Chitanga Kudzidza: Nei Kunzwisisa Miitiro Yemitemo Yehurumende Neyapamutemo Kuchikosha

Zuva riri rose, vaAmerica vanobatira pamwe nemitemo inobva mumanyuko maviri akasiyana asi anoiswa: hurumende yehurumende nehurumende yavo. Kuvambira paganhuriro yechimbichimbi pamutero kuenda kumitero inotorwa mucheto, chiremera chapamutemo chinobva mumitengo yose iri miviri yehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro yemitemo yehurumende negadziriro dzemitemo dzinoshanda sei hazvisati zvichingova zvamagweta kana kuti vadzidzi vemitemo; zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzvera maruramiro, mitoro, uye mishonga muUnited States. Iyi nyaya inoputsa chirongwa, basa, uye kubatanidzwa kwegadziriro dzose dziri mbiri, kugovera nheyo yakajeka yenzwisiso inoitwa sei nokuda kwemitemo, kugombedzerwa, uye kutsanangurwa kuyambuka nyika.

United States inoshanda mumuenzaniso wouchangamire huviri, kureva kuti zvose zviri zviviri hurumende yenyika nehurumende imwe neimwe zvine chiremera chapamutemo chakazvimirira. Iyi gadziriro inovambwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye yakanatswa mumazana amakore ezvisarudzo zvedare nechiito chemitemo.

Gadziriro Yemitemo Yehurumende: Chiremera Chorudzi Neganhuriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Gadziriro yemitemo yehurumende inodzora nhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose. Inovakwa pahwaro hweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iyo inogadza gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende ndokuverenga masimba ayo. Sangano rinokurukura nhau dzakadai sokutama, mutero wehurumende, kutengeserana kwehurumende, kodzero dzehurumende nekodzero dzekodzero dzomutemo, kubhadharwa kwemari, uye utsotsi hunoitika panzvimbo yehurumende kana kuti pamitsetse yehurumende.

Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Nokuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinokamura hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu: bazu remitemo (Corenrest), bazu guru (Mutungamiriri wehurumende namasangano ehurumende), uye bazu rimwe nerimwe redare rinotonga (matare ehurumende). Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiana, kuumba gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo izvo zvinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru. Dare rinoumba mitemo yehurumende, Purezidhendi rinovaita, uye matare anoadudzira. Uku kunovimbisa kuti chiremera chapamutemo chinogoverwa uye chinozvidavirira.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatanidzawo Bill of Rights negadziridzo dzinotevera, idzo dzinodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga pahurumende inonyengedzwa. Iyi dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda zvakananga kuzviito zvehurumende uye, kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza, vazhinji vanoshandawo kuzviito zvehurumende kupfurikidza nePendezment yechi 14. Kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro kunokosha nemhaka yokuti inorondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende pamwero yose iri miviri.

Zvivako zveDare Rehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende iboka ravafundisi rine mapoka matatu:

  • Dare reruwa: Aya matare edare ehurumende. Kune matare eruwa 94 munyika yose, uye anobata zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende. matare eruwa ndiwo umo ufakazi hunopiwa, majaji anoiswa panzvimbo yapakati, uye mitongo inoshandurwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kokoroti dzeKukwirira: Dzinozivikanwawo samatare amatunhu, aya matare apakati. Kune matunhu 13, rimwe nerimwe rinofukidza nharaunda yoruwa. Batiro rinorasikirwa mudare reruwa ringakwirira kudare redunhu, iro rinohwirudzura kushandiswa kwedare rapasi. Hapana ufakazi hutsva hunopiwa; dare rinosarudza kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika.
  • Dare repamusoro reUnited States[[FLT: 1]: Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika, Dare Gurusa rine chiremera chechisarudzo pamsoro penhau zhinjisa. Rinosarudza kunzwa mhaka dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, rwisano pakati pematare edunhu, kana kuti nhau dzoukoshi hwenyika. Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinotonga matare ose ehurumende akaderera zvikuru uye, pamibvunzo yehurumende, pamatare ehurumendewo.

Dare rapamusoro rinoita basa rakasiyana mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa. Muiti wokupedzisira webumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende. Apo Dare rinopa chisarudzo, rinogadza muenzaniso unoumba kududzira kwapamutemo kwezvizvarwa. Somuenzaniso, nhau dzechiratidzo dzakadai se Marbury v. Madison akatanga nheyo yokuhwirudzura, kupa Dare simba rokuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Muitiro Wokuita Mitemo Wamasangano

Mitemo yeForence inovamba semabhiri anotanga kutangwa muImba yaVamiririri kana kuti zvimwe Dare. Kuva mutemo, mutemo unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana uye kusayinwa naPurezidhendi. Kana Purezidhendi akaisa chibvumirano, Congress anogona kupfuudza chibvumirano nevoruzhinji vane matatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Uyu muitiro ndoweune uye unowanzova unokakavadza, unoratidzira fariro dzakasiana - siana dzenyika huru.

Pakangoitwa, mitemo yehurumende inoiswa muUnited States Code (U.S.C.), iyo inoronga mitemo kupfurikidza nenhau. Masangano eFoderal anogadzirawo mirau inotakura simba romutemo, yakavakirwa pachiremera chinogoverwa neCongress. Iyi mirau inobudiswa muCodence of Federal Regames (C.F.R.) uye inopiwa tsinhiro yavose nehwirudzuro yedare. Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa mutemo wehurumende, pfuma yakadai se Congress.Gover.[FLD:1] inogovera kusvika kurugwaro rwakazara rwezvikwereti, mitemo, uye nhau yemitemo.

Muitiro Wepamutemo Wehurumende: Kutonga Kwenyika Nemasimba Emapurisa

Mitemo yehurumende yehurumende inodzora mativi akasiyana - siyana enzvimbo dzine chokuita noupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubatanidza ruramisiro yeutsotsi, mutemo wezvinhu, pamutemo wemhuri, zvibvumirano, uye kunyoresa kwamabhizimisi. Mitemo yemitemo yehurumende inowanzova inowanika kuvanhu nemhaka yokuti inobata rwisano huru dzepamutemo munyika.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nebasa Rayo

Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende riri rose rinogadza chimiro chehurumende yehurumende uye rinogovera masimba pakati pamapazu ayo. Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji ine udzame zvikuru uye yakareba kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., uye kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza maruramiro nedziviriro izvo zvinopfuura izvo zvinowanikwa muBill of Rights. Somuenzaniso, mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anovimbisa zvakajeka kodzero yokuva voga kana kuti maruramiro kumhoteredzo yakachena. matare ehurumende anodudzira iyi gadziriro, uye anogona kugovera zvikonzero zvakasununguka zvokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, kunyange apo dziviriro dzehurumende dzine dziviriro dzakaganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa.

Hurukuro dzehurumende dzinoganhurirawo masimba ehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.Idzo dzinorondedzera chiremera chedare rehurumende, gavhuna, uye masangano ehurumende. Kugadzikiswa kwebumbiro remitemo kunowanzova nyore kuwana kupfuura kugadziriswa kwehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kuchida tendero nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo vevhoti mudare. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira magariro avo emitemo kuchinja migariro nomurangariro wavose.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Matare ehurumende anosiyana - siyana nehurumende, asi akawanda anotevedzerawo zvakafanana:

  • Dare rehurumende[[FLT: 1]: Aya matare enhau echiitiko chokutanga, umo nhau dzinotanga kuchengetwa nokutongwa. Anowanzorongwa neruwa kana kuti ruwa rwokutonga. matare anobata mhatsa huru dzenhau, kubatanidza nharo dzavagari vemo, mhaka dzeutsotsi, mutemo wemhuri, uye dare rehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzine matare akananga, zvakadai sematare maduku kana kuti matare emotokari, kubata marudzi akati enhau nenzira inobudirira.
  • Dare reIntenute Appealte Dare: Nyika zhinji dzine dare rapakati rinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare anotonga. Idzi matare anobatira basa rimwe chetero kumatare ehurumende epamhenduro, kururamisa zvikanganiso zvapamutemo uye kuvimbisa kuva akafanana mukushandiswa kwomutemo wehurumende. Hadzisi nyika dzose dzine dare rapakati; mune dzimwe, kukumbira kunoenda zvakananga kudare rehurumende rapamusorosoro.
  • State Courts : dare rakakwirira zvikurusa muhurumende imwe neimwe rinowanzonzi dare rehurumende rapamusorosoro (kunyange mune dzimwe nyika rinozivikanwa nerimwe zita, rakadai seDare reZvikumbiro muNew York). Dare iri rine chirevo chokupedzisira panhau dzehurumende nebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinobatira pamatare ose ehurumende akaderera uye zvinodzorwa bedzi kuU.S. Dare gurusa rinohwirudzura apo mubvunzo wehurumende unobatanidzwa.

Maererano neNational Center for State Courts, matare ehurumende anogamuchira nyaya itsva dzinopfuura mamiriyoni 100 gore roga roga, kana zvichienzaniswa nedzisingasviki 400 000 dziri mumatare ehurumende.Bhuku iri rinosimbisa kukosha kwemitemo pakururamisira vagari vemo.

Muitiro Wokuita Mitemo yeHurumende

Masangano ehurumende, ayo ari mabhigameral munyika dzose kunze kweNebraska (iyo ine mutezo wehurumende wegameral), achiita mitemo yehurumende kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanana nomufananidzo wehurumende. Mabhiri anosumwa, anoitiranwa nharo, uye anovhoterwa mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Angopfuudzwa, anotumirwa kuna gavhuna nokuda kwetendero kana kuti kuva negweta. Mitemo yehurumende inosimbiswa mumitemo yehurumende, yakadai seFograph yeCalifornia kana kuti Texas.

Hurumende dzinewo simba rokuita mitemo munharaunda dzisingapiwi ganhuriro nomutemo wehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza chinhu chiri chose kubva pakugadza ganhuriro nokutungamirira inishuwarenzi kusvikira kukugadza zvinodikanwa zveroorano nokurondedzera mhaka. Rudzi rwokuita mitemo yehurumende rwakafara nemhaka yokuti nyika dzine masimba makuru amapurisa — chiremera chokuisa maruramiro nokuda kwoutano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vemo vavo. Ichi chiremera chinobvumira masangano kuedza nemitoo yakasiana, uko kuri chikonzero nei tichiona mhatsa yakatanhamara mumitemo mumativi ose enyika.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pegadziriro Dzemitemo Dzehurumende Nehurumende

Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati pegadziriro mbiri kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva kuti imitemoi inoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akapiwa uye kuti idare ripi rine chiremera chokunzwa nhau. Pasi apa pane misiyano mikuru:

  • Tsime reChiremera: Chiremera cheFederal chinobva kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rinodudza masimba chaiwo. Chiremera chehurumende chinobva mumabumbiro emitemo ehurumende namasimba makuru amapurisa, ayo arebesa zvikuru uye anochinjika zvikuru.
  • Kuwanda kweMitemo[[FLT: 1]: Mitemo yeFrederal inoshanda kunyika yose uye inobata nhau dzeitiro hanya yenyika. Mitemo yehurumende inoshanda bedzi mukati memiganhu yenyika uye kukurukura nhau dzomunzvimbomo.
  • Systems[[FLT: 1]: matare eFederal ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa, kureva kuti anogona bedzi kunzwa nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro remitemo, kana kuti gakava pakati pamapati anobva kunyika dzakasiana--------48]. matare ehurumende ane chiremera chose chose uye anogona kunzwa nhau ipi neipi isiri yehurumende bedzi.
  • Constigational Protections: Nepo miitiro yose iri miviri ichidzivirira maruramiro omunhu mumwe nomumwe, mabumbiro emitemo anowanzogovera dzimwe dziviriro kupfuura idzo dziri muBhiill of Rights yomubatanidzwa. matare ehurumende angadudzira idzi dziviriro mukukura zvikuru.
  • Muitiro unotevedzerwa: Kubatanidza Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kwakaoma, kunoda tendero nedzimba mbiri-tatu dzezvose zviri zviviri nedzitatu dzenyika. Mitemo yeIndementa iri nyore zvikuru, inowanzoda voruzhinji vemitemo nevhoti yavose.

Somuenzaniso, zera rokubvuma, pamutemo wembanje, uye kutadza kushandisa mari yezvokurapa zvinosiyana - siyana pahurumende.

Kupindira Pakati Pegadziriro Dzehurumende Nehurumende

Mitemo yeUnited States inogovera nzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo kukurukurirana uku, asi kazhinji kacho kuongorora kunofanira kuitwa kuti pave nemiganhu yechiremera.

Chinetso chaClaus: Mutemo Wehurumende Wakapararira

Supremacke muChikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inotaura kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nomutemo wehurumende, unodzora kwomutemo wehurumende. Hurumende inosungirwa kutevera mutemo womubatanidzwa, kunyange kana uchipokanidza mutemo wehurumende kana kuti muitiro. Supreymac Claus inheyo yehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti hurumende yorudzi inogona kushanda nenzira inobudirira uye nenzira yakafanana munyika.

Zvisinei, hausi mutemo wose wehurumende unotapura panhau yehurumende unoparadzwa. Matare anopinza mukunzvera kwokungwarira kuti aone kana mutemo wehurumende uchirwisana zvomenemene nomutemo womubatanidzwa kana kuti kana Korosa yakarongwa kuti igare mumunda wose. Iyoyi inozivikanwa sedzidziso yokusunungurwa. Somuenzaniso, munharaunda yokupinda munyika, mutemo wehurumende unowanzorangarirwa kuva unoputsa murairo mukurusa wehurumende, asi nyika inochengeta chiremera chokudzora munharaunda kufanana nerezinesi romutyairi nemhizha izvo zvingatapura nenzira isina kunanga.

Kutonga Kwenguva Yacho: Apo Magadziriro Ose Ari Maviri Anogona Kuita Chiito

Munharaunda zhinji, dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzine chiremera chokugadza mitemo ndokuishandisa. Iyoyi inozivikanwa sebatira pamwe. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara ndiwo murairo wemhoteredzo: hurumende inogadza mipimo yetsika yakavakirwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yakadai seCease Air Act neCle Water Act, asi hurumende dzingagamuchira mipimo yorumano zvikuru ndokuigombedzera. Nenzira yakafanana, yose iri miviri mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inodzivisa zvimiro zvakasiana - siana zvebasa, uye mushandi angava nemishonga mugadziriro dzose dziri mbiri.

Apo nhau inogona kuunzwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende, mupurisa kazhinji kazhinji ane chisarudzo chenhau. chisarudzo ichi chinogona kuva nerevo dzinokosha, kubatanidza misiano mumitemo yetsika, kurongwa kwedare redare, uye kukurumidza kwekutonga. Mumhatsa yemitemo inodzorwa, matare ehurumende anoshandisa mutemo wehurumende wakaderera asi wehurumende, achiumba muvhenganiswa unoda kukwasva.

Kuedzerwa Mumuitiro

Kusunungurwa kunogona kuva kwakataurwa kana kuti kunorehwa. Kusunungurwa kunoitika apo Congress inotaura zvakajeka kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa unokunda mutemo wehurumende munharaunda yakati. Kusunungurwa kunoparirwa kunoitika apo dare rinosarudza kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa unova wakakwana kwazvo zvokuti unosiya pasina nzvimbo yomurairo wenyika, kana kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kusunungurwa muzvinoitika zvakawanda, kazhinji kazhinji nemiuyo yakajeka.

Nokuda kwamabhizimisi anoshanda mumitsetse yehurumende, kunzwisisa kufadzirwa kunokosha. Somuenzaniso, Federal Aviation Act inoputsa murairo wenyika wakawanda zvikurusa wekotsekano yendege, asi masangano angangodzorazve kushambadza kwendege nedziviriro yavatengi. U.S. Dare rapamusoro[ rinoita basa guru mukupedza kukakavadzana kwepamberi penjodzi, kuchigovera kujeka pamiganhu iri pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Nokuda Kwavanhu Nemabhizimisi

Kukamukana kwechiremera pakati pegadziriro dzapamutemo dzehurumende nedzehurumende kune revo dzakasimba nokuda kwoupenyu hwezuva riri rose.Kuziva igadziriro ipi inodzora nhau yakati kunogona kubetsera vanhu vamwe navamwe kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva ndokudzivisa mhinganidzo dzapamutemo.

Nokuda Kwavanhu Vamene: Kusiya Kodzero Nemabasa

Kana ukabatanidzwa mutsaona yemotokari, kutaura kwako sezvingabvira kuchadzorwa nomutemo wehurumende, uye nhau ichatongwa mudare rehurumende.

Zvisinei, mutemo wehurumende unogona kushanda munhau dzinobatanidza kubiwa kwavana munyika dzakawanda kana kuti kuchengetwa kwemitemo yehurumende. Nokuda kwavanhu vanotsvaka kushandisa kodzero dzavo dzemitemo, dare rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji inzvimbo inodikanwa nemhaka yeunyanzvi hwaro mumutemo wemitemo uye kuvapo kwemishonga yakati, zvakadai sekodzero dzevagari vemo pasi pe 42.C.

Somuenzaniso, apo Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rinoisa dziviriro dzehurumende nokuda kwekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri, bumbiro remitemo ringangodzivirira kodzero idzodzo mugadziriro dzaro. Iyi yazova nhau inokosha munyika dzakawanda pashure pezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States.

Nokuda Kwemabhizimisi: Kushanda Nesimba uye Kungwarira

Mabhizimisi anofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende, iyo inogona kuva inodenha apo anorwisana kana kuti anoisa zvinodikanwa zvinodzorwa. Somuenzaniso, kambani inofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yomubhadharo neawa pasi peFair Labor Standard Act, asi inofanirawo kuwirirana nemitemo yehurumende yomubhadharo neawa, iyo ingagadza mubhadharo wakakwirira zvikuru kana kuti inoda mari yomuraudzo huru zvikuru. Kukundikana kuwirirana nezvimwe zvinogona kuguma nengozi.

Mabhizimisi anofanirawo kurangarira kwokubatanidza, kwokuwana mabasa, uye nzira yokuumba nayo zvibvumirano. Mutemo wehurumende unodzora nhau dzomukati dzemasangano, nepo mutemo wemitemo wehurumende unodzora zvipiriso zvavose nokushambadza. Chisarudzo chehurumende nokuda kwokubatanidza chinogona kuva nerevo huru nerevomute, uko kuri kuti nei Delaware iri mugariro wokubatanidza nokuda kwe60% yemakambani 500. .S.U.US.

Nokuda kwamabhizimisi anobatanidzwa mukutengeserana kwenyika, kusunungurwa kwehurumende kunogona kugovera nhoo pabasa remitemo yehurumende ine zvidimbu. Somuenzaniso, Federal Food, Drug, uye Cosmetic Act inobvisa zvinodikanwa zvakawanda zvehurumende pamusoro pokuiswa kwemirimo, kuchibvumira makambani anogadzira mishonga kutengesa zvinhu munyika yose pasina kuwirirana nemipimo yenyika yakasiana 50. Zvisinei, kukura kwokusunungurwa hakuna kujeka nguva dzose, uye mabhizimisi anofanira kubvunza zano rapamutemo kuti aone mitemo inoshanda.

Kudzika Nhengo: Pfuma Nekushanda Kwayo

Nemhaka yokuoma kwakaita mitemo miviri, vanhu nemabhizimisi vanoda zvinhu zvinovimbwa nazvo uye mazano okuongorora pamutemo.Pazasi pane matanho anoshanda:

Kubatanidzwa pakati pemiitiro yapamutemo yehurumende neyahurumende kunoshanda uye kunoshandura. zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa, chiito chomutemo, uye kuchinja tsika dzenzanga zvose zvinobetsera kuchinja mudzikamo yechiremera. Kuziva muitiro unopfuurira, asi nzwisiso yehwaro inopiwa munyaya ino ichabatira sepfundo rakasimba rokuvamba.

Kupedzisa: Gadziriro Yokushandisa Nhabvu Sechinhu Chikuru, Kwete Chipembenene

Kuvapo kwezvose zviri zviviri gadziriro dzapamutemo dzehurumende nedzehurumende hakusi chikanganiso mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica; igadziriro yamaune inoratidza kuzvipira kwerudzi kuhurumende. Iyi gadziriro mbiri inobvumira chinzwano chorudzi panhau dzeitiro hanya imwe cheteyo papo ichichengeta utongi hwenzvimbo. Inopa vagari vamo mikana mizhinji yokudzivirira kodzero dzavo uye kuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire.

Kunzwisisa mipimo mikuru yemitemo yehurumende nehurumende kunopa simba vanhu namabhizimisi kuti vashandise denho dzemitemo nenzira inobudirira zvikuru.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, dare redare reUnited States rinogovera mashoko ane udzame pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, uye National Center for State Courts inopa mashoko akazara pamibato yedare rehurumende. izvi zviwiro zvinogona kukudza nzwisiso yako ndokukubetsera kuramba uchiziviswa pamusoro pemiitiro yapamutemo inoumba upenyu hwako.