Mavambo Efambiro mberi Yakafanira muMutemo weAmerica

Murangariro wemuitiro wakafanira unobatira sechinhu chikuru chemitemo yeAmerica, uchivimbisa kuti hakuna munhu anonyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina kutongwa kwapamutemo. Nepo chitsama chamashoko chacho chinooneka muzvose zviri zviviri maDeletencement eshanu neregumi namana, revo yacho yakaumbwa zvikuru nedudziro yeDare Gurusasa kweanopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Mhindumupindu yegadziriro yakafanira inoratidzira kusagadzikana kunopfuurira pakati pechiremera chehurumende nekodzero dzavanhu, nenhau dzinochinja zvinhu dzinoshanda semapfundo anochinja anochinja zvinhu anochinja miganhuro yokururama.

Muitiro wakafanira haisi dzidziso inochinjika. Inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri dziviriro dzemapicetura, nzeve, dare risingasaruri(* uye zvibvumikiso zviduku zvinodzivirira maruramiro makuru akati kuti pakupinda kwehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richidavira kuti muitiro wakafanira ipfungwa inochinjika, kuchinjira kuichinjira kumipimo yenzanga nechimiro chefariro. Kunzwisisa kuti nheyo idzodzi dzakashandiswa sei kunoda kunzverwa kwenhau idzo Dare rakagombedzera kujekesa izvo zvinodikanwa mumuitiro wakafanira mumashoko akapoteredza akajeka.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva kuMagna Carta Kuenda kuBumbiro Remitemo

Mumazana amakore akapfuura, mutemo wavose weEngland wakashandura iyi pfungwa kuva vimbiso yetsika dzakarurama. Vagari veAmerica vakatanga kutora iyi tsika ndokuiisa muMagna Carta ye1215, iyo yakazivisa kuti hapazovi neGavhuro rekodzero dzomunhu. Hurumende yeFind 5 (1791) yakarambidza zvakajeka hurumende yehurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu "pasi pomuitiro wapamutemo." Pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo, chiGaratisitisiti (1868) vakatambanudza iyi ganhuriro imwe cheteyi muMatesitation yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yekodzero.

Kwezana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe, Dare Gurusa rakadudzira muitiro wakafanira zvishoma, richinangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru pakugara kwenguva dzose. Nguva yeLochner (1905-1937) yakaona Dare richishandisa muitiro wakafanira kuputsa mitemo yezvemari, asi mutoo iwoyo wakarambwa gare gare. Njeredzo yazvino uno yemuitiro wakafanira yakabuda mukodzero dzavagari vemo dzeWarren Court uye chinjo yeutsotsi, izvo zvakaparira kukwira kwemhaka dzakawanda dzenhau dzinorondedzera zvino nzvimbo yedu yemitemo.

Kutevedzerwa Kunoitwa Zvinhu: Kodzero Yokunzwiwa

Kelly (1970)

Nepo isina kufukidzwa munyaya yapakuvamba, Goldberg v. Kelly inokosha kunzwisiswa kwomuitiro wechakafanira wazvino uno. Dare rakati hurumende isati yagona kugumisa betsero dzegarikano yemugamuchiri, inofanira kugovera muedzo wakajeka. Iyi chisarudzo chinotangwa kuti muitiro unoda mukana une revo wokunzwika apo hurumende inonyima munhu fariro yakadzivirirwa, kunyange apo fariro iyoyo ichiva chinenge iri chikwano chapamutemo panzvimbo pechinhu chamagamuchidzanwa chakarurama. Mhaka yacho inosuma muedzo wokudzikamisa unoenderera mberi kunzvera kwakafanira: matare anoyera fariro yomunhu oga, ngozi yokurasikirwa nemhindu inoshaikwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro inovapo, uye fariro yehurumende mumitengo yebasa.

Ichi chirongwa chamativi matatu, chakazorongwa mu Mathews v. Elditridge (1976), yazova mupimo wokusarudza kuti mutooi uri wemitemo wakafanira. Mu Mathews[, Dare rakashandisa kuedza kuremadza kweSocial Security uye rakagumisa kuti kunzwa kwapamberi nguva yokutanga kunenge kwave kusingadikanwi apo kuhwirudzurudzura kwakanga kwakakwana. Chisarudzo chakajekesa kuti muitiro wakafanira hausi nhevedzano yakaoma asi kubvunzurudza nenzira yakarurama yomuitiro wakapiwa.

MuGault (1967)

Pamberi pa Gault, kutonga kwedare repwere kwakanga kuri kwamasanga uye kazhinji kazhinji kwainyimwa dziviriro huru dzetsika. Dare Gurusa rakachinja mutoo iwoyo, richitonga kuti vaduku vanopomerwa mhaka yokusindimara vave vane kodzero dzakafanira kubatanidza ziviso dzokupa mhaka, kodzero yokupa zano, ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa, uye mukana wokutarisana nezvipupuriro zvechitsotsi. Iyi nhau yakatambanudzira dziviriro yetsotsi kuvagari vemo vaibatwa sezviwiro zvehurumende, vachiziva kuti miuyo yetsorororo youduku ingagona kuva yakakomba sechirango chakura.

Nhaka ye Gault inooneka mugadziriro yemitemo yepwere dzose. Inoratidzirawo kuti muitiro wakafanira unochinja sei kubatanidza mapoka aichimbova akaderedzwa. Dare rakarangarira kuti "Hazvisi Hurumende ye14 kana kuti Bill of Rights iri yavakuru voga," nheyo inopfuurira kuumba mhaka dzinobatanidza vana, vasungwa, uye vamwe vanhu vasina dziviriro.

Kuparwa Kwemhosva uye Kodzero Yezano

Wainwright (1963)

Nyaya yapakuvamba inosimbisa zvakarurama [ Gideon sechiratidzo. Mhaka yacho yakamuka apo Clarence Earl Gideon, musungwa weFlorida, akakumbira Dare Rapamusorosa pashure pokuramba gweta nemhaka yokuti aisagona kuva nerimwe. Dare rakabatana raidavira kuti kodzero yeTSMFSD yeSandment yeChitanhatu yezano ikodzero inokosha inoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neMtezo weMitemo ye 1450 yePramendementation Clausces. Murangariro wePuro Hugo Black wakasimbisa kuti "mutsika yedu inorwisana nomutemo woutsotsi, munhu upi noupi anoendeswa mudare, uyo ari murombo zvikuru kubhadha, haagoni kuvimbiswa muedzo wakanaka kutongerweko kunze kwokunge agoverwa nokuda kwake."

Gideon akatendeudzira chisarudzo chapamberi pedare mu Brady [1942], icho chakanga chabvumira nyika kusarudza kana dzichifanira kugadza zano pahwaro hwenhau. Chiratidzo chakatungamirira kukusikwa kwegadziriro dzehurumende mumativi ose enyika ndokutanga kodzero yemukwiridziridziri wemhosva panhambo dzose dzoutsotsi. Zviitiko zvadzo zvakanatsa maruramiro okubatanidza kukumbira, kuranga, uye kutanga, kunyange zvazvo rudzi rwemireza ruchiri denho inopfuurira.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Nhau shomanene dzakasimbiswa nenzira yetsika se Mira v. Arizona. Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti kubvunzurudza kwokuranga kunobatanidza kumanikidzirwa, uye kuti Dare reFindreFmendment rinodzivirira pakuzvidzivirira. Nyevero dzinozivikanwa nenziyo. Rwevoko rwokuramba wakanyarara, kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chakataurwa chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana newe, rudyi kugweta, uye gadziriro yezano kana usingagoni kudzivirira munhu kunyu mukusazviziva kodzero dzavo. Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti "kutonga kungasashandisa kutaura, kunyange kubvunza kana kuti kubvunzurudzwa, kubvisa kubvunzurudzwa, kudzivirira kudzivirira kudzivirira kwokuzvidzora kupfurikidza kuzvidzivirira."

[[FLT:] MIRA nyevero yazova rutivi rwemiitiro yenguva dzose yamapurisa, kunyange zvazvo Dare rakanyora kunze seyapanochengeteka yavose ( New York v. Quarles[, 1984]) uye rakabvumidza kubvunza kuganhurirwa pasina nyevero nokuda kwokumira kwemiitiro yemiitiro yemotokari. Pasinei zvapo nokutsoropodza kunobva kumira kumutemo uye mamwe marutongeso, Maranda inoramba iri mbiru yegadziriro yakafanira mururamisiro, inosimbisa kuti mutoro uri pahurumende kuvimbisa kuti kuzivisa zvirokwazvo.

Zvimwe Zvisarudzo Zvoutsotsi Zvakasarudzwa

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961)[FL:1] — Akashandisa mutemo wokuparadza nyika kuhurumende, achivhara ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari.
  • Terry v. Ohio (1968) — Created "mira nafrask" kunzvera kwakavakirwa panyumwiro ine mufungo, kudzikamisa kodzero dzeGaramende Yechina nekotsekano yavakuru vakuru.
  • Batson v. Kentucky (1986) — vachuchisi vakapikiswa vaishandisa denho dzokubvisa vatongi vakavakirwa padzinza, vachitsigira dziviriro yakaenzana nekodzero dzokutonga dzakaenzana.

Gadziriro Yakafanira Yakakomba: Kudzivirira Rusununguko Runokosha

Wade (1973)

Nyaya yapakuvamba inobatanidza Roe v. asi Dare haritsananguri redzidziso yaro. Dare rakaziva kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kukuva voga kwakafara zvakakwana kubatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokugumisa pamuviri. Kodzero iyoyo yakaiswa muGustry Procession Clausle of the 1450th Amendment, iyo Dare rakachengeta "magariro avanhu" ayo ari "anodzidzisa mumurangariro worusununguko rwakarongwa" Mutongi Harry Blackmun anorangarira maruramiro oudzoro kutsika dzakavanzika kupfurikidza nenhau dzinobatanidza roorano, kuberekana, uye kuvhara, kugumisa kuti fariro yehurumende inova inodzivirira rusununguko rwoupenyu runobvira bedzi pashure pokuva nezvinodzorwa.

[[FLT: 0] yave iri imwe yerovedzo dzinomutsa nharo zvikurusa dzemuitiro wakafanira. Yakachinjwa na Parents Parenthoous v. Casey (1992, iyo yakatsiva gadziriro inochekererwa ne "mutoro wakakomba" mupimo, uye pakupedzisira yakadzorwa ne [[FLT:]]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Organization yezve Health [[FLT:]] 2022]), iyo yairangarira kuti Bumbiro remitemo harisati risati richitanga rudyi kubvisa kubvisa mimba ndokudzorera nhau yacho kukutaura. Musiano pamusoro pa [[FLD:] [FLT]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Nyaya yapakuvamba inotsinhira nenzira yakarurama kuti Obergefel pamutemo roorano youhuhuhuhu munyika yose. Dare raidavira kuti kodzero yokuroora ikodzero huru pasi peCANDR proces and Actal Production Classistes. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akasimbisa kuti roorano ichinhu chinokosha chenhevedzano yenzanga, chinokosha kuchiremera chimwe nechimwe nechisarudzo. Chisarudzo chakatsamira pamuitiro mumwe cheteyo wekurangarira kwakafanira kunoshandiswa mu Loving v. Virginia[FLT:] [1] [197]] [197]), iyo yakadzivisa muchato wamarudzi akawanda, uye [[FLT] LLN]. v[FFF]

Simba re .Obergefell rinopfuura wirirano yeroorano. Inosimbisa kuti Chinotarwa Chokusarudza Claus chinodzivirira "zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga kuchiremera nechisarudzo," kuumbwa kwakakumbirwa munhau dzinobatanidza kodzero dzavabereki, kuita chisarudzo chezvokurapa, uye kuvimbika kwomuviri. Chisarudzo chacho chinoratidzirawo kubatanidzwa pakati pemiitiro yakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana: apo Dare rakanzvera zvikamu zvose, muitiro wakafanira wapamberi nomutengo wapakati unogovera maruramiro okuziva rudyi.

Mamwe Matanho Akakodzera Kuitwa

  • Lovang v. Virginia (1967) [[FL: 1] — Kudzivisa ganhuriro dzorudzi paroorano sedzinoputsa muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana.
  • LAWREnce v. Texas (2003) — Yakavhura mutemo wesodhomi weTexas, ichiziva kuti vakuru vane muitiro wakafanira wokupinda mumufambiro wevatano wapachivande.
  • Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997) — Rambwa muitiro wakafanira wakarurama kubetsera kuzviuraya, uchiganhurira kukura kwomuitiro wakafanira kukodzero dzakadzikiswa zvikuru munhau negamuchidzanwa rorudzi urwu.

Uko Muitiro Wakafanira Unopesana Newakatapukira

Hachisi chiitiko chiri chose chinowirirana zvakanaka neboka remitengo kana kuti rakaderera. Mathews v. Eldiridge stadds dzose dziri mbiri: inoita muedzo wokudzikamisa, asi fariro dzaidzivirira (*zvinosikwa nemitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT:]]] Hamdi v. Rumsteld [2004] inobatanidza U.S. vagari vaibatwa sehondo yomuvengi. Dare rairangarira muitiro wakafanira kuti mukwidzi agamuchire chiziviso chaicho chechisarudzo chake uye mukana wokukwikwidzana nacho pamberi penhau yehondo. Rumbiso rwehurumende runofanira kuratidzira kunyange nguva dzakati kuti kupiwa mutongo.

Imwe mharadzano inomuka mu Boumediene v. Bush (2008), apo Dare rairangarira kuti vasungwa paGuantanamo Bay vaiva neropafadzo yebumbiro remitemo yehabeas corpus/a yakafanira dziviriro (nangova vakanga vakachengetwa kunze kwenharaunda yeU.S. chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti muitiro wakafanira hausi murangariro bedzi wenyika; unobatanidza apo gadziriro yehurumende inodzorwa zvakakwana pamunhu mumwe.

Zvinoumba Zvaunoda: Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno

Muitiro wakafanira unopfuurira kushanduka mukupindura kuruzivo rutsva nechinjo dzechimurenga. Dare rapamusoro-soro rakarwisana nokushanda kwamabhaisikopo etsika munguva yemitauro. Somuenzaniso, Riley v. California (2014] rakaramba richitaura kuti mapurisa anoda pamutemo wokunzvera zviri mukati meserura yakabatwa kuti ipedze, nokuti mafoni azvino ane zvitsama zvikuru zvemirayiridzo yomunhu oga. Mutongi mukuru Roberts akanyora kuti "idi rokuti ruzivo rwamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvino runobvumira munhu mumwe nomumwe kutakura mashoko akadaro muruoko rwake haasati achitongokodzeki mashoko akakodzera kudzivirirwa neai. Uku kurangarira kuwirirana kwechishanu, asi kurangarira mufungo pamiitiro yemitemo inowirirana:

Nenzira yakafanana, itiro hanya dzakafanira dzakamuka mumugariro wezvisarudzo zvehurumende, mirau yesocial media, uye ungwaru hwokugadzira hunoshandiswa mukutonga. Matare anokumbirwa nenzira inowedzera kusarudza kuti mutooi unofanira kuitwa apo maatomu anoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura rusununguko rwomunhu, chikwereti, kana kuti basa. Nepo pasina mhaka yeDare Gurusa yakataura zvakananga nomutoo wakafanira muchisarudzo chehurumende yeAl - divice, matare maduku ava kutanga kurwisana nenhau dzokuva nechiedza, tsveyamisa mativi, uye maruramiro okudenha magetsi.

Denda reCHOVHOVA-19 rakaedzwawo miganhu yakafanira. Eviction Moratoria, ganhuriro dzenjodzi pamasangano avose zvose zvinomutsa mhosho dzinotaura kuti muitiro weproceduction newechiduku wakatyorwa. Dare kazhinji kazhinji rakaregeredzwa kuzviremera zvoutano asi panhambo nenhambo rakawana kuti matanho chaiwo akaenda kure zvikuru, somu ChiKaturike cheRoman Chiritanic Diocese cheBrooklyn v. Cuomo[FLT:] 2020], icho chakarova miganhu pamiganhu yemibato paminamato yorudzidziso. Izvi zvinoratidzira kuti muitiro wakafanira hausi mumipimo womunguva yakapfuura asi mupimo unofanira kutevedzerwa kuitwe.

Kutapura Dzidzo Yapamutemo Nokuva Munyengeri

Chiratidzo chakafanira zviitiko zvemiitiro ikokusikirwa kwechikoro chemitemo. Vanodzidzisa vadzidzi kwete bedzi mitemo chaiyo asiwo mutoo wedudziro yebumbiro remitemo: nzira yokudzikamisa nayo fariro, kurondedzera maruramiro makuru, uye kusiyanisa pakati pemipimo yakasiana-------mbimbikidzani. Zviitiko zvinogoverawo maturusi nokuda kwevatsi. Mathews [ kuedza kwakadzikama kunoshandiswa nguva dzose namagweta anodenha hurumende kubetsera kuramba, kuisa miganhuro yechikoro, uye kunyange zvirongwa zvechipauro. Gadziro rechiduku regadziriro yakafanira raveridzwa navareveridzi vekodzero dzokubereka, roorano, uye kuenzana.

Kunze kwedare, iyi mirau yakanyandura chinjo dzomutemo. Somuenzaniso, masangano akavandudza gadziriro dzawo dzemitemo dzepwere pashure pa GEURD, yakahwirudzura miitiro yamapurisa yebvunzurudzo pashure pa Manda[, uye akakudza purogiramu dzavose dzekudzivirira pashure pa [[FLT:]] Gideon[[.

Kupedzisa: Kusimba Kunoita Kufamba Kwakakodzera

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaziva kuti Dare rakarurama harigoni kuderedzwa kumuitiro wakagadzwa wemhinduro dzakagadziriswa asi chirongwa chokubvunza mibvunzo yakarurama. Kubva muzvinodikanwa zvapakuvamba zveziviso nokunzwa kudziviriro hurusa dzegadziriro inotarwa, Dare rakaziva kuti ruramisiro haigoni kuderedzwa kunzira yakatsigiswa. Nhau dzemazango dzakadai se , Gideon[F:3], [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] [FFF]] . , [FFFF:5], [5], [[FLT]] na[FL:] .]

Sezvo nzanga inopfuurira kuchinja kupfurikidza noruzivo rwemiitiro yetsika, migariro inochinja, uye njodzi dzisingadeyi kuonwa zvicharamba zviri nzvimbo yenharo dzinoshingaira. Kudisa kweDare Rapamusorosoro kudzokerazve kumuenzaniso, sezvinoonekwa mu maDobs[, anosimbisa kuti kunyange mirau inorumbidzwa zvikurusa inogona kudenhwa. Kunyange zvakadaro chinhu chakanakisisa chinoramba chiripo: munhu ari wose, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu avo, ane kodzero yokubatwa zvakanaka pasi pomutemo. Kunzwisisa nhau dzakaumba iyi zvakanaka hakufaniri kungoko nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo chete asi nokuda kwomugari wose anoda kudzivirira kodzero dzemitemo mubumbiro remitemo.

Mamwe Manyuko

  • project – Kupeta kwenhau dzeDare Rapamusorosa.
  • [[[Nto:0] Cornell Legal Information Institute – Curtive Programme - Kuongorora dzidziso yacho.
  • Jidhiya reFederal: Mhaka dzeLandmark – zvinhu zvedzidzo pazvisarudzo zvikuru zveDare Rapamusorosoro.
  • Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States: A Guide and Commentary - Nongedzero inowanika yenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo.