Tsamba Yebumbiro reMitemo yeDare Rehurumende Inotonga

Kutonga kwedare rehurumende hakungomiriri. Kwakavakirwa zvakananga muChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., icho chakatanga dare redare rehurumende ndokurondedzera kusvika kwaro.Chikamu III, Chikamu 2 chinotambanudzira simba rokutonga kunhau dzose dzinomuka muBumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano. Chinofukidzawo nhau dzinobatanidza kudzorwa kwemitemo nemitemo yegungwa, kukakavadzana pakati pehurumende, uye makakatanwa pakati pevagari vemo venyika dzakasiyana- siyana.

Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inobatira donzo rinoshanda: inovimbisa kuti nhau dzoukoshi hworudzi dzinopinzwa mugadziriro yakafanana panzvimbo pokuva pasi pedudziro dzedare rehurumende dzakasiana - siana 50.Apo mhaka inotapura mutemo womubatanidzwa, hurumende yehurumende, kana kuti mapoka anobva kunyika dzakawanda, matare ehurumende anogovera nzvimbo inowirirana navatongi vanobatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose uye vanodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa nheyo iyi kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kuti simba rehurumende harisi rokusarudza dare rinonzi "riri nani" asi rokuendesa nyaya kudare rakakodzera rakavakirwa parudzi rwegakava racho.

Marudzi Edare Rehurumende Kutonga

Nhau Yemhosva

Nhau yokutonga ichiremera chedare rehurumende kunzwa rudzi rwakati rwenhau. Pasinarwo, dare harigoni kupa rutongeso rwakarurama, pasinei zvapo nokuti anogombedzera sei maidi. Rudzi urwu rwedzose runowira mumapoka makuru maviri: dare renhau rehurumende [ uye muganhu wehudzo .]

muganhu wenhau [[FLT: 1] unomuka apo kutaura kwemutengi kwakavakirwa paBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., mutemo womubatanidzwa, kana kuti chibvumirano. Somuenzaniso, dare rinopa mutemo kuti mutemo wehurumende unoputsa First Amendment ungaderera nenhau yehurumende nemhaka yokuti kutaura kwacho kunotsamira pakududzira Bumbiro reMitemo.

Kudzora kwapanguva ino kuripo apo mapati ava vagari vemo venyika dzakasiana- siyana uye chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000. Donzo nderokudzivisa mirangariro yedare mukurwisana namapati eruwa. Mugari we Texas anokwidza sangano reCalifornia nokuda kwe $100 000 (Z $150 000) mukuvadziko, somuenzaniso, aigona kuva nedare renyika pasi pedzomubatanidzwa wemhatsa.

Kuzvipa Mutongo

Kutonga kwomunhu oga kunonongedzera kusimba redare pamativi amene, zvikurukuru mukwiridzirwi. dare rehurumende rinofanira kuva nechiremera chomunhu oga pamukwiridziri, uko kunotsamira pabatano dzomukwiridzirwi kuhurumende iyo dare rinogara. Ichi chinodikanwa chakadzikwa muGuer Proces Claus of the Findments of the Findth Amendments.

Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakatanga kuti mukwirirwi anofanira kuva ne “batano dukusa" nenhau zvokuti kukwirira mhaka hakugumburi mirangariro yegamuchidzanwa yokutamba kwakarurama neruramisiro chaiyoiyo. Kana mukwirirwi achigara muOregon uye asina kutongoita bhizimisi muFlorida, dare rehurumende reFlorida sezvingabvira risingagoni kushandisa chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwirirwi, kunyange kana mhaka yacho ichibatanidza mubvunzo wehurumende.

Nhau Yenhau Inopomerwa Muukuru

Federal Question Jurisdiction (28 U.S.C. נ 1331)

Mutemo mukuru unodzora chiremera chehurumende chenhau ndechi 28 U.S.C. chita 1331, uyo unoti: matare oruwa achava nechiremera chapakuvamba chezviito zvose zvehurumende zvinoparirwa neBumbiro remitemo, mitemo, kana kuti zvibvumirano zveUnited States. Uyu mutauro mukuru, asi matare akatanga kuedza kusarudza apo nhau chaizvoizvo "inokwidzwa pasi" pamutemo womubatanidzwa.

Murairo wavose ndowokuti mubvunzo womubatanidzwa unofanira kuoneka pachiso chenyunyuto yomupokatesi inosanokumbirwa. Hakwakakwana kuti mukwirirwi akwidziridze dziviriro yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kana mupurisa akakwidza mhaka nokuda kwokuputswa kwebvumirano pasi pomutemo wenyika, uye mukwirirwi anotaura chibvumirano chacho hachishandi pasi pomutemo wehurumende, icho chisingaiti muganhu wehurumende. Kutaura kwomupultiff kunofanira kutsamira pamutemo wehurumende.

Mienzaniso inowanzozivikanwa yenyaya dzehurumende dzinobvunzwa ndeiyi:

  • Zvinotaurwa pasi pemirau yehurumende yekodzero dzevanhu (munzira, 42 U.S.C. . 1983)
  • Nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende yokudzivirira njodzi
  • Kudzongonyedza zviito zvokusada kubhadharwa uye kugadzira zvinhu
  • Kupinzwa Muropa
  • Nhau Pasi Pechikamu Chezvinotaurwa Nechibvumirano Chematort

Kusiyana - siyana kwaJurisdiction (28 U.S.C. נ 1332)

Kudzora marudzi akasiyana - siyana muU.S.C. נ 1332 kunoda zvinhu zviviri: mhatsa yakakwana yougari hwemo uye chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000.

mhatsa dzakabatanidzwa zvikuru inoreva kuti hapana mutendi anogona kuva mugari womunyika womugariro mumwe chetewo nomukwirirwi upi noupi. Kana mupurisa weNew York akashevedza mukwiridziridziri weNew York nomuConnecticut, mhatsa inoparadzwa nemhaka yokuti mupoteri nomukwiridzwi mumwe vanogoverana kuva vagari vemo veNew York. Mapoka acho haagoni kudzora mhatsa kupfurikidza nokukumbanira kana kuti kudzinga mapoka kungoparira kana kuti kuparadza nzvimbo.

inhau inokosha yezvakakumbirwa padanda. Inobatanidza kuvadziko, nyaradzo inopfuudzwa, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvokunaya. Kupomera kwakanaka kwokutenda kunowanzogamuchirwa kutoti kwave kwechokwadi pamutemo kuti kutaura kwacho kuri nokuda kwemari iri pasi pe $75 000. Muzvinoitika kutsvaka nyaradzo, matare anoyera uwandu munharo necheukoshi hwechinhu chacho kudivi rimwe nerimwe.

Kurayira Kwomubatanidzwa Wezvemari

Hudzo inowedzerwa, yakabatanidzwa pa 28 U.S.C. 31: 1367, inobvumira matare ehurumende kunzwa kutaura kwomutemo wehurumende kwokuti rutivi rwenhau imwe cheteyo kana kuti gakava seshoko rehurumende. Ikoku kunodzivisa kubatanidzwa kusiri madikanwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mutongi akasarurwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende wekusarura basa uyewo achiunzawo mutemo wehurumende wokugumisa kwakaipa kwakavakirwa pamaidi mamwe chetewo, dare rehurumende rinogona kushandisa muganhu wehurumende pamusoro pezvirevo zvehurumende.

Zvisinei, dare ringaramba simba rokuwedzera kana:

  • Kutaura kwomutemo wehurumende kunomutsa nhau inonakidza yomutemo wehurumende
  • Mutemo wehurumende unotaura kuti wakapararira zvikuru kupfuura kutaura kwehurumende
  • Dare roruwa rakaramba kupomera kwose kwehurumende

Kudzora kwakanyanyisa ndekwoungwaru, kwete kwokuzviitikira.

Concurrect Juriction

Chirango Chinogutsa

Dzimwe nhau dzinogona bedzi kunzwiwa mudare rehurumende. Iyi ndiyo muganhu unobatanidza. Dare rakasarudza nzvimbo dzakati dzenhau sesangano rakananga nemhaka yokudikanwa kwokufanana, unyanzvi chaihwo, kana kuti fariro yenyika.

Nharaunda dzehurumende yehurumende yakakwana dzinobatanidza:

  • Mhosva dzepaten nedzokuburitsa mashoko
  • Kupinzwa Muropa
  • Zvokuti mutariri wengarava uye zvokufamba mugungwa
  • Nhau dzinoitirwa hurumende yeUnited States
  • Kutaura kunorwisana nechivimbo kweFederal
  • Kupomerwa mhosva kwapamubatanidzwa zvikurusa

Kana mugari wemo akasaina nhau yehurumende oga mudare rehurumende, dare rehurumende rinofanira kuiramba nokuda kwokushaikwa kwechiremera chenhau, kunyange kana nhau yacho yave iripo kwamakore.

Kurayira Kwenguva Yacho

Nhau zhinji dzinowira mukati me udzori hwechipiri, kureva kuti matare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende ane chiremera chokuanzwa. Mutengi angasarudza kuti mativi api. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunoitika nenhau dzedzorudzo nenhau dzenhau dzehurumende umo Congress isina kuita kuti muganhu uve wakazara.

Somuenzaniso, kutongwa muParamende yeSangano reNzvimbo dzeBasa reFour Labor Act (FLSA) kunogona kuiswa mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende. Chisarudzo cheForum chinogona kutapura zvikuru muuyo wacho.Vatongi veFederal Article III vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose, nepo vatongi vehurumende vangasarudzwa kana kuti kubatira mashoko akatsiga. matare eFederal anewo mitemo yakasiana, ganhuriro dzokuwana, uye miitiro yokutarisira mhaka.

Apo kudzorwa kwemitemo kwapanhambo nenhambo kunenge kuripo, mupoteri anowanzodzora chisarudzo kupfurikidza nokutanga kuisa musengwa.

Kubviswa Kwepfungwa

Kubviswa kwenzvimbo kunobvumira mukwirirwi kuendesa mhaka yakachengetwa mudare rehurumende kudare rehurumende, dai dare rehurumende raizova rine simba rapakuvamba. Muitiro wacho unodzorwa ne 28 U.S.C. ISAYA 1441 1455.

Mitemo inokosha yokubvisa ndeiyi:

  • Vakwirirwi bedzi vangabvisa; vapfuri havagoni kubvisa mhaka yavakasarudza kunyora mudare rehurumende
  • Kubviswa kunofanira kuitika mukati mamazuva 30 mukwirirwi achigamuchira kuteterera kwokutanga
  • Vakwirirwi vose vanofanira kubvuma kubviswa ( "kutonga kwoutsi)
  • Mhaka dzinobviswa pazvikonzero zvakasiyana - siyana hadzigoni kubviswa kana mukwirirwi upi noupi ari mugari wehurumende yeForum (“mutongi weforum ”)
  • Mhaka haigoni kubviswa rinopfuura gore rimwe pashure pokunge yachengetwa kana kubviswa kwakavakirwa chose chose panzvimbo dzakasiana - siana bedzi

Kubviswa chishandiso chine simba chinobvumira vakwirirwi kudzivisa mhoteredzo dzedare rehurumende dzisina kunaka, kushandisa mitemo yehurumende, kana kuti kuita kuti mhaka yacho inzwiwe pamberi pomutongi wehurumende.

Kutapura Kunoita Vagari Vemo Kupomerwa Kwechibharo

Kwokunyora Mhaka Yako

Mubvunzo wokutanga unoshanda nokuda kwomugari upi noupi ane gakava rapamutemo ndeuyu: Idare ripi rine simba? Kumhanya mudare risina kururama kunogona kuguma nokudzingwa, kupambadzwa kwenguva, uye kurashikirwa nemitero yapamutemo. Muzvimwe zviitiko, mutemo weganhuriro ungapera mhaka isati yagona kudzorwa mudare rakarurama.

Vagari vemo vanofanira kufunga zvinotevera pavanenge vachisarudza pokupinda:

  • [ dare reFederal: Inopa mitemo yakafanana, vatongi vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, uye chisarudzo chinokurumidza. Kuvhura mitemo yakagadzirwa zvikuru, uye rutongeso rwamapfupi rwakakurumbira zvikuru.
  • dare reruwa: kungava kwakarovedzana zvikuru nomutemo womunzvimbomo, uye imba yedare inowanzova pedyo zvikuru. matare ehurumende anowanzobata mutemo wemhuri, probate, kuvadziko yomunhu oga, uye bvumirano dzekakavadzano kutoti mamiriro enhau akapesana kana kuti ehurumende avapo.

Kana usina chokwadi kana mhaka yako iri mudare rehurumende, bvunza Dare reUnited States nhungamiro yapamutemo kuhurumende yehurumende [[FLT: 1] nokuda kwamashoko ane chiremera.

Kutapura Kurongwa Kwemitemo

Mudare rehurumende, magweta anofanira kuwirirana neFederal Mission of Civil Procediture, inosiyana nemitemo yehurumende munzvimbo dzakadai sokuteterera, kuwana miganhu, uye muitiro wokufambisa zvinhu.

Matare eFederal anoshandisawo Idzidziso yepiyano , inoda matare ehurumende anogara mumhesano kuti ashandise mutemo wenyika asi mubatanidzwa wehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva dare rehurumende muCalifornia richinzwa mhaka yakasiana- siyana inofanira kushandisa mutemo weCalifornia asi kutevera Federal Magest of Civil Procedure. Irectrine inovimbisa kuti muuyo wenhau yakasiana - siana hausati uchingosiyana nemhaka bedzi yokuti uri mudare romubatanidzwa panzvimbo yehurumende.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo, ikoku kunoreva kuti kusarudza dare rehurumende nokuda kwenhau yakasiana - siana hakuchinji mutemo muduku unoshanda, asi unochinja mitemo yetsika nomutongi.

Kukwirira

Mitongo inonzwiwa mudare reruwa reUnited States Courts of Appeals, iyo yakakamurwa kuva matunhu 13. Kukwirira kunonzwiwa nemapoka avatongi vatatu, uye mumhaka dzisiri dzenguva dzose, vadzorwi vakazara vanganzwazve nhau yacho mukurambidza. Dare Rapamusorosoro rinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare okukwirira kupfurikidza nebumbiro recertiorari, iro riri dare rinosarudza.

Mitongo yedare yehurumende inobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende inogonawo kusvika Dare Rapamusorosoro. Pashure pemirairo yakakwirira zvikurusa yedare rehurumende, mubatanidzwa ungakumbira Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa nokuda kwemhesano yecertiorari kana mhaka yacho ichibatanidza mubvunzo mukuru womubatanidzwa.

Musiyano mukuru ndowokuti zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende panhau dzomutemo wehurumende bedzi ndezvokupedzisira pamwero wenyika uye hazvigoni kukwidzwa kumatare omubatanidzwa, kunyange kana mativi acho achibva kunyika dzakasiana.

Mirangariro Inozivikanwa Navose Pamusoro Pedare Rehurumende Kupomerwa

Kusanzwisisana kunoverengeka pamusoro pehurumende kunopfuurira pakati pevagari vemo uye kunyange mamwe magweta.

Miscception 1: matare eFederal nguva dzose ane chiremera pamusoro poutsotsi hwomubatanidzwa. Nepo matare ehurumende achibata kurovererwa mhaka kwamatare kwakawanda kwehurumende, dzimwe mhaka dzehurumende dzinogonawo kutongwa mudare rehurumende kana mufambiro wacho ukaputsawo mutemo wenyika. Dzidziso youchangamire hunobvumira zvose zviri zviviri matare ehurumende nehurumende kupomera mhaka imwe cheteyo pasina kuputsa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri.

Miscrect 2: Kudzorwa kwemarudzi kunoreva chinoitika chipi nechipi pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana. Chitsama mugakava chinofanira kupfuura $75 000 uye mhatsa yakakwana inodikanwa. Chinoitika pakati peNew York coliff nomukwirirwi weCalifornia nokuda kwe $50 000 hachikwanirisi.

Misccen 3: matare eFederal ari nani nguva dzose. matare eFederal ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa uye haagoni kunzwa nhau dzinowira chose chose muchiremera chehurumende, zvakadai sechatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta vana, uye nhau zhinjisa. Muzvinoitika izvozvo, dare rehurumende ndicho chisarudzo bedzi.

Miscception 4: Mukwirirwi anogona nguva dzose kubvisa mhaka kudare renyika. Kubvisa kunoda hwaro hwakazvimirira hwehurumende. Kana kunyunyuta kwemupurisa kusingasimudzi mubvunzo womubatanidzwa uye mhatsa dzichishayikwa, kubvisa hakuwaniki.

Nokuda kwokuputswa kwakakwana kweiyi mitemo, kororesa ku Cornell Legal Information Institute yebumbiro revhoriyamo, iyo inotsanangura mipimo yapamutemo mumutauro wakajeka.

Matanho Anoshanda Kuvagari Vemo

Kana uchitenda kuti nyaya yako yepamutemo ingabatanidza simba redare rehurumende, ita matanho anotevera:

  1. ratidzira hwaro hwezvaunotaura[. Zvibvunze umene kuti: Nhau yangu inobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti mirau yehurumende here? Ko mapati acho anobva kunyika dzakasiana here? Kana mhinduro iri hungu kuimwe migariro yose, chiremera chehurumende chingavapo.
  2. Cherechedza chitsama mugakava. Nokuda kwedzosero yakasiana-- siyana, simbisa kuti kutaura kwako kunopfuura $75 000 bedzi yemhindu nendyiko. Kana zvirango zvako zviri pasi pedivi chairo kana kuti sezvingabvira pasi pechikumbaridzo, ganhuriro yemhatsa haiwaniki.
  3. pamue muganhu uri weyakare kana kuti uri wenguva imwe chete. Nzvera kana matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakakwana parudzi rwako rwenhau. Mhaka dzepante navakabhuroka dzinofanira kuchengetwa mudare rehurumende. Kumwe kutaura kwehurumende kwakawanda kunogona kuchengetwa mugadziriro ipi neipi.
  4. Funga nezvezvinoreva zvinoshanda. Ivai zvakanaka nechakaipa chedare rehurumende rinenge richirwisana nedare rehurumende. Rangarira dziva redare redare, mitemo yetsika, tsika dzedare romunzvimbomo, uye bviro yokubvisa kupfurikidza nomupomeri.
  5. Commult gweta. Mibvunzo yedare inogona kuva yakaoma. Migumisiro yokuisa mudare risina kururama inogona kuva yakakomba. Mutongi wehurumende ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira anogona kuyera kana mhaka yako iri mudare rehurumende ndokupa zano pagadziriro yakanakisisa.

Vagari vari kurangarira kuzvimirira vamene kuva vanomirira mudare rehurumende vanofanira kuva vanongwarira zvikuru. Matare eFederal ane zvinodikanwa zvetsika zvakasimba, uye mutemo pamusoro penhau muhurumende unosanosanozivikanwa. U.S. website yedare inogovera nhungamiro nokuda kwezvikamu zvinozvimirira izvo pachazvo , asi kumirira kwapamutemo kunorumbidzwa zvikuru nokuda kwenhau ipi neipi yakaoma kubatanidza nhau dzehurumende.

Kupomerwa Muzera Renhamba

Ruzivo rwazvino uno rwakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pesimba redare rehurumende. apo gakava rinomuka kubva mukutenga nekombiyuta, kuputsa mashoko, kana kuti mibato yebhizimisi yakavakirwa paInternet, kusarudza apo mhaka inogona kuchengetwa nguva dzose haisi yakananga.

Matare akakudziridza kunzvera kwaibatanidza vanhu vaduku navakadzi zvikurukuru nokuda kweInternet. Mawebsite okutumira mashoko anowanzosatanga chiremera chomunhu oga, nepo mawebsite okunyorerana anoitisa bhizimisi navagari vemo vefourm anogona. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. harina kupedza zvizere mibvunzo yose pamusoro pekudzorwa kweInternet, naizvozvo matare akaderera anopfuurira kuvamba mutemo pahwaro hwenhau nechekare.

Vagari vemo vanoitirana nharo paIndaneti vanofanira kuziva kuti nyaya dzematare ehurumende dziri kuwedzera kutongwa dzinosanganisira:

  • Kusava nechokwadi uye kutaura kwokuva woga kwemashoko
  • Zita renzvimbo dzinokakavadzana
  • Mashoko ecopyright uye chiratidzo zvinovhiringidza paIndaneti
  • Kubvumira kondirakiti yemagetsi
  • Kubiridzira paIndaneti

Dare rakagadzawo mitemo chaiyo yehurumende inoparira simba rehurumende nokuda kwezvimwe zvinotaura zveInternet, zvakadai seCommunetic Purce and Abuse Act uye Anti - Cybersquating Consumer Protection Act.

mhedziso

Kutonga kwedare rehurumende ipfungwa yehwaro mugadziriro yapamutemo yeU.S. Inosarudza kuti idare ripi rinogona kunzwa mhaka, inoshanda, uye imitemoi yetsika inodzora rondedzero. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa nheyo huru dzesimba rehurumende hakusati kuriwo zvako dzidzo. Kunobatanidza zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvezuva riri rose, kubva pakuisa mhaka kukupindura kune mumwe.

Vatamiki vavagari vemo ndeidzi: matare ehurumende anonzwa mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti gakava pakati pavagari venyika dzakasiana - siana apo dzinopfuura $75 000 dziri mungozi. Dzimwe nhau, dzakadai senhau dzine chiremera nedzinobhuroka. Dzimwe dzinganzwika mugadziriro ipi neipi, uye mupurisa kazhinji kazhinji ane chisarudzo chokutanga.

Pamunenge musina chokwadi, bvunzai zviwanikwa zvakavimbika. Rugwaro rwakazara rwemitemo yehurumende runowanika kupfurikidza neBumbiro remitemo reU.S., uye pawebsite yematare inopa nhungamiro dzakajeka kumugariro wedare nehurumende. Zano remitemo kubva kugweta rinokwaniriswa nguva dzose ndiyo nzira yakakotsekana zvikuru apo kodzero dzako nemhinganidzo zviri mungozi.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa simba redare rehurumende, vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa gadziriro yemitemo nenzira inobudirira zvikuru, kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva pamusoro penzvimbo yokuisa matare, uye kudzivisa chikanganiso chinodhura chokupinda mudare risina kururama.