Table of Contents
Zvisarudzo zvepanyika hurusa zvinomirira dzimwe dzenhambo dzinochinja zvikurusa munhau yemitemo yeAmerica, zvichiumba nzwisiso yenyika yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, rusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye dzikamo yesimba rehurumende. Iyi mirau inokosha inotambanukira kure kupfuura dare, inopesvedzera mutemo, masangano enzanga, uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemamiriyoni evagari vemo. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo haisiwo rovedzo yedzidzo yedzidzo chete, kunokosha nokuda kwokuva mugari wemo anozivikanwa, kutora rutivi rwehurumende, uye kuziva kuti mutongi wejaji anopfuurira sei kutsanangura nokuvandudza nheyo idzo United States yakavakirwa.
Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinobatira somupikisi wokupedzisira wemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, richishandisa simba rokunzvera kunzvera kuti rione kana mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Apo Dare rinopa chisarudzo chakatanhamara, rinogadza mienzaniso yapamutemo iyo matare akaderera anofanira kutevera, achitanga nenzira inobudirira tsananguro itsva dzomutemo dzinogona kutsungirira kwezvizvarwa. Iyi miraudzo inowanzobuda munhau dzinokosha dzinobatanidza maruramiro avanhu, uenzani, unani, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba, zvichiaita zvitemeso zvinokosha mumhindumupinduro inopfuurira yehurumende yeAmerica.
Chinofananidzira Chisarudzo Chedare Gurusa
Haisi mhaka iri yose yeDare gurusa inowana mugariro wechiratidzo. Chisarudzo chakatanhamara chinowanzova namavara anoverengeka anochitsauranisa nenhau dzenguva dzose. Iyi mirau inokurukura mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro-mitemo ine revo huru dzetsika dzinosvika kure nokuda kwenzanga, kazhinji kazhinji inopedza nharo dzapamutemo dzakasimba kana kuti kutanga nheyo itsva dzapamutemo chose chose. Simba rezvisarudzo zvakadaro rinodzokororwa kumativi akawanda omutemo nenzanga, richipesvedzera mutemo unotevedzerwa, richiumba muitiro wavose, uye pane dzimwe nguva rinochinja kuchinja nzanga.
Nyaya dzinoratidza zvinhu dzinobatanidza kududzirwa kwegadziriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinokosha zvikurusa, kubatanidza Bill of Rights, Aumement Protection Clause, The Batts Procession Claus, uye Commerce Claus. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinotanga mienzaniso inoshanda iyo matare anorondedzera nayo nhau dzakafanana munguva yemberi, achiumba gadziriro inopesvedzera kurangarira kwapamutemo kwamakumi amakore kana kuti kunyange mazana amakore. Ukoshi hwechisarudzo yemitemo yechiratidzo chinoreva kuti magweta, vatongi, vatengi vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanonongedzera nguva dzose kunhau idzi apo vanorwisana nenhau dzemitemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika.
Rumwe rutivi runorondedzera rwezvisarudzo zvenhau ikombamiro yavo yokuparira ngwariro huru yavose nekurukurirano. Iyi nhau dzinowanzonongedzera panhau dzenzanga dzinokamuranisa murangariro wavanhu vose, zvakadai sekodzero dzavagari vemo, rusununguko rwokubereka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kana kuti ganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende. Chisarudzo cheDare chenhau idzi dzinokakavara chinogona kusimbisa kana kuti kudenha mirangariro yenzanga yakapararira, pane dzimwe nguva kukurumidzisa fambiro mberi yenzanga uye dzimwe nguva dzinoparira kupesana kukuru kwemitezo yemitemo uye kuraira nhevedzano yemitemo kana kuti chiito chemitemo.
Simba Rokuhwirudzura uye Rokududzira Bumbiro Remitemo
Hwaro hwesimba reDare Gurusa rekubudisa zvisarudzo zvetsika dzinoratidza. Chisarudzo ichi, chakaitwa nenhau yedare. MuMarbury v. Madison (1803), Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akasimbisa chiremera cheDare kuhwirudzura mabasa eDare ndokuazivisa kuti haawirirani nemitemo kana vachipesana neBumbiro remitemo. Chisarudzo ichi, kunyange zvazvo chisina kupiwa zvakajeka norugwaro rweMitemo, chakagadza judiary sebazi rehurumende rine simba rokunzvera zviito zvemitemo nerokutungamirira.
Kuhwirudzura Dare Gurusa kubva pasangano rakaneta zvikuru kuva muchengeti ane simba wenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Iri chiremera rinogonesa Dare kushayisa simba mitemo inopfuurwa nevanogadza mitemo vakasarudzwa nehurumende apo mitemo iyoyo inoputsa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kuchiparira kusawirirana pakati pomutemo mukuru nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Vatsoropodzi dzimwe nguva vanodudza ikoku soutongi hunopesana nehurumende, nepo vatsigiri vachikutsigira kuchidzivirira kodzero dzechiduku nerusununguko runokosha kubva muudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji.
Kushandiswa kwehwirudzuro yokutonga kunoda ruramisiro kutsanangura mutauro webumbiro remitemo uyo unowanzova wakafara uye unojeka. Mashoko akafanana "kudzivirira," "kudzivirira nokuranga kwechienzi," uye "rusununguko rwokutaura" anoda kududzirwa nokushandiswa kumigariro yakati iyo vaFramers vaisagona kutongokarira. Uzivi hwedare hwakasiana----kusiyanisa hwupinzwa kwemitemo, manyoro emitemo, uye mapragmatism, jastimsm transform, zvinotungamirira kukurangarira kusimba kuzvose zviri zviviri muDare nomunzanga yapamutemo pamusoro penzira yakafanira yokunzwisisa nayo retendimbili.
Chikonzero Nei Vagari Vachifanira Kunzwisisa Zvisarudzo Zvedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe uye Kusunungurwa
Kuziva dare guru redare kunobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa uye kushandisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo. Vanhu vakawanda vokuAmerica havazivi kuti idziviriro dzakadini dzinopiwa neBumbiro reMistero uye kuti dziviriro idzodzo dzakarondedzerwa sei nokududzirwa kwedare. Somuenzaniso, kunzwisisa Miranda ne. Arizona (1966) inobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kodzero yavo yokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva nomumiririri aripo panenge pachibvunzurudzwa mapurisa. Nenzira yakafanana, kurovedzana nemhosva dzinobatanidza kudzivirira kweGaramende rechina pakutsvaka nokubatwa nehosha kunogonesa kunzwisisa apo kodzero dzavo dzakavanzika dzingaputswa.
Zvisarudzo zvezviratidzo zvakawedzera kunzwisisa kodzero dzinokosha munzira dzinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva.Magariro anobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kodzero yokuva woga, uye dziviriro pakusarura zvakavamba miganhu inodzora kufambidzana kwevanhu nezviremera zvehurumende. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa iyi mienzaniso, vanoshongedzerwa zviri nani kuti vazive kuputswa kwekodzero dzavo uye kutsvaka kurapwa kwapamutemo kwakakodzera pazvinenge zviri madikanwa.
Kuumba Kubatanidzwa Kwechiito Choubati Uchitungamirirwa Nehurumende uye Kubatanidzwa Muchikwata
Kunzwisisa zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa kunogonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo zvikuru muhurukuro yavose pamusoro penhau dzapamutemo nebumbiro remitemo. Apo vavhoti vanonzwisisa nzira iyo Dare rakadudzira nayo gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa zvikuru pamusoro pevanoda kusarudzwa nokuda kwebasa rinosarudzwa, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvigadziko zvokutonga, izvo zvine renguva refu zvinotapura zvinodzivisika nokuda kwenhungamiro yomutemo wemitemo.
Zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa zvinowanzova mifungo munhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika nenharo dzemitemo. Nhau dzakadai sekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri, kudzora pfuti, chiito chokubvuma, nhimbe, uye maruramiro okuvhota dzose dzakaumbwa nemitemo yenhau inopfuurira kupesvedzera kurukurirano dzemitemo. Vagari vanonzwisisa hwaro hwapamutemo hweidzi kurukurirano vanogona kupinda muiyi nhau nenzira yapachivande, vachisundira mberi mativi okutaura pamusoro pokurwisana nenheyo dzemitemo dziri pasi padanda.
Kuziva Kushanduka - shanduka Kwetsika Dzepamutemo
Mutemo wacho hauna kubatana; unochinja - chinja kuti ugadzirise magariro evanhu, magadzirirwo ezvigadzirwa, uye kuti kunzwisiswa kweruramisiro nokuenzana.Zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro zvinoratidza kuti mhindumupindu iyi yakachinja sei, zvichiratidza kuti kutsanangura kwebumbiro remitemo kwakafambirana sei nenguva. Zvimwe zvisarudzo zvakachinja zvichibva pane zvakaitika kare, zvichiratidza kuchinja kukuru mupfungwa dzepamutemo uye tsika. Kunzwisisa kuti shanduka - shanduka kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kuti mutemo wemitemo isangano rinoramba richiumbwa.
Somuenzaniso, nzira yeDare rokuenzana kwedzinza yakachinja zvikuru kubva pakubvuma kwouranda kunonyadzisa muDred Scott v. Sandford (1857) kukurambwa kwe "kupesana asi kwakaenzana" muna Brown v. Board of Education (1954) kunharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pezviito zvokubvuma uye kodzero dzokuvhota. Nenzira yakafanana, kunzwisisa kweDare uenzani hwechirume nekodzero dzechirume, LGBTQ, uye kuva wogaro kwaveri kwakavapo zvikuru mumakumi emakore. Kuziva izvi kunobatsira vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kufambira mberi kwakaitwa uye kutamburira kururamisira kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo.
Zvisarudzo Zvehwaro Zvinofanira Kuzivikanwa Nomunhu Wose
Marbury v. Madison (1803): Kugadza Gabhubhu yeMasai yeMasai
Marbury naMadison vanomira sechisarudzo chinokosha zvikurusa cheDare gurusa munhau yeAmerica, kwete nokuda kwetapuro yaro inoshanda nokukurumidza asi nokuda kwokutanga nheyo yehwirudzuro. Mhaka yacho yamuka mugakava rezvamatongerwe enyika pashure pekusarudza kunokakavadzana kwa 1800, apo Purezidhendi John Adams anofamba akaedza kugadza vatongi vazhinji veFrederali mumazuva ake okupedzisira muhofisi. Apo Munyori anouya weState James Madison akaramba kupa mamwe eaya mabasa, William Marbury akakumbira Dare Rapamusoro remandamus kuti agombedze kuendesa.
Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akaita murangariro wakachenjera uyo wakadzivisa panguva imwe cheteyo rwisano yakananga nebazu rinotungamirira apo aisimbisa simba redare risina muenzaniso. Marshall akagumisa kuti nepo Marbury akanga ane maruramiro kubasa rake, Dare raisagona kupa mushonga wakakumbirwa nemhaka yokuti mutemo unobvumira ma “writs ” akadaro kudarika chiremera chebumbiro remitemo remitemo reChibvumirano. Pakuzivisa chikamu cheChibvumirano cheJudicary cha 1789 chisiri chigaro, Marshall akagadza kuti Dare Rapamusoro rine chiremera chokuhwirudzura nokushata mitemo inorwisana neBumbiro reMitemo.
Ichi chisarudzo chakaumba nomutoo mukuru tsika yeAmerica yehurumende kupfurikidza nokugadza dare redare sebazu rakaenzana rine simba rokunzvera zviito zvemitemo nezvokutonga. Pasina kuhwirudzura kwokutonga, Dare Gurusa raizoshaiwa chiremera chokubudisa zvakawanda zvezvisarudzo zvenhau izvo zvakarondedzera mutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo. Marbury v. Madison akaumba gadziriro umo dare rose rinotsiva remitemo rinoshanda, richiiita hwaro apo chiremera cheDare gurusa razvino uno chino uno chinovakwa.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Dismantling Secorvation
Brown v. Board yeDzidzo inomirira chimwe chezvisarudzo zveDare gurusa rinokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica, kurovanya dzidziso ye "kupesana asi yakaenzana" iyo yakanga yabvumiranisa dzinza nokuda kwaanodokusvika makumi matanhatu amakore. Mhaka yacho yakabatanidza denho dzinoverengeka kubvumira zvikoro zvavose zveKansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, uye District of Columbia. Vaparidzi vakapikisa kuti zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaganhurirwa zvakanga zvisingaenzaniswi uye zvakaputsa Nhungamiro yakaenzana naClaus Claus yeGrefement ye145.
Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akanyora murangariro wakabatana uyo wakaramba muenzaniso wakagadzwa muPlessy v. Ferguson (1896), uyo wakanga watsigira kusarurana kwedzinza pasi pedzidziso ye "kuparadzana asi yakaenzana". Dare rakagumisa kuti kuparadza vana muzvikoro zvavose zvikurukuru pahwaro hwedzinza kwakaparira kunzwa kwokuzvidukupisa uko kwakasekesa mikana yedzidzo ndokuputsa zvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo zvakaenzana. Warren akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "Makire edzidzo haaenzaniswi," anobvisa zvakananga nheyo yapamutemo yaJim Crow Libtion.
Simba raBrown rakatambanudzwa kupfuura dzidzo, kuchigovera tsigiro yapamutemo netsika nokuda kweChivil Rights Movement. Chisarudzo chakabatanidza nhamburiko dzokuparadza paradza mativi ose oupenyu hwavanhu vose, kubva kuzvokufambisa kuenda kudzimba dzavose. Zvisinei, kuita basa kwakava kwakaoma, nemitemo mizhinji inopinda mu "kudzivisa kubatanidzwa" kudzivisa. Kurwisa kumanikidza Brown kuti zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa, pasinei zvapo nokuti zvinokosha, kunoda nhamburiko inotsigirwa uye yezvematongerwe enyika kushandura nheyo dzemitemo dzepamutemo kuva dzenzanga.
Miranda kana kuti Arizona (1966): Kudzivirira Kodzero Mukati Mekusungwa
Miranda neArizona vakaratidza kuti vakuru vakuru vemitemo vaiudza vakuru vakuru kuti vane kodzero dzepamutemo vasati vabvunzurudzwa. Nhau yacho yaibatanidza Ernesto Miranda, uyo akabvuma kuba nokubata chibharo pashure pokubvunzurudzwa nemapurisa asina kuudzwa kodzero yake yokunyarara kana kuti kuva negweta. Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga kuti kudzivirira kweGadziriro yeGadziro yeFitempitist pakodzero yokuzvidzora uye kodzero yeSikisi yeSakisi yokupa zano kunoda kuti vanofungidzira kuti vapiwe nyevero dzakananga vasati vabvunzurudzwa.
Chisarudzo cheDare chakaraira icho chakasvika pakuzivikanwa se "Muranda nyevero" kana kuti "Miranda maruramiro emitemo"" (jereso dzinozivikanwa kuti vanhu vane maruramiro okuramba vakanyarara, kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chavanotaura chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana navo mudare, kuti ivo vane maruramiro kugweta, uye kuti mutongi achagadzwa kana vasingagoni kubhadhara. Idzi nyevero dzakasimbiswa zvikuru mutsika dzapamutemo dzeAmerica zvokuti ivo vanozivikanwa nokukurumidza kuvagari vemo vazhinjisaiti, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokuratidzirwa kwavo kwenguva dzose mumiitiro yeterevhizheni namabhaisikopo.
Miranda anomirira nhamburiko yeDare yokudzikamisa kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunobudirira nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo pamiitiro yokubvunzurudza. Vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti chisarudzo chacho chaizodzivisa kunzvera kwamapurisa ndokubvumira vanhu vane mhaka kuti vapukunyuke ruramisiro. Vatsigiri vakaomerera kuti yakagovera dziviriro dzinokosha pakureurura kwenhema uye kudzivirira vanhu vasina dziviriro padzvinyiriro yamapurisa. Chisarudzo chacho chakapukunyuka denho dzakawanda uye chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chemiitiro youtsotsi, kunyange zvazvo utsotsi hwakatevera hwakaparira kusabvumirana nohuko nomutemo weMiranda.
Mubatanidzwa weMapoka eMadobs muBhuku ra202: Kubvisa Pamuviri
Zvisarudzo zvishomanene zveDare Gurusa zvakaparira gakava rakasimba zvikuru seRoe v. Wade, iro rakabvuma maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvisa pamuviri. Dare rakaramba kuti Gutsikano yeKineith Amendment inodzivirira maruramiro omukadzi okubvisa pamuviri sorutivi rwakafara rwekodzero yokuva woga. Chisarudzo chacho chakagadza maruramiro akadzikamisa maruramiro omukadzi okuvandika mukudzivirira upenyu hunobvira noutano hwaamai, nomutemo wehurumende kuva unobvumirwa zvikuru sezvo pamuviri chinofambira mberi.
Roe akava nhau inorondedzera mune zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica, achisimbisa zvose zviri zviviri masangano apamutemo neamagariro azvo oupenyu hwakawanda nokupesvedzera kugadza kwokutonga kwamakumi amakore. Chisarudzo chakachinjwa naPlanned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), iyo yakatsiva gadziriro yakachekererwa ne "mutoro usingakundiki" mupimo nepo ichisimbisazve mavambo okuita kuti vakadzi vave nekodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokubvisa pamuviri pamberi pokuva nehuvara kwavana. Kwaanenge makore makumi mashanu, Roe naCasey vakaumba hwaro hwemitemo yekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri muUnited States.
Muna 2022, Dare Gurusa rakabudisa chisarudzo charo muDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, ichiputsa zvose zviri zviviri Roe neCasey uye ichirangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harisati richipa kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri. Voruzhinji vakagumisa kuti maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri haana kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau yorudzi rwacho negamuchidzanwa uye kuti nhau yacho inofanira kupedzwa negadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende panzvimbo pomutemo wedare. Chisarudzo ichi chinodzorera kubvisa mimba kumitemo yenyika imwe neimwe, kuchiguma nebasa remitemo inovambira pakudzivisa zvakasimba kubuda nokubvisa pamuviri. Chisarudzo chePuromende chinoratidzira kuti zvinoitika sei, kunyange izvo zvakamira pamakumi amakore, zvinogona kudzorwa apo kunyorwa nemutoonzi wouzivi.
United States v. Nixon (1974): Purezidhendi wokuzvidavirira
United States v. Nixon akabva mumhosho yeWatergate ndokutaura ganhuriro dzesimba rapurezidhendi mukati menjodzi yebumbiro remitemo. Mupurisa chaiye Leon Jaworski akarekodhwa tapeti yekurukurirano pakati paPurezidhendi Richard Nixon navarindi vake, achidavira kuti dzaiva noufakazi hunokosha kuvhozhotera vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Nixon akaramba kubudisa tepi, achitaura ropafadzo yomukuru wehurumende kuti Purezidhendi anogona kudzivisa kurukurirano dzakati kuti dzidzivike kudzivirira kuvanzika kwapamutemo kwechisarudzo chavakuru vakuru.
Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaramba nokubvumirana kutaura kwakakwana kwaNixon kweropafadzo yapamusoro, kunoreva kuti nepo Purezidhendi ane fariro yapamutemo mukurukurirano dzakavanzika, iyi fariro inofanira kupa apo ufakazi hunodikanwa nokuda kwokutonga kwoutsotsi. Mutongi Mukuru Warren Burger akanyora kuti dzidziso yokuparadzana kwamasimba kana kuti kudikanwa kwokuvanza kurukurirano dzakakwirira dzinogona kutsigira ropafadzo yakakwana, isina kukwana yapurezidhendi yokudzivisa dziviriro mumuitiro wokutonga mumigariro yose.
Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa nheyo inokosha yokuti hapana munhu, kunyange Purezidhendi, akakwirira mutemo. Nixon akabvumirana nemurairo weDare, akabudisa matepi, uye akabuda pashure penguva pfupi pashure paikoko apo makaseti anozivisa kubatanidzwa kwake mufukidzwa yeWatergate. United States v. Nixon akatanga mienzaniso inokosha pamusoro peropafadzo yechiremera, kuzvidavirira kwapurezidhendi, uye basa redare rokuongorora simba revakuru vakuru. Mhaka yacho inoramba ichishanda munharo dzenguva ino pamusoro pechiremera chapurezidhendi uye mwero apo purezidhendi anogona kudzivisa kudzorwa kwedare kana kuti kutungamirira.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kuenzana kweroorano
Obergefell v. Hodges akamirira mugumo wamakumi amakore ezvibvumirano zveLGBTQ+ maruramiro, achidavira kuti maruramiro makuru okuroora anovimbiswa kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano neCHENGETA CHOKUTENDEDISA Claus neFradetement Clause yeMichigan, Kentucky, Ohio, uye Tennessee. Mhaka yacho yakabatanidza denho kubva kuTennessee, apo varoorani vorudzi rumwe chetevo vakataura kuti kurambidzwa kweroorano imwe cheteyo yetekisi kunoputsa maruramiro avo emitemo.
Mutongi Anthony Kennedy, achinyorera voruzhinji, akasimbisa kuti kodzero yokuroora inokosha nemhaka yokuti inotsigira mubatanidzwa wevaviri mukusafanana nomumwe muukoshi hwawo kuvanhu vakapikirwa. Dare rakaramba kuti kurambidza vakwanyina voutevedzani vamwe chetevo maruramiro okuroora vanokuvadza vane chiremera ndokuvaisa kumugariro wechipiri. Chisarudzo chaida kuti hurumende dzose dzibvumidze roorano pakati pavaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano uye kuziva roorano dzevatano dzakaitwa nenzira yapamutemo mudzimwe nharaunda.
Obergefell akaratidzira chinjo inoshamisa mukuzivikanwa kwapamutemo nenzanga kweLGBTQ+ ukama. Makumi amakore mashomanene pamberi pezvi, ukama hwevatano hwakafanana hwakaparirwa munyika dzakawanda, uye pfungwa yeroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano yakanga isingafungiki mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chakavakwa panhau dzapakuvamba, kubatanidza Lawrence v. Texas (2003), icho chakarova mitemo yaiputsa kuva pedyo kwohuhuhuhure, uye United States v. Winds (203), iyo yakabvisa roorano yehurumende yairondedzera roorano seyogaro pakati pomurume nomukadzi mumwe chete. Obergee anoratidzira kuti kududzira kwemitemo kunogona sei kuzivisa kodzero nokuda kwamapoka ayo akamboiswa murutivi rwapamberidzo kana kuti abviswa mudziviriro kwapamutemo.
Zvisarudzo Zvokutaura Nekutaura Kwakasununguka
Scheck v. United States (1919) uye "Created and Prese Associated"
Schenck v. United States akatanga chimwe chegadziriro dzekaresa dzokusarudza apo hurumende inogona kuganhurira kutaura. Charles Schenck, mukuru mukuru weSocialist Party, akawanirwa mhaka muMutezo weEspionage Act nokuda kwokuparadzira mapepa anokurudzira kutsutsutsumwa kwehondo mukati meHondo Yenyika I. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kupwisa kwake, neMutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Ar aitsanangura kuti muedzo we "Garaccolpher neapai", uyo wairangarira kuti kutaura ikoko kwaigona kuganhuridzwa apo kunoparira ngozi yokuparira zvakaipa zvinoiswa mugwenga mukati meno yeNyika iyo Dare rine maruramiro kudzivisa.
Holmes akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "dziviriro yakakomba zvikurusa yorusununguko rwokutaura haisati yaizodzivirira munhu mukushevedzera moto zvenhema munzvimbo inochengeterwa moto nokuparira rutyo," kuratidzira kuti dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment hadzina kukwani. Nzvero yakajeka neyazvino inoparira njodzi yakaedza kudzikamisa maruramiro okutaura akasununguka pafariro dzepamutemo dzehurumende muchengeteko yorudzi nechengeteko yavose. Zvisinei, kunzvera kwakabvumikisa kuva kwakaoma kushandisa nguva dzose uye gare gare gare kwakanatswa uye pakupedzisira kwakatsiviwa nemipimo yakawanda yokudzivirira kutaura.
New York Times Co. (1964): Deventing Press Freedom
New York Times Co. Sullivan yakashandura mutemo wokuzvidza ndokugovera dziviriro dzinokosha nokuda kworusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau. Mhaka yacho yakamuka apo L.B. Sullivan, mukuru mukuru wehurumende muMontgomery, Alabama, akakwidza mhaka New York Times nokuda kwokubudisa ziviso yaiva nenhema dzechokwadi pamusoro pezviito zvamapurisa pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo. Vatongi veAlabama vakapa Sullivan $50 000 mukuvadziko, vachityisidzira maruramiro emari amasangano anobudisa nhau akafukidza nhau dzavose dzinomutsa nharo.
Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakachinja rutongeso rwacho, richiva nomupimo wakakura unoita kuti vakuru vakuru vasagona kuwana kuvadziko dzenhema dzinozvidza pamusoro pomufambiro wavo wapamutemo kutoti ivo vakabvumikisa kuti kutaura kwacho kwakaitwa ne "utsinye hwechiito" (hwu ndiko kuti, nezivo yokuti kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kuzvidza kwokusangwarira kwekuti kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kwete. Iyi mirangariro yakasimba yakaziva kuti gakava pamusoro penhau dzavose ingabatanidza kushatiswa, kudenha, uye pane dzimwe nguva kudenha kwakaipa pahurumende navakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye kutaura ikoko kusina kururama hakudzivisiki mukurukurirano yapachena.
Mupimo chaiwoiwo woutsinye wakatangwa muSullivan wakatambanudzirwa kuvanhu vose zvakafara zvikuru uye unoramba uri musimboti weFirst Amendment. Chisarudzo chinodzivirira vatori venhau, vatsigiri venhau, uye vagariwo zvavo vanotsinhira pamusoro penhau dzine chokuita navanhu, vachibvumira kurukurirano yakasimba pasina muuyo unotyisa wengozi ingangova yezvikanganiso zviduku. Zvisinei, mupimo wacho wakashorwawo nokuda kwokukuita kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwemikurumbira yavose kureverera mukurumbira wavo apo unokuvadzwa zvapachokwadi nokutaura kwenhema.
Texas v. Johnson (1989): Kupisa Mureza Sekutaura Kunodzivirira
Texas neJohnson vakataura kana kupisa mureza weAmerica sechirambidzo chezvamatongerwe enyika kuchiva kutaura kwakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment.Gregory Lee Johnson akapisa mureza weAmerica mukati mokuramba paRepublican National Convention muDallas ya 1984, uye akawanirwa mhaka mumutemo weTexas uchirambidza kusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvinonamatwa. Dare Rapamusoro, muchisarudzo chinomutsa nharo 5 - 4, raidavira kuti kupisa mureza kunoumba kutaura kwokufananidzira kunodzivirirwa neFort Amendment.
Murangariro woruzhinji waMutongi William Brennan wakasimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kurambidza kutaura kwepfungwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti nzanga inowana pfungwa yacho ichishatiswa kana kuti isingagamuchiriki. Dare rakaziva kuti mureza une revo chaiyo nokuda kwavaAmerica vazhinji asi wakagumisa kuti ukoshi hwokufananidzira ihwohwu hune chokuita nokutaura kwakasununguka uye husingagoni kururamisa kutaura. Chisarudzo chacho chakaparira kudzorwa kukuru kwavose uye kuedza kukundikana kubvisa murairo unodzivisa kusvibisa mureza.
Nyaya yacho inoratidza kuti Dare rinongoda kutsigira mitemo yemitemo kunyange parinenge richishorwa nevanhu zvakanyanya, zvichisimbisa kuti kodzero dzemitemo hadzibvi payakawanda inobvumirwa nevanhu.
Zvisarudzo Zvechiratidzo Pamusoro Peruramisiro Youtsotsi Nemuitiro Wakafanira
Gideon (1963): Kodzero kuZano
Gidheoni akabvuma kuti vimbiso yeSand Amendment yechitanhatu yezano inoshanda kumatare ehurumende uye kuti hurumende dzinofanira kupa magweta kuvakwirwi vasingagoni kuvaripi mari.Clarence Earl Gidheoni akapomerwa mhosva yokupunza nokupinda muFlorida ndokukumbira kuti dare rigadze gweta kuti rimumiririre nemhaka yokuti aisagona kubhadhara chimwe. Dare rakaramba chikumbiro chake, uye Gidheoni akazvimiririra, akapiwa mhosva, uye akatongerwa makore mashanu mujeri.
Dare racho rakabvuma, richiputsa chisarudzo charo chapakuvamba muBetts nemuBrady uye richidavira kuti kodzero yokupa zano inokosha uye inokosha kukutonga kusingakanganisi.Mutongi Hugo Black akanyora kuti magweta mumatare eutsotsi anodiwa, kwete zvinhu zvoumbozha, uye kuti hurumende inofanira kupa zano kuvakwiridziridzi avo vasingagoni kubhadhara magweta avo mumatare ose okutonga kwemhosva angaguma nokusungwa.
Gidheoni akashandura gadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi kupfurikidza nokugadzira gadziriro yavose yokudzivirira uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakwirirwi vanogamuchira mirairo yapamutemo. chisarudzo chakaziva kuti pasina betsero yapamutemo inokwaniriswa, kunyange vapomerwi vasina mhaka vanotarisana neganhuriro huru mukufamba mumatare akaoma. Zvisinei, kurumbidzwa kunopfuurira kwehofisi dzavose mumativi akawanda kunoreva kuti chipikirwa chaGidheoni chinoramba chichizivikanwa nenzira isina kukwana, navapomendi vachigamuchira ratidziro isina kukwana pasinei zvapo nevimbiso yebumbiro remitemo.
Map v. Ohio (1961): Kutonga kweExclousionary
Map v. Ohio yakashandisa dziviriro yeFreadment yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha kuhurumende utsotsi ndokutanga mutemo wokuparadza, unorambidza kushandiswa kwoufakazi hunowanikwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina kuvhozhokera. Vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vakapinda nechisimba pamusha weDollree Map's pasina rugwaro runoshanda, vachitaura kuti vari kutsvaka kubhomba kunofungidzirwa uye zvinhu zvokubhejera zvisiri pamutemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakawana zvinhu zvinonyadzisa uye vakasungwa Mapup nokuda kwokuva nenhau inonyadzisa.
Dare Repamusorosoro rakataura kuti ufakazi hunowanikwa mukuputswa kweGavhuramisime yeChina hahugoni kushandiswa mumatare ehurumende.Dare rakarangarira kuti pasina mutemo wokuparadza, dziviriro dzeFreadmerment yeChina dzaizova dzisina revo, sezvo mapurisa aisazova nechikonzero chokuremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pakunzvera nepfari. chisarudzo chakatambanudzirwa kukutaura mutemo uyo wakanga washanda bedzi kunhau dzehurumende, kuchisimbisa zvikuru dziviriro dzakavanzika munyika yose.
Mapp inoramba ichimutsa nharo, navatsoropodzi vachitaura kuti kubvisa ufakazi hwakavimbika kunobvumira vakwirirwi vane mhaka kunzvenga kupwiswa kwakavakirwa pamichina. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti mutemo wokuparadza uri madikanwa kudzivisa kusazvibata kwamapurisa uye kuchengeta maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvapashure zvakaparira kusawirirana kupfurikidza nomutemo unoregwa, kubatanidza "kutenda kwakanaka" apo vakuru vakuru vanotsamira nenzira ine mufungo pamaruramiro akashata, kuratidzira kusagadzikana kunopfuurira pakati pokuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoshanda nedziviriro dzapamutemo.
Furman v. Georgia (1972) naGreg v. Georgia (1976): Death Penalty
Furman kana kuti Georgia yakamisa kuuraya kwechinguvana muUnited States kupfurikidza nokurangarira kuti chirango chorufu, sokupiwa panguva iyeyo, chakagadza chirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose mukuputswa kweSengh Amendment. Chisarudzo chakapesana cheDare chakabudisa mirangariro mipfumbamwe yakaparadzana, pasina mufungo mumwe unoraira voruzhinji. Zvisinei, vatongi vashanu vakagumisa kuti mutoo wokuzvidira nowokusarura umo tongero dzorufu dzaipiwa mutongero yorufu sedzinotongerwa.
Furman akashayisa simba pamutemo werufu munyika dzine makumi mana ndokudzosa mitongo yavakasungwa vanopfuura mazana matanhatu vaiuraya. Chisarudzo chacho chakasunda hurumende kuhwirudzura mitemo yavo yechirango chorufu kuti ipedze funganyo pamusoro pokuva norusaruro. Makore mana gare gare, muGregg v. Georgia, Dare rakatsigira mitemo mitsva yechirango chorufu iyo yakagovera uchenjeri kumitongo inotungamirirwa nemhosho yakaparadzana nemativi okutonga, kugumisa kuti chirango chorufu chimene hachiputsi Mutemo apo chinogadzirwa nomutoo wokungwarira.
Chirango chorufu chinoramba chiri imwe yenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa mururamisiro yeutsotsi yeAmerica, nenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro petsika dzayo, dzinoshanda sechidziviso, ngozi yokuuraya vanhu vasina mhaka, uye kushandiswa kwedzinza. Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro zvapamhidza mapoka outsotsi navapari vemhosva vakakodzera kurangwa nerufu, vachirambidza kuurawa kwavanhu vakaremara mundangariro, vaduku, uye avo vakapomerwa mhaka idzo dzisina kuguma norufu. Nhamba yokuurawa netongero dzorufu yakaderera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kunyange zvazvo chirango chorufu chinoramba chiri chapamutemo muhurumende dzakawanda.
Zvisarudzo Zvechiratidzo Pamusoro Pekuenzana Nekodzero Dzevanhu Vose
Rudover v. Virginia (1967): Muchato weInterarian
Rudo Virginia yakaputsa mitemo inorambidza roorano yamadzinza, ichiti zvirambidzo zvakadaro zvakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Claus neGuerry Procesme of the 144th Amendment. Richard Loving, murume muchena, uye Mildred Jeter, mukadzi Mutema, akaroorwa muWashington, D.C., muna 1958, uye ipapo ndokudzokera kumusha kwavo Virginia, iyo yakapinzwa mumitongo wakaipa wedzinza rimwe. Vakasungwa, vakawanwa mhaka, uye vakatongerwa gore rimwe mutorongo, mutongo wakaregwa pamugariro wokuti vakabva muVirginia ndokusadzokera pamwe chete kwamakore makumi maviri namashanu.
Dare Rapamusorosa rakabvumiranisa kuputsa mutemo wairwisana nezivikanwo yeVirginia, neMutongi Mukuru Earl Warren kunyora kuti rusununguko rwokuroora ikodzero inokosha isingagoni kuganhurirwa yakavakirwa pamapoka edzinza. Dare rakaramba chibvumikiso chaVirginia chokuti mutemo waishanda zvakaenzana kumarudzi ose, uchiziva kuti mutemo wacho wakagadzirirwa kuchengeta ukuru hwevachena uye wakanga usina donzo rapamutemo kunze kwokusarura dzinza rinokudzwa.
Rudo runomirira chiitiko chinokosha mukubvisa mhinganidzo dzapamutemo kurusarura dzinza uye kuziva roorano sekodzero huru. Chisarudzo chacho chakadudzwa muzvinoitika zvakatevera zvinobatanidza maruramiro eroorano, kubatanidza Obergefell v. Hodges, iyo yakatambanudzira maruramiro eroorano kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Panguva yechisarudzo chorudo, maruwa gumi namatanhatu achiri anorambidza roorano yemarudzi akasiyana - siyana, achiratidzira kuti mitemo yakadaro yorusaruraganda yaichengetwa sei. Mhaka yacho inobatira sechiyeuchidzo chokuti rudzi rwacho rwafambira mberi sei mukuziva chiremera chakaenzana nekodzero pasinei zvapo nedzinza.
Reed Reed (1971) uye United States v. Virginia (1996): Kuenzana kwechiNgezi
Reed v. Reed akaratidzira nguva yokutanga Dare Gurusa rakaparadza mutemo pahwaro hwekusarura vatano pasi peMutengo unodzivirira Claus. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza mutemo weIdaho uyo wakapa chisarudzo chinobva chose kuvanhurume kupfuura vakadzi mukugadza vatarisiri venzvimbo. Sally naCecil Reed, varoorani vakaparadzana, vose vari vaviri vakatsvaka kushandisa nzvimbo yomwanakomana wavo akafa. Dare rakabvumirana kuti kuda kwomutemo varume kwakaputsa Exal Protection Clause, kusimbisa kuti migove yakavakirwa pahuro yevhuro yehurumende inofanira kuva newirirano ine mufungo.
Kunyange zvazvo Reed akashandisa nzvero dzinorerutswa zvikuru kumapoka akavakirwa pavatano, nhau dzakatevera dzakatanga mipimo inodzorwa zvikuru. United States v. Virginia akataura murairo wokubvuma wechirume weVirginia Military Institute bedzi, neDare richiita kuti kusarudzwa kwechirume kwehurumende kunofanira kubatira zvinangwa zvinokosha zvehurumende uye kuva nechokuita zvikuru kuti zvisvitswe. Chisarudzo chaida VMI kubvuma kana kuti kurega kutsigira hurumende, kuchigumisa nenzira inobudirira tsika refu yedzidzo yeteji yenyika imwe chete.
Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza kushanduka - shanduka kwezvinodzivirira kusarurana pabonde, kunyange zvazvo Dare risina kumboshandisa mwero wakasimba wokuongorora madzinza sezvarinoita pakusarudza rudzi. Kushayikwa kweSangano Rekodzero Dzevanhu Vose paBumbiro Remitemo kunoreva kuti kuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi kunotsamira pakutsanangurwa kwedare reMitemo yeMinenda Yevhure panzvimbo pemashoko epamutemo akajeka. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvisarudzo izvi zvakaderedza mitemo yakawanda yaibata varume nevakadzi nenzira yakasiyana neyakare yakavakirwa pamaonerwo akaitwa mutsika dzechirume nevarume.
Regents dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke (1978): Affizerative Action
VaBakke vakakurukura nezvebumbiro remitemo rokubvuma mukupinda mudzidzo yapamusoro. Allan Bakke, muteveri wekukumbira, akanyimwa kubvumirwa kuUniversity of California, Davis Medical School, iyo yaichengeta zvigaro zvine gumi nezvitanhatu zvezana nokuda kwevaikwidza vashoma. Bakke akataura kuti gadziriro yacho yakaputsa Exmelt Protection Classiale naTit VI of the Civil Rights Act kupfurikidza nokubvisa chibvumirano chake pahwaro.
Chisarudzo cheDare rakaparadzika hachina kubudisa murangariro wavazhinji, asi Justice Lewis Powell aidavira kuti nepo ganhuriro dzedzinza dzisiri dzehurumende, rudzi rungarangarirwa sechinhu chimwe pakati pezvisarudzo zvakawanda mukuwanwa kuti uwane betsero dzedzidzo dzemhatsa. Murangariro waPowell wakazivisa kuti mhatsa mudzidzo yakakwirira inoumba fariro inosunda yehurumende inogona kururamisa kurangarirwa kwedzinza mupindi, kugogogogogoda kuti rakadaro raro rakasanorongwa uye risingashandi segadziriro yezvikamu zvamashoko.
Bakke akatanga gadziriro yokubvuma yakanatswa muzvinoitika zvakatevera, kubatanidza Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), iyo yakatsigira Yunivhesiti yeMichigan Law School kurangarira kwamarudzi, uye Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), iyo yakakurira gadziriro yokubvuma yakaderera iyo inopa mavambo akavakirwa padzinza. Hurumende neuchenjeri zvechiito zvinoramba zvichikwikwikwidzana zvikuru, nenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti miitiro yakadaro inotsigira mhatsa nokutsiva kana kuti inoshandura rusaruro rwakare kana kuti inosimudzira kusarurana kwedzinza.
Zvisarudzo Zvechiono Pamagariro Nesimba reHurumende
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Federal Supremacy uye Masimba Akashandiswa
McCulloch v. Maryland akatanga nheyo dzapakuvamba dzehurumende nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo idzo dzinopfuurira kuumba dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Nhau yacho yakamuka apo Maryland akaedza kubhangi reChipiri reUnited States, uye James McCulloch, mubhangi, akaramba kubhadhara mutero. Maryland akataura kuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga isina chiremera chapamutemo chokugadza bhangi renyika uye kuti nyika dzaigona kubhadhara mitero inoshanda mukati memiganhu yayo.
Murangariro mukuru weMutongi John Marshall wakapindura mibvunzo miviri yakakomba: kana Congress yakanga ine simba rokubatanidza bhangi, uye kana hurumende yaigona kubhadhara bhangi iroro. Marshall akarangarira kuti nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingapi nenzira yakajeka simba rokusika bhangi, Chiri madikanwa neSanongedzero chinobvumira Claus kuti ashandise Mitemo haina kunyorwa zvakananga kuti ipe masimba ayo akatemwa. Iyi dzidziso yamasimba anorehwa yakakudzwa zvikuru kupfuura kupa simba kweBumbiro reMitemo.
Marshall akatangawo nheyo youkuru hwehurumende, achirangarira kuti hurumende hadzigoni kudzongonyedza kana kuti neimwe nzira kudzorwa kwesimba rehurumende. Chiziviso chake chakakurumbira chokuti "simba rokutera mutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza" chinozivikanwa kuti kubvumira hurumende kumasangano omutero wehurumende kwaizovagonesa kusekesa chiremera chehurumende. McCulloch inoramba iri chimwe chezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo, kuvamba nheyo dzinogonesa hurumende yehurumende kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja uye kutarisana nezvinetso zvenyika izvo vaFramers vaisagona kuve vakakarira.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Commerce Claus
Gibbons v. Ogden akadudzira nesimba reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kutanga nheyo yechiremera chikuru chehurumende. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza vashandisi vengarava dzenhurikidzwa dzinokwikwidzana mumvura dzeNew York, Aaron Ogden akabata rezenisi rayose kubva kuNew York State naThomas Gibbons vachishanda pasi perezinesi rehurumende. Apo Ogden akatsvaka kudzivisa Gibbons pakushanda, Gibbons akataura kuti mutemo wehurumende wakabvisa maruramiro ehurumende.
Mutongi mukuru Marshall akadavira kuti simba reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana pakati penyika rakafara uye rinotambanukira kuvatano yose yezvokutengeserana inotapura inopfuura nyika imwe. Uku kududzirwa kukuru kweChommerce Claus kwakashandiswa kururamisa mutemo wehurumende panhau dzinovambira pakodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo kumutemo woutsotsi. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, mutemo wehurumende unovapo pasi peSupremacy Clausce.
Chitatiko cheCommerce Claus chakapokanidzwa munhau yose yeAmerica, Dare pane dzimwe nguva richikura uye pane dzimwe nguva richiwana chiremera chehurumende. Mukati menhambo yeNew Deac, Dare rakatanga kuputsa mitemo yehurumende sesimba rezvokutengeserana rinopfuura renyika asi gare gare rakagamuchira mutoo wokuregerera wakabvumira kupindira kukuru kwehurumende muupfumi. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakaisa miganhuro pasimba rezvokutengeserana, zvichiita kuti Congress arege kudzora mubato wezvemari usingatamisi yezvo zvokutengeserana unotapura unotapura zvikuru, asi kutengeserana Claus kunoramba kuri manyuko makuru echiremera chehurumende yehurumende yezvokutengeserana.
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): The Affordible Care Act
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius akakurukura denho dzebumbiro remitemo kuAffordal Care Act, zvikurukuru chirairo chomunhu oga chinoda kuti vaAmerica vazhinjisa vachengete inishuwarenzi youtano kana kuti vapiwe chirango. Vashori vakataura kuti Congress yaipfuura chiremera chayo muMabhizimisi kupfurikidza nokumanikidza vanhu kutenga purofiti pane kutungamirira mubato wezvokutengeserana uripo. Mhaka yacho yakapa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pemiganhu yehurumende uye ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende.
Mutongi mukuru John Roberts anodzora murangariro waiti nepo chirevo chomunhu mumwe nomumwe chaipfuura simba rokutengeserana reCongress, kwaigona kutsigirwa seshandiso yesimba remitero reCongregation. Roberts akarangarira kuti chirango chechiremera chaishanda somutero uye kuti Congress ine chiremera chakafara kubhadhara nokupedzera nokuda kwegarikano. Iyi rondedzero yokusika yakachengeta gadziriro yapakati yeAffordable Care Act yeAct nepo inochengeta miganhuro paCern Calause.
Chisarudzo chacho chakakurukurawo kukura kweMutemo weMedicaid, chichirangarira kuti Congress haingagoni kumanikidza kuti purogiramu iwedzere kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kunyima mari yose yeMedicaid kubva kunyika dzisiri dzoga. Ichi chikamu chechisarudzo chakasimbisa nheyo dzehurumende kupfurikidza nokuganhurira mano eCongress okushandisa mari inotsamira pachinhu chimwe kudzoresa hurumende. Mhaka yacho inoratidzira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pesimba rehurumende nouchangamire hwehurumende uye inoratidza kuti Dare rinopfuurira sei kurwisana nokurondedzera miganhu yehurumende yehurumende yazvino uno.
Kuchinja Kunoita Zvisarudzo Zvinoratidza Kuti Une Zvaunoda Kusarudza
Ruzivo Nekodzero Dzokuva Woga
Zvisarudzo zvepanyika yapamusorosoro zvinopfuurira kupesvedzera kuti matare apedzisire achibudisa sei ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rusingambofi rwakafungidzirwa. Mitemo inobatanidza kuva voga kwemakombiyuta, kuongorora kwehurumende, uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko inoda kuti matare ashandise nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakatangwa mumashandiro akasiyana - siyana ezvinhu zvitsva. Somuenzaniso, Riley v. California (2014) (2001 yakaramba kuti mapurisa ade maruramiro okunzvera zviri mukati memakombiyuta yakabatwa mukati mokusungwa, achiziva kuti mafoni azvino uno ane zvitsamakurusa zvemashoko omunhu oga izvo zvinofanirwa nedziviriro yakavanzika yakakomba.
Nenzira yakafanana, Carpbatendian v. United States (2088) yakataura kana hurumende ichida maruramiro okuwana marekodhi enzvimbo yeserura enhau kubva kuvatakuri vemichina. Dare rakaramba kuti Finetermendment inodzivirira zvinyorwa zvakadaro, ichiziva kuti kuronda kwakakwana kwemibato yevanhu kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yenzvimbo yemashoko ejeri kunoisa pafariro dzemunhu oga idzo mhaka dzapakuvamba dzisina kurangarira. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoratidzira kuti zvisarungamira mberi sei pamusoro pezvakavanzika nokunzvera uye kubatwa nechisimba zvinofanira kugadziridzwa kugona kugona kunzvera zvinhu zvehurumende zvisina kumboitika.
Zviitiko zvenguva yemberi sezvingabvira zvichataura nezvouchenjeri hwokusashanda, ruzivo rwokuziva chiso, kuongorora kwemashoko okunyora mashoko, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinobuda zvinomutsa mibvunzo mitsva yebumbiro remitemo. Nheyo dzakatangwa muzvisarudzo zvemabumbiro emitemo dzinogovera gadziriro dzokushandisa nadzo kumigariro iyo yakasiana zvikuru nemamiriro ezvinhu ayo akakudziridzwa. Vagari vanonzwisisa miganhu yehwaro yehwaro yehwaro dzakashongedzerwa zviri nani kutora rutivi mukurukurirano pamusoro pokuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinofanira kushanda sei munguva inotepfekerwa.
Kugamuchira Kodzero Nokuperera
Zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo chenzvimbo yapasi zvakaumba maruramiro okuvhota nemiitiro yokusarudza, kunyange zvazvo zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakaparira gakava pamusoro poukuru hwedziviriro nokuda kwokutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Baker v. Carr (1962) yakatanga kuti matare ehurumende anogona kunzwa denho kugovana mubatanidzwa wemitemo, kuchitungamirira ku "munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe" nheyo inoda maruwa emitemo kuva nevagari vemo vakaenzana. Reynolds v. Sims (644) akashandisa iyi nheyo kuhurumende, kushandura zvikurukuru hurumende yeAmerica kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti vhoti yorudzi rumwe norumwe rusarudzo ruve rwakaenzana.
Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakagadzwa kuti itsive kurambidza kwe 155 Demendment pakuvhota, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatanga kukududzira zvakafara kurwisa miitiro yokuvhota yourura. Zvisinei, Shelby County v. Haker (2013) yakabvisa mutemo weChibvumirano cheSabata, icho chaisarudza kuti imitemo ipi yaida kurongwa kwehurumende isati yachinja miitiro yokuvhota. Dare raidavira kuti mutoo wacho wakanga wakavakirwa pamashoko ekaresashanda uye waiputswa nenheyo dzouchangamire hwakaenzana, uchibvisa nenzira inobudirira chinodikanwa chehurumende.
Shelby County yakateverwa nemitemo yakawanda yehurumende iyo vatsoropodzi vanoita kuti kuvhota kuve kwakaoma zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavavhoti vashomanene, nepo vatsigiri vachikwikwidza kuti vadzivise kubiridzira ndokuvimbisa perero yesarudzo. Chisarudzo chacho chinoratidzira kuti kutonga kwechiratidzo kunogona sei kukudza kana kuti kubvumirana kupfurikidza nekodzero dzedare uye kusvika kwokududzira. Kunzwisisa iyi mhaka kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva kuti zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinotapura sei kodzero yavo huru yokutora rutivi mukutonga kwehurumende yedemokramenti uye kunogonesa kuvimbisa kuzivikanwa zvikuru nekurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuwana vhotera, gerryderinging, uye mari yenhivi yebhizimisi.
Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nokugadzwa kwaClaus
Mitemo yeFirst Amendment yorudzidziso yaizivisa kugadzwa kwehurumende yorudzidziso nokudzivirirwa kwapachena kworudzidziso() yakaita zvisarudzo zvakasiana zvakawanda zvinopfuurira kupesvedzera magakava azvino uno. Engel v. Vitale (1962) akarambidza munyengetero wehurumende muzvikoro zvavose, akabata kuti minyengetero yehurumende inopedzerwa iputse Kugadzwa kwaClaus kunyange apo kutora rutivi kunoitwa nokuzvidira. Kurtzman (1971) akatanga muedzo wemativi matatu wokuyera kana chiito chehurumende chichiputsa donzo renyika, kuchida kuti mitemo ine chinangwa chenyika, kana kuti kudzorwa rudzidziso, uye kudzivisa kuiswa pasi pehurumende yakanyanyisa nerudzidziso.
Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru zvakarega kuparadzanisa kukuru kunanga kunzvimbo huru yorudzidziso muupenyu hwavose. Galloway (2014 yakatsigira munyengetero wemitemo uyo waisimbisa zvikurukuru vakuru vorudzidziso vechiKristu, uye American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2011) yakabvumira chirangaridzo chikuru chehondo chakaumbwa sechimuchinjikwa kuramba chiri panyika yavose. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira chinjo kukurangarirwa kwezviratidzo zvorudzidziso nemiitiro zvakavakirwa pagamuchidzanwa renhau namashoko akapoteredza panzvimbo pokushandisa miedzo yakaoma.
Zviitiko zvekurovedza muviri zvakasununguka zvakachinjawo, neMbood Division v. Smith (1990) achirangarira kuti mitemo isina kupindira kwemitemo yokusatora rutivi yemitemo yose haisi kuputsa mitemo yeFree Execle Claus kunyange kana ikaremedza muitiro worudzidziso. Zvisinei, mhaka dzinotevera dzakanyora kusawirirana, zvikurukuru apo mitemo inonangidzira muitiro worudzidziso kana kuti apo varambi verudzidziso vanotsvaka kusunungurwa pazvinodikanwa zvinowanzova. Zvisarudzo zvorudzidziso zvinobatanidza kuzivisa mirairo yokudzivisa kudzora ganhuriro, mitemo inorwisana neganhurira ganhuriro, uye ganhuriro yeCHOD inoratidzira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati perusununguko rworudzidziso nedzimwe fariro dzehurumende. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinobetsera vagari vemo pamusoro poukama hwakafanira pakati porudzidziso nehurumende munzanga yakasiana-mhaka.
Kuitwa Kwechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Masvikire Anoita Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinosvika sei Dare Gurusa kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa rudzi runosarudza rwedare redare uye chikonzero nei nhau dzakati dzichigamuchira ngwariro yedare apo dzimwe dzisingataurwi. Dare Rapamusoro rine chiremera chechisarudzo pamsoro penhau zhinjisa, kureva kuti vatongi vanosarudza kuti imhakai dzokunzwa. Maruwa anotsvaka zvikumbiro zveDare Rapamusorosoro nokuda kwemikumbiro yecertiorari, achikumbira Dare kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakaderera zvedare. Dare rinogamuchira zviuru zvezvikumbiro zvakadaro gore negore asi rinopa mvurudzo munhau dzisingasviki zana rimwe, kugadzikisa izvo zvinopa mibvunzo inokosha pakati pematare akaderera, kana kuti nhau dzerevo yechienzi.
Dare redare rinodzora kutonga nyaya, richida kuti vanenge vatongi vana vasarudze kuti vape certiotari nyaya isati yatongwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti dare rinoratidzira mutongo wedare wenhau dzinoda kufungwa nezvadzo. Kufunga kunoshamisa kunodzora zvose zviri zviviri mhosva dzinounzwa kuDare uye kuti vatongi vanosarudza kuteerera, nevanotonga vanorangarira zvinhu zvakadai sokukura kwedzidziso yepamutemo, kuumbwa kweDare, uye kukwanisa kugadza miganhu yakanaka.
Apo Dare rinopa bedzi giretiori, masangano anopa mipfupiso yakanyorwa ichitaura zvibvumikiso zvavo zvapamutemo, uye mapoka anofarira anganyora maancicus curiae ("shamwari yedare") achipa mifungo yokuwedzera. Dare ipapo rinonzwa nharo dzokutaura, mukati madzo madzo magweta erutivi rumwe norumwe anopa nzvimbo dzadzo nemibvunzo inobva kuvatongi. Idzi tsinhiro, idzo zvino dzinowanika sezvirekodzi zvenzwi nenhepfeko, dzinogovera nzwisiso muitiro dzenhau dzemitemo nenhau dzavanorangarira kuva dzinokosha zvikurusa.
Kuda Kufunga Nepfungwa Dzakasiyana
Pashure penharo dzinotaurwa, vatongi vanosangana mumusangano kuti vakurukure nhau yacho ndokutora vhoti yokutanga. Mutongi Mukuru, kana ari mukuru, anopa murangariro kumumwe wevatongi muruzhinji, kana kuti musonganiri mukuru muruzhinji ruramisiro inopa murangariro kana Mutongi Mukuru asingabvumirani. Ruramisiro yakagoverwa inoronga murangariro unotsanangura mufungo weDare, unotenderera pakati peruramisiro nokuda kwetsinhiro nedzokugadziridza. Uyu muitiro unogona kutora mwedzi uye ungabatanidza ruramisiro inokosha seruramisiro dzinotsvaka kuvaka mibatanidzwa nokurangarira kwapamutemo.
Vatongi avo vanobvumirana nomuuyo asi kwete kurangarira vanganyora mirangariro inowirirana inotsanangura mufungo wavo wakasiana. Vatongi avo vasingabvumirani nomuuyo vanonyora mirangariro inopesana nezvinopesana nemhosva nei ivo vazhinji vachikanganisa. Nepo kusabvumirana kusina tapuro dzapamutemo dzapakarepo, vanogona kupesvedzera nhau dzenguva yemberi uye dzimwe nguva kuchinja kwedzidziso apo kunyora kweDare kunochinja. Kupesana kwechibvumirano, kwakadai soMutongi John Marshall Harlan muPlessy v. Ferguson akapikisa kuti "Bumbiro reMitemo redu iBhoshopi remibala," rakarevererwa nezvisarudzo zvapashure uye rakaratidzira kushandurwa kwechinjo yemitemo.
Mirangariro yokupedzisira inozivisa kwete bedzi kuvamba kweDare asiwo pfungwa ichatungamirira matare maduku nenhau dzomunguva yemberi. Mirangariro mikuru inogadza muenzaniso unowirirana, nepo kuva nemirangariro inopesana ichiva nemifungo ingagona kuparira kumwe kukura kwapamutemo kwakatevera. Kurava mirangariro yeDare Gurusa, iyo inowanika pachena kupfurikidza namanyuko akasiyana- siyana kubatanidza nenzvimbo dzedare, inobvumira vagari vemo kunzwisisa kufunga kwevatongi nenheyo dzemitemo zviri pasi penhau.
Basa Rokusafarira Nokuchinja Kwendangariro
Nheyo yokutarira nokutarira − chiLatin nokuda kwe "kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvinosarudzwa""""" nechekare inoda matare kutevera mienzaniso yakatangwa, kuchigovera dzikamo nokudeya kutaurwa mumutemo. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga mipimo yaro rimene munhau zhinji, pane dzimwe nguva richibvuma kuti zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvakasarudzwa nenzira yakaipa kana kuti migariro yakachinja inoda mitemo yakasiana. Chisarudzo chokutonga chinobatanidza kudzikamisa tarisiro dzakagadzirirwa mukurwisana nechinodikanwa chokururamisa ndokuchinjika kutsinhiranisa kunzwisiswa kwenheyo dzapamutemo.
Zvimwe zvezvisarudzo zvakapembererwa zvikurusa zveDare zvakatonga mitongo yapakuvamba zvikuru iyo zvino inozivikanwa seyakashata zvikuru. Brown v. Board of Education presed Plessy v. Ferguson kutendera kwa "kubatana asi kwakaenzana". West Coast Hotel Co. Parrish (1937) yakatonga pakuvamba zvakanga zvaparadza mitemo inodzorwa, kuchigonesa chinjo yebumbiro remitemo iyo yakabvumira miraudzo huru yehurumende yemari. Lawrence v. Texas yakadzora Bowers v. Harndick (1986), iyo yakanga yatsigira mitemo inokanganisa ukama hwevatano, yakachinja nzwisiso yerusununguko nokuenzana.
Zvisinei, kunyanyoshandiswa kunogonawo kuita kodzero dzaizivikanwa kare. Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization inotonga Roe--. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, kubvisa kodzero yemitemo yokubvisa yakanga iripo kwamakore anodokusvika makumi mashanu. Kudisa kudzora kunogona kutsamira pahuzivi hwedare, nokusimbisa kutendeka kurevo yapakuvamba yemitemo uye vamwe kutanga kubvisa nzwisiso yenheyo dzemitemo. Idzi dzinokwikwikwidza kukuva nechokwadi chokuti gakavarariro yemitemo pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvenhau dzinopfuurira kwenguva refu pashure pokunge dzasarudzwa, nebviro yokuti Dare renguva yemberi ringadzokorokorokodza uye nomutoo wakasanochinja kunyange zviito zvemitemo.
Kutsoropodza Neganhuriro Zvesimba Rokutonga
Nepo zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvakasimudzira nheyo dzinokosha dzebumbiro remitemo, kushandiswa kwesimba rokutonga kwakatarisanawo netsoropodzo huru. Chinetso chinotsiva chinoitwa navatongi chisati chasarudzwa chinopiwa nemitemo inosarudzwa nehurumende yakasarudzwa nehurumende, [“mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro porumano rweDare mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti Dare pane dzimwe nguva rinotsiva zvisarudzo zvaro zvaro zvamagariro avo avo vakasarudzwa, zvinobudirira kushanda somumiririri mukuru wezvigaro panzvimbo pechigadziko chemitemo.
Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinomanikidzirawo mano aro okuita chinjo yenzanga. Vatongi havana simba rechikwama nebakatwa, zvichitsamira pabazu guru kuti ritsigire zvisarudzo zvaro uye pakugamuchirwa navanhu kuti vachengete pamutemo. Zvisarudzo zvenzvimbo dzapanyika pane dzimwe nguva zvinotarisana nokusabvumirana nevamwe vatambi vehurumende kana kuti vanhu, sezvinoonekwa mukudzivisa kukuru kuna Brown v. Board of Education kana kuti gakava renguva ino pamusoro porusununguko rwerudzidziso neLGBTQ+ maruramiro. Kushanda kweDare kunotsamira parumano rwaro rwaro, urwo runogona kushatiswa nezvisarudzo zvinoratidzika kuva zvinosundwa kana kuti zvinotenderwa nemitemo yapamutemo yakagadzwa.
Mukuwedzera, Dare rinogona bedzi kupedza nhau dzinopiwa mumhaka chaidzoidzo negakava, kureva kuti harigoni kupedza mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kugovera zvigadzikiso zvikuru zvezvinetso zvenzanga zvakaoma. Zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinogadza mitemo yapamutemo asi hazvigoni kupedza zvinhu zviripo zvenzanga, zvemari, uye zvematongerwo enyika izvo zvinoparira rwisano dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvapanyika kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinongova chimwe bedzi chinhu murwisano huru nokuda kwechinjo yenzanga, kuchida kutsigira kuungana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, chiito chemitemo, uye chinjo yetsika kuti zviite zvizere chipikirwa chazvo.
Kubatanidzwa Kungaita Vagari Vemo Nezvisarudzo Zvedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kusvika Uye Kunzwisisa Mirangariro Yedare
Mirangariro yavose izvinyorwa zvinowanika kupfurikidza namanyuko akawanda, kubatanidza nzvimbo dzepanobhukwana dzeDare, mapepa epamutemo, uye zviwanikwa zvedzidzo zvakasiyana - siyana. Kurava mirangariro chaiyoiyo, panzvimbo pokutsamira pamashoko okupfupikisa bedzi, kunopa nzwisiso huru yerangariro yeDare nenheyo dzapamutemo dziri panjodzi. Nepo mirangariro yedare inogona kuva yakaoma uye ine ruzivo rwakawanda, zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinobatanidza tsananguro dzinojeka dzemitemo idzo vagari vakadzidza vanogona kunzwisisa nokurava nokungwarira.
Masangano akawanda anogovera nzvero netsinhiro pazvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa kubva mumifungo yakasiana-- siyana. SCOTUSlog inopa kufukidzwa kwakakwana kwemibato yeDare, kubatanidza kupetwa kwamashoko kwomutauro wakajeka kwezvisarudzo, kuongororwa kwezvibvumikiso zvokutaura, uye kurukurirano dzenhau dzinotevera. Nyanzvi dzemitemo, dzinofunga masangano erusununguko rwavagari vemo, uye manyuko enhau zvinogovera tsananguro dzakasiyana- siyana dzezvisarudzo zvetsika, zvinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa mifungo yakasiana - siyana pamusoro penhau dzinomutsa nharo.
Zviwanikwa zvedzidzo, kubatanidza makiriniki ezvikoro zvemitemo, maraibhurari avose, uye masangano ehurumende, zvinowanzogovera zvirongwa zvokubetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro nerezvinoreva. Kubatanidzwa neizvi zvinhu kunogonesa vagari vemo kupfuudza kupfuura kunzwisisa kwepamusoro uye kurwisana nenhau dzomutemo dzakaoma kunzwisisa idzo zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo. Uku kuvimbisa kukuru kunotsigira kutora rutivi kwakadzama zvikuru mumiitiro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye kunzwisisa kwakaoma zvikuru nzira iyo mutemo unoumba nayo nzanga yeAmerica.
Kubatanidzwa Mukurukurirano yeBumbiro reMitemo
Vagari vanogona kutora rutivi mukurukurirano inopfuurira yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana- siyana, kubatanidza kuvhota, kuonana navamiriri vakasarudzwa, masangano anotsigira nhau dzebumbiro remitemo, uye kutora hurukuro yavose pamusoro pemibvunzo yepamutemo nebumbiro remitemo. Kugadza Dare Gurusa kwazova kunopesana nenzira inowedzera nemhaka yokuti vagari vemo vanobvuma kuti uzivi hwevatongi hunopesvedzera zvikuru mutemo webumbiro remitemo. Kutumira nokuda kwapurezidhendi navasaruki vedare vachagadza ndokusimbisa vatongi vane uzivi hunowirirana nemipimo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yomutemo kunomirira chimiro chinokosha chokutora rutivi mukuwirirana nehurumende mukuumbwa kwemitemo yeDare.
Mhinduro dzomutemo kuchisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro dzinogoverawo mikana nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Apo Dare rinorondedzera mitemo, Congress inogona kugadziridza mitemo iyoyo kujekesa vavariro yemitemo kana kuti kubvisa tsananguro dzedare. Apo Dare rinotsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo, vagari vemo vanogona kutsigira chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti vagadzirise zvisarudzo, kunyange zvazvo uyu muitiro usingawanzova wakaoma nounei. Zvinowanzova, vagari vemo vanogona kutsigira mutemo unoshanda mukati memitemo yebumbiro remitemo kuti vape nhau dzinomutswa nezvisarudzo zveDare.
Vagari vemo vanofunga nezvenyaya dzebumbiro remitemo vanobatsira kuti pave nekurukurirano yakakura pamusoro pezvinoreva mitemo uye kuti inofanira kushanda sei pazvinetso zviripo. Kukurukurirana uku kuri kuramba kuripo pakati pematare, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye vagari vemo kunoratidza kuti mutemo wemitemo unoita kuti pave nesimba uye kuti zvisarudzo zvemabumbiro emitemo hazvisi zvinhu zvinokonzera kuti pave nenharo dzinoitwa nekodzero dzinokosha uye masimba ehurumende.
Nguva Yemberi Yezvisarudzo Zvedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Dare Rapamusoro richapfuurira kupa zvisarudzo zvenhau zvinoumba mutemo nenzanga zveAmerica, kukurukura nhau dzinomuka idzo zvizvarwa zvakapfuura zvingadai zvisina kukarira. Chinjo yemamiriro okunze, ungwaru hwokugadzira, uinjiniya hwemavara okugara nhaka, kuva voga kwemichina, uye nzwisiso dzinochinja dzemifungo yokuenzana nerusununguko zvichapa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo yazvino uno inoda Dare kushandisa nheyo dzehwaro kumigariro isina muenzaniso. Kusvika kwevatongi kuidzi denho kuchatsamira pauzivi hwavo hwedare, nhau dzinosvika kuDare, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika akakura zvikuru nenzanga umo vanoshanda.
Nheyo dzeDare dzinopesvedzera zvikuru nhungamiro yadzo youtongi, nokugadzwa kwevatongi vatsva vangagona kutungamirira kuchinjika kwedzidziso. Chinjo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mumitezo yeDare dzakatoguma nokunyanyoshandiswa kwemienzaniso inokosha nezviratidzo zvechinjo dzinobvira mudzimwe nharaunda dzomutemo. Kugadzwa kwomunguva yemberi kuchapfuurira kuumba dudziro yebumbiro remitemo, kuita jasito redare rimwe ramativi akatanhamara apurezidhendi namatare.
Vagari vanonzwisisa zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa vakagadzirira zviri nani kupinda mumagakava emitemo yomunguva yemberi uye kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo mumiitiro yedemocracy inoumba dare remitemo. Kushanduka kunopfuurira kwomutemo webumbiro remitemo kunoratidzira uchokwadi hwokuti Bumbiro reMitemo harisi gwaro chairo asi chirongwa chekudzora chinofanira kutsanangurwa ndokushandiswa kumamiriro ezvinhu anochinja. Zvisarudzo zvegweta zvinomirira Dare kuti riite basa iri rokududzira, kugadza nheyo dzemitemo dzinotungamirira rudzi nepo ruchiramba ruri pasi pechinoro, kugadziridzwa, uye kuchinjwa sezvinganzi kunzwisiswa kwerevo yebumbiro remitemo kunochinja.
Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokunyora Nokunyora
Zvisarudzo zvepanyika hurusa zvedare rinotonga zvine zivo inokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hunozivikanwa muUnited States. Iyi mirau yakaumba mativi makuru oupenyu hweAmerica, kubva pakodzero dzavagari vemo neruramisiro youtsotsi kusvikira kurusununguko rwokutaura nechimiro chehurumende. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo kunogonesa vagari vemo kuziva maruramiro avo emitemo yemitemo, kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mumiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kubatanidzwa nokufunga nekurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pomutemo, ruramisiro, uye utongi.
Simba reDare Gurusa rokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo ndokutanga mienzaniso inowirirana rinoriita sangano rinopesvedzera nenzira yechienzi muAmerican democracy. Nepo zvisarudzo zveDare zvisina kudzivirirwa pakutsoropodza uye zvinogona kudzorwa neDare rakatevera kana kuti gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo, ivo vanotanga gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinotapura zvikuru vanhu, nzanga, uye rudzi rwose. Vagari vanonzwisisa zvisarudzo zvenhau vanoshongedzerwa zviri nani kunzvera gadziriro dzapamutemo, vachitsigira kodzero dzavo, uye vanobetsera kugadziriro inopfuurira yokurondedzera revo yemitemo.
Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvinomuka uye kunzwisisa kwenzanga kuchiwedzera, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richapfuurira kupa zvisarudzo zvinodudzira nheyo dzemitemo yemitemo yemitemo nokuda kwemigariro yazvino uno. Nyaya dzinokurukurwa munyaya ino dzinomirira zvikamu zviduku bedzi zvezvisarudzo zvemabumbiro akatanhamara akaumba mutemo weAmerica, asi zvinoenzanisira ukuru nerevo yepesvedzero yeDare. Kupfurikidza nokufunda izvi zvisarudzo uye kubatanidzwa nenheyo dzemitemo yapamutemo yakabatana, vagari vemo vanogona kuita mitoro yavo munzanga inosarudzwa navanhu uye kubetsera kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pamusoro perevo yeruramisiro, kuenzana, uye rusununguko mumutemo.
Ukama pakati peDare Gurusa neveAmerica hunorevawo zvahwo ($) Dare rinotsanangura nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoratidzira mipimo mikuru yenyika, nepo nzwisiso yavose nokugamuchirwa kwerondedzero idzodzo zvichipesvedzera kuva pamutemo uye kubudirira kweDare. Naizvozvo, kurava nokunyora matare, hakusi kurondwa kwedzidzo yedzidzo asi kudikanwa kunoshanda kwevagari vomunyika vanoda kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo, kutora rutivi mukudzora kwechidhimoni, uye kubetsera kushanduka - shanduka iripo yomutemo wemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza pamusoro pezvisaruso zvedare rapamusorosoro, vagari vemo vanoshandisa simba ravo uye utano hwehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vachivimbisa kuti nheyo dzemitemo yemitemo inoramba iripo ichishandiswa kudzora upenyu panzvimbo yenhau.