kuchengetwa kwomutemo kukava kunobatanidzwa.

Kumanikidzwa Kuteerera Mutemo uye “Agent” Theory

Kana mapurisa kana kuti vamiririri vehurumende vakakumbira, kukurudzira, kana kuti kutora rutivi nokushingaira mukutsvaka kwomushandirwi wapachivande, kunzvera kungarangarirwa sechiito chehurumende. Matare anonzvera mwero wokubatanidzwa kwehurumende: ko mukuru mukuru wacho akangogamuchira bedzi ufakazi hwokuzvidira, kana kuti akatungamirira nguva, mubato, uye mutoo wokutsvaka? Chinoitika chapashure chinowanzoparira zvinodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, mu United States v. Walther [9] (9 Kir. 1986), dare rakarangarira kuti apo mukuru mukuru wechengeteko wendege akanzvera chipachikumbiro chakananga chemushandiri weDHAU, kunzvera kwakanga kuri chisakiso chinodikanwa nehurumende.

Kutarisira Kuva Woga Kubasa

Chinodikanwa chinotsamira pakuti mushandi ane “kariro ine mufungo yokuva oga” munharaunda kana kuti chinhu chakanzverwa. Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinozivikanwa mu O’Connor v. Ortega (1987) kuti vashandi voruzhinji vane maruramiro akati ezvakavanzika mumahofisi avo, madhesiki, uye madare enhau. Zvisinei, kariro iyoyo inogona kuderedzwa nemitemo yavashandirwi, nzvimbo dzinogoverwa, kana kuti rudzi rwebasa. Dare rinorangarira zvinhu zvakadai se:

  • Kana nzvimbo yokushandira iri yoga kana kuti iri pamwe chete.
  • Kana mushandirwi akazivisa miitiro yokuongorora.
  • Mushandi wacho angave ane udzori hwapoga (munzira, dhesiki rakakiyiwa kana kuti rocker yomunhu oga).
  • Miitiro yebhizimisi namabasa (muchine muenzaniso, mutengesi wemari yebhangi ane kuvanzika kushoma mudhirowa remari).

Kazhinji kazhinji, kana kariro yokuva woga ine mufungo, maruramiro anodikanwa vatsigiri vomutemo vasati vagona kuita nzvero.

Zvinodikanwa Zvinokosha Zvokuwana Murwi Ane Mutemo

Kana paine chikonzero, vaongorori vanofanira kugutsa zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvine simba. Kukundikana pane upi noupi kunogona kuita kuti chibvumikiso chacho chishande uye ufakazi hunovapo husingabudiriri.

Chisakiso Chinosarudzwa

Chisakiso chingagona kuvapo apo hwerengedzo yemigariro ingatungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti ufakazi hweutsotsi kana kuti kusazvibata huri munzvimbo inotsvakwa. nokuda kwoumbavha hwebasa, ikoku kungabatanidza kuongorora kunoratidza mushandi achitora zvinhu, kutaura kwouchapupu, kana kuti kusawirirana muzvinyorwa. Zvikurukuru, chisakiso chinobvira chinofanira kuva chitsva mashoko ane revo anonetesa ruramisiro.

Mutambo

Vanzveri vanofanira kugadzirira chitsikiso chakapikirwa kuudza maidi anobvira kuwana chisakiso. Affidavit inofanira kuva yakakwana, kubatanidza misi, mazita, tsinhiro dzakananga, uye kuti mashoko akawanwa sei. Kutaura kwekodzero (“tinodavira kuti mushandi akaba”) hakuna kukwana. Affiant anofanira kutsanangura hwaro hwechitendero ichocho. Vashandi ndivo vakuru vakuru vakuru vemitemo, asi vapangi voga vanogona kugovera mashoko anoumba hwaro hwemhindu yomupurisa pasi pe “zivo yezita”.

Kurondedzera

Chibvumikiso chacho chinofanira kurondedzera zvakananga nzvimbo inoda kuongororwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa. Chibvumikiso chinobvumira kutsvakwa kwechivako chose chehofisi nokuda kwe “kuvhozhokera kwokuba” sezvingabvira kwapfuura. Panzvimbo pezvo, rugwaro runofanira kududza, somuenzaniso, “dhesiki, kabati, uye shongwe yekombiyuta muHofisi 215,” uye nyora zvinhu zvakafanana ne“ cash reginstagers kubva muna June 1-15, iPhone 12 ine nhamba inoteverwa yeXYZZ, uye magwaro api naapi anorondedzerwa pamusoro penhau yenhau ye(2). Ikoku kunodzivisa kufamba nokuredza nokudzivirira zvinhu zvakavanzika zvakavanzika.

Kutenderwa Kutonga

Gazi rokusatora rutivi uye risina mhaka rinohwirudzura mutongi. Kana mutongi akawana chisakiso chinobvira uye rugwaro rwakati rwakananga nenzira yakafanira, ivo vanorusaina. Vaongorori vanofanira kuita chitupa chacho mukati meganhuriro yenguva yakagadzwa nomutemo (kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 10 mumhaka dzomubatanidzwa, asi pfupi mune dzimwe nyika) uye pakati pamaawa akatarwa bedzi (zvikurukurukuru 6 a.m. kusvikira ku 10 p.) kutoti kunzvera nguva yousiku kwabvumirwa.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Zvisizvo zvinoverengeka zvinogona kubvumira kunzvera kusina kukodzera kunoitwa navanochengeta mutemo munzvimbo yebasa:

  • Consis[[FLT: 1]: kubvuma kwokuzvidira kunobva kumunhu ane chiremera panharaunda (mutoo., mushandi kana kuti mutarisiri ane chiremera chimwe chetecho).
  • [[[FOL:0] migariro yakakomba: ngozi yapakarepo youfakazi hworuparadziko, kupukunyuka, kana kuti kuvadziko kuvamwe.
  • Chiono chaPlain: Mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo anoona kushatiswa kana kuti ufakazi mukuona kwakajeka.
  • [[FFL:0] Kunzvera parangani: miitiro yetsika yechinhu chisina kuputiswa.
  • Zvinodikanwa zvinooneka[: Kunzvera nokuda kwamadonzo okuita kuti kuve kwakachengeteka kwebasa (imo, kunzvera mirimo mumabasa anotapurika).

Zvisinei, izvi zvakasiyana zvinorangarirwa zvishoma, uye vaongorori vanofanira kuwana chitupa kana kupi pachinobvira kudzivisa zvinetso zvepamutemo.

Kariro Dzakavanzika Nekodzero Dzokushanda: Kupomerwa Kwemhosva Kunokosha

O’Connor v. Ortega (1987)

Munhau iyi yakatanhamara, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti vashandi vehurumende vane kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga mumahofisi avo namadhesiki. Zvisinei, Dare rakazivawo kuti nzvero ine chokuita nebasa yavakuru vakuru nokuda kwamadonzo asiri okuzvidira (mutoo, kutora faira inodikanwa) kana kuti nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata webasa ungava une mufungo pasina bvumiro kana kunzvera kuchiruramiswa pamavambo pakwo uye kuva nomufungo muukuru. Mhaka yacho inosimbisa kuti chinodikanwa hachisi chinodikanwa chomutemo chinoshanda chose chose chose pasina kubatanidzwa kwomutemo.

City of Ontario v. Quon[[FLT] (2010)

Iyi nhau yakakurukura kuvandika mukurukurirano dzemagetsi. Dhipatimendi remapurisa rakanzvera mashoko omunhu oga akatumirwa papepa rehurumende. Dare rakafunga (pasina kusarudza) kuti mukuru mukuru wacho akanga ane kariro ine mufungo yokuva oga, asi akawana kunzvera kune mufungo nemhaka yokuti kwakasundwa nechinangwa chepamutemo chebasa (vaongorori) uye kwakanga kusinganyanyi kunzwika. Quon anoratidzira kuti kunyange apo kariro dzomunhu oga dzinovapo, maruramiro angasadikanwa nokuda kwenzvero dzomukati dzehurumende idzo “dzine mufungo."

United States v. Ziegler (9 Kir. 2007)

Dare rakati nemhaka yokuti mushandirwi wacho aiva nesimba raaikwanisa kushandisa pakombiyuta (yaiva nzvimbo yekambani), kutarisira kwomushandisi kuti azive zvakavanzika kwakanga kusina musoro, uye kuongorora kwacho hakuna kuputsa Simende Rechinai. Mhaka iyi inowanzotaurwa kuti itsigire pfungwa yokuti vashandirwi vepabasa vanogona kubvuma kuongorora zvehurumende midziyo yekambani.

Kunyanya Kukoshesa Uchapupu Hwokugadzira Mari

Kuongorora kwakaitika kubasa kunosanganisira makombiyuta, mafoni, mameseji okutumira tsamba, uye kuchengetera makore.

Kampa-namendi v. Zvishandiso zvamauri

Nokuda kwezvishandiso zvekambani zvinoiswa mufashoni, vashandirwi kazhinji kazhinji vane maruramiro okuwana mashoko, zvikurukuru kana mushandirwi ane muitiro wakajeka wakanyorwa unotaura kuti hakuna kuvandika kunokarirwa uye kuti chishandiso chacho chiri chokutarisira. Kana mutemo uchida kunzvera chishandiso chekambani, mushandirwi anogona kubvuma kana mushandi asina kodzero yokuva woga yokuva woga. Zvisinei, kana chishandisi chiri choga (BYOD), mushandi angangova akachengeta kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga, uye kodzero inodikanwa kutoti ashandei.

Kukurukurirana Kwakachengetwa (SCA)

SCA (18 U.S.C. (1911. 2701-2712) inoganhurira kusvika kwehurumende kukurukurirano dzamagetsi dzakachengetwa. Zvizhinji kazhinji, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoda murairo wokumanikidza mushandisi (sebasa reemail kana kuti rekushandira ID) kuzivisa zvirimo zvekurukurirano zvakachengetwa kwamazuva 180 kana kuti pasi. Nokuda kwemashoko akachengetwa, mutevedzeri wemitemo kana kuti mudare mumamwe matunhu. Vatengi vanofanira kuziva zvinodikanwa izvi zvakaganhurirwa.

Kuchengeta Makore Nemashoko Echitatu

Kana mushandi akashandisa kuchengetwa kwegore kwakagadzirwa nekambani (mue., Google Coloracs, Microsoft 365), mushandirwi angakwanisa kuvhura mashoko kupfurikidza nokudzora kwawo. Zvisinei, kana mutemo uchikumbira kuti mutemo uite mashoko zvakananga kubva kumutarisiri wegore, mushandi achada chaizvoizvo rugwaro kana kuti nzvimbo inoshandira yepasi pevhu. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu Carbatent v. United States[[FLT:]] (2088) inotambanudzira zvinodikanwa zvekutemesa mamwe marudzi emazita echitatu (makeroko resi yemashoko), uye matare akaderera ndiwo anodzosera kuminzwa matenziro.

Basa Rokutenderana Netsika Dzekambani

Kubvumira ndeimwe yenzira dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa dzokurega zvinodikanwa mukunzvera kubasa.

Kubvuma

Kubvuma kwekubudisa mashoko kunoitika apo mushandi anobvuma mutemo wokunzvera kana kuti anobvuma nemashoko. Kubvuma kudzorwa kungabviswa muzviito zvomushandi kana kuti mabasa ebasa. Somuenzaniso, mutyairi wokutakura anoshandisa rori yekambani uye anoziva kuti GPS inoshandiswa anganzi anobvuma nenzira inofungidzirwa kuongororwa kwenzvimbo. Zvisinei, matare anongwarira pamusoro pokukumbira kubvumirana, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru kwemifungo.

Zvakanyorwa Nezvetsika Nekuzivikanwa

Muitiro wakanakisisa ndewokuva negadziriro yakajeka, yakanyorwa iyo: (1) inotaura kuti zvinhu zvekambani (kubatanidza madhesiki, marocker, makombiyuta, uye maelectronic) zvinoda kutsvakwa panguva ipi neipi; (2) zvinozivisa vashandi kuti havatarisiri kuva voga munzvimbo idzodzo; (3) zvinoonesa kuti makambani anoshandiswa pabasa angaongororwawo; uye (4) anoda vashandi kusaina kusaina kuonga. Mitemo yakadaro inoderedza kuva nomufungo wezvakavanzika uye inoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vashandirwi vabvume kuongorora mutemo.

Kutendera kwechitatu

Muzvinoitika zvakawanda, mutarisiri kana kuti mutarisiri weIT anogona kubvuma kusechwa kwenzvimbo kana kuti muchina kana vakagoverana chiremera chimwe chete. Somuenzaniso, kana mushandi akagoverana dhesiki nomushandi biyake, zvimwe mushandi angabvuma kusechwa kwedhesiki. Zvisinei, nokuda kwekabhii rakakiyiwa iro bedzi mushandi anoshandisa, kubvumira kwomutarisiri kungava kusina kukwana. Dare rinoyera hwerengedzo yemigariro.

Migumisiro Yokusawirirana

Kukundikana kuomerera kuzvinodiwa kunogona kuva nemigumisiro inoparadza yokuongorora.

Kupiwa Ufakazi

Kana ufakazi hukawanwa pasina maruramiro apo munhu aidikanwa, mutemo wokuzviparadzanisa unoisa kazhinji kazhinji kushandiswa kwawo mumiitiro youtsotsi. Ikoku kunogona kuparadza kuba kana kuti nhau yomufambiro usina kururama. Mutemo wacho unoshanda kwete bedzi kuufakazi hukuru asiwo ku “zvibereko zvomuti une chepfu”-8 ufakazi hupi nohupi hwezvinobudiswa zvafukunurwa somuuyo wokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo.

Kugara Mumhuri Muchikamu cha 1983

Vashandi vehurumende vangapomera vashandirwi vehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vemitemo nokuda kwekuvadziko pasi pa 42 U.S.C. . 1983 nokuda kwokuputsa kodzero dzavo dzeGavhura reChina. Vashandirwi vomunhu oga vari kushanda mukondirano navakuru vakuru vehurumende vangatarisanawo nezvinotaurwa na1948. Kuwedzera, vashandi vangaunza kutaura kwokutaura kwechipameso (sezvinei, kuvhozhokerwa kwezvakavanzika, kuparadzwa kusina kururama) kwakavakirwa pakutsvaka kusina kufanira.

Kupiwa Mhaka Kweutsotsi

Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, vanhu vanoongorora zvisiri pamutemo vachiziva vangapomerwa mhosva dzemhosva mumitemo yehurumende inorambidza kuongororwa zvisiri pamutemo, kupindira mumakombiyuta, kana kuti kusazvibata kwepamutemo.

Kuzivikanwazve uye Kukuvadzwa Mune Zvemari

Kunyange kana pasina kukwirira mhaka kunobudirira, murangariro wokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo unogona kukuvadza mukurumbira womushandirwi, kushatisa tsika dzomushandi, uye kutungamirira kunzvimbo dzinodhura.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokuongorora Kunoitwa Kubasa Nomutemo

Kuti udzivise mhinganidzo dzapamutemo apo uchiri kunzvera nenzira inobudirira kuba kana kuti kusazvibata, tevera aya matanho anoshanda:

  1. Mitemo yakajeka[: Kupeta ndokukurukura muitiro wokunzvera nokunzvera. Wana kunyora kunobva kuvashandi vose. Kuhwirudzura nokuvandudza muitiro nguva dzose kuti uratidzire chinjo muruzivo nemutemo.
  2. Zano remitemo pakuvamba: Kunzvera kupi nokupi, zvikurukuru kunobatanidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo, kusati kwava negweta rinohwirudzura rongedzero. Zano rinogona kubetsera kunzvera kana rugwaro ruchidikanwa kana kuti kana kusiiwa kuchishanda.
  3. Tsamba iri yose: Chengeta zvinyorwa zvakadzama zvekusazvibata kwakacherekedzwa, kubvuma kwomuitiro, uye bvumirano. Kana chibvumikiso chikapiwa, isai chibvumirano icho chinodudza ukuru hwenzvero.
  4. LIMIT kusero yebhizimisi: Usapinda mukuredza hove. Njekesera zvakajeka donzo rokutsvaka ndokuisa kunzvimbo uko ufakazi hunobvira kuwanwa.
  5. Isa mabasa omukati nomutemo okuchengeta mabasa [[[FLT: 1]]: Kana kuchengetwa kwomutemo kukava kunobatanidzwa, ratidzira zvakajeka nzvero yapachivande yomushandirwi yakasununguka muzviito zvehurumende. Dzivisa kuva navakuru vakuru vakananga nguva kana kuti ukuru hwenzvero yomukati.
  6. `Indaneti] inodikanwa apo kusava nechokwadi: Nzira yakakotsekana zvikurusa yechiito apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoda kutsvaka nzvimbo yakavanzika kana kuti chishandiso chomunhu oga kuwana maruramiro. Kunyange kana kuchitora nguva yakati rebei, rugwaro runodzivirira kusaoneka kwoufakazi nedziviriro panjodzi.
  7. Vaongorori[[FLT: 1]: Vashandi veHR, vashandi vechengeteko, uye maneja vanofanira kugamuchira rovedzo yenguva dzose pamusoro pekunzvera nemitemo inokweva, kariro dzakavanzika, uye miitiro yakafanira yokuchengeta ufakazi.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda ikokunzvera kwapamutemo kuba nokusazvibata kwevashandi. Ungava mushandirwi akavanzika, sangano rehurumende, kana kuti mukuru mukuru wemitemo, unonzwisisa apo chibvumirano chiri madikanwa nenzira yokuwana nayo chinhu chimwe chakafanira mukuwirirana nechakafanira mukuchengeta ufakazi, kuremekedza kodzero dzavashandi, uye kudzivisa kubvumidzwa kwapamutemo. Kuwiriraniswa kwekariro dzakavanzika, mashoko emifungo, bvumi, uye Gemendement yeChina inoda kuronga nokungwarira nenhungamiro yapamutemo. Kupfurikidza nokuomerera kunheyo dzakarongwa munyaya ino, vaongorori vemitemo vanogona kutungamirira, kunzvera kwapamutemo kunoitwa kuti vanzveredzere muzvinhu zvipi nezvipi.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza Department of Justice’s Ruzivo rweIniversite paMazita eChibvumirano , [[FLT:]] Cornell Legin Information [, uye murangariro weDare Rapamusoro mu 'S] O’NORT v. . Imbofungawo kuhwirudzura [[FLT:]] Remendectal Information Information Institute’s Reformation [[FLT]] shortum]