Mavambo Enhau Enzvimbo Yehofisi

Chikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chinonyora mashoko chaiwoiwo aPurezidhendi-sandisi anofanira kutaura: ] I ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti kusimbisa) kuti ndichaita nokutendeka Hofisi yaPresidente yeUnited States, uye ndichaitira zvakanakisisa zvesimba rangu, chengeta, dzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Iyi mashoko, zvikurukuru akataurwa kuvaFramers ane muuyo kubva kuMutongi mukuru Oliveh Ellsworth, akaramba asina kuchinjwa chifo cha 1789. Zvisinei, murangariro wemhiko yemhiko, pamberi pouchapupuriro (kazhinji kana kuti vanhu) pamberi pekutsigira pamutemo kwechiNgeri.[FLT]

George Washington akawedzera nenzira yakakurumbira mashoko " naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari" pamusi wokutsaurira kwake wokutanga, gamuchidzanwa rakateverwa napurezidhendi vazhinjisa chifo, kunyange zvazvo risina kudikanwa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo. Kuoma pakati porugwaro rworumano rwemitemo netsika inochinja kunoratidzira kuti mhiko dzinobatira sei mabasa ose ari maviri apamutemo neokufananidzira. Pamwero wenzvimbo yehurumende, midzi yenhau yakadzika zvakaenzana. Mitemo mizhinji yakagadzwa yakarongwa mukati menhambo yeRevolution uye yakabatanidza zvinodikanwa zvakajeka zvavabati vehurumende, vatongi, uye vatongi, kazhinji kazhinji kacho vairatidzirwa patsika dzomubatanidzwa. Vakuru vakuru vakuru veguta, vakuru vakuru vakuru veruwa, vamaruwa vamaruwa vakasungwa nenzira yakafanana nemitemo inoda kusimbisa kupika kudzokororo dzose dziri mbiri.

Mitemo Yemitemo Nemitemo

Mhiko youpurezidhendi inorairwa nenzira yechienzi neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende nomunzvimbomo zvinosiyana. Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende riri rose rinoda vakuru vakuru varo vakuru vakuru (vatungamiriri vehurumende, magavhuna) kuita mhiko, zvikurukuru kuratidzira vimbiso yehurumende yokutsigira U.S. Constitution nebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro remitemo reCalifornia rinoda kuti Gavhuna apike " kutsigira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo reHurumende reCalifornia. mutauro wakafanana unooneka mumitemo yeTexas, New York, uye Florida.

Vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vanodzorwa nemirau yehurumende nemitemo yeparamende. Mitemo mizhinji ine mutemo wemhiko unoshanda kuvose vakasarudzwa navakuru vakuru vakagadzwa. Somuenzaniso, 5 U.S.C. ^ 3331 inogadza mhiko nokuda kwavashandi vehurumende (kubvisa Purezidhendi), ichida kuti vave "vatsigiri nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Hurumende inotevedzera chaizvoizvo muenzaniso uyu. Zvikurukurukuru, dzimwe nyika dzinodawo vakuru vakuru vakuru kuti vasimbise kuti havana kuvimbisa mukuwirirana, chiokomuko, kana kuti mamwe mabasa asina kukanganisa. Chirango chakananga, asi chinhu chapamutemo ndecho chose chose chinosimbwa pasi pose. Mukuru mukuru mukuru anogona kuparira kubviswa, kana kuti aparadzirwe.

Kuchinja Mumashoko Nokutarisira

Apo mhiko dzapurezidhendi dzinogadziriswa, hurumende nemhiko dzomunzvimbomo dzinoratidzira misiano inofadza. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kushandiswa kwa " ndinoita mhiko huru"[ apo vamwe vanobvumira kusimbisa pasina nongedzero kuna mwari. Maruwa mashomanene anobatanidza mhiko dzakajeka dzokudzivirira pfuma yomusikirwo kana kuti kutsigira maruramiro avagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, mhiko dzemirayiro yeruwa muOregon mabasa anowirirana nokushandiswa kwenyika noutano hwavose. Chiremera chinoshandisa chinobvumirawo: vatongi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanopika mururamisiro yedare guru rehurumende, nepo vanameya vangapikirwa nomutongi, kwete mutongi, kana kuti kunyange mugari wemori wehurumende.

Kuchinja kunotambanukira kumutambo wacho umene. Mumamwe mataundi maduku, mhiko inoitwa mukati momusangano wenguva dzose wedare nemhesano duku. Mumaguta makuru, kutsaurirwa kungaenzana nechinoitika chapurezidhendi, chakakwana neshoo, mariro, uye purogiramu refu yehurukuro. Bva chiito chapamutemo chapamutemo . (kudzokororwa kwemhiko nokusainwa kwerugwaro rwemhiko) kunoramba kuri madikanwa. Pasina iko, mukuru mukuru angasatora nzvimbo kana kuti simba rehurumende ripi neripi zvapamutemo.

Mienzanisiro Nemienzaniso Yakanaka

Nguva apo mukuru mukuru anoita mhiko inopfuura muitiro wapamutemo; muitiro wavose uyo unobvumikisa kuva wapamutemo, chinzwano, uye kuchinjwa kworugare kwesimba. Chifananidzo chine simba zvikurukuru mukutsaurirwa kwapurezidhendi, umo purezidhendi anoenda anowanzoperekedza purezidhendi ari kuuya kuCapitol, uye boka rinopupurira chinjo. Pahurumende nemwero yomunzvimbomo, chinoitika chinoshanda basa rakafanana, kunyange zvakadaro pamwero muduku zvikuru. Chinovimbisa vagari vemo avo vanotonga vachapfuurira pasina kudzongonyedzwa uye kuti mutungamiriri mutsva anogamuchira mutoro wegarikano yenzanga.

Munharaunda dzakawanda, mhiko inopikirwa pachinoitika chavose — kazhinji kazhinji kunze pamasitepisi ehoro yeguta kana kuti chigaro chehurumende. Kuvapo kwemhuri, shamwari, uye vamiriri kunosimbisa chibvumirano chenzanga: kupika kwavakuru vakuru pamberi pavanhu, uye vanhu vanopupurira. Uku kuzvidavirira kwavanhu iko ibwe rinokosha roruvimbiko rwehurumende yehurumende.

Kushandiswa Kwezvinhu Zvechitendero Nezvetsika

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo richirambidza kuedza kwechitendero kwehofisi yehurumende (Article VI, Claus 3), nyika dzakawanda uye kutsaurirwa kwomunzvimbomo kunobatanidza zvinhu zvechitendero. Kushandiswa kweBhaibheri kana kuti mamwe magwaro matsvene kwakarovedzeka, sekwakangobatanidzwa kuvakuru vakuru vaipinza mari kana kuti kupomera. Vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudza kuisa ruoko rwavo pabhuku remitemo, bumbiro remitemo, kana kuti kunyange mupumburu wenhau wakafanana nomureza. Mumakore achangopfuura, vamwe vakasarudza kusashandisa chiratidzo chomuviri, vachishandisa kutsigira chete. Izvi zvinoratidza kusiyana kwetsika dzechitendero nedzenyika dzeAmerica.

Uyezve, magamuchidzanwa etsika anopfumisa mutambo wacho.MuHawaii, gavhuna angatora mhiko muzvose zviri zviviri chiNgezi nechiHawaii.Mune dzimwe nzanga dzemaIndia eAmerica, vatungamiriri vedzinza vanobatanidza minyengetero yegamuchidzanwa kana kuti kuridza ngoma.

Mipimo Yapamutemo Neyamapoka: Kuzvidavirira Nemiuyo

Mhiko yacho haisati ichingovawo zvayo yokufananidzira. Mukuru mukuru anoputsa mhiko angatarisana nokusatenderwa, kuyeuka, kana kuti kubviswa nedare rehurumende nokuda kwechisakiso. Mune dzimwe nyika, mhiko inoshandiswa sehwaro hwemhosva dzavagari vemo kana kuti kurovererwa kwemhosva. Somuenzaniso, gavhuna anoputsa mutemo wenyika achiziva kukanganisa anogona kupiwa mhaka nemhosho kana kuti chikanganiso. Chipikiso chacho chinoumbawo mupimo wetsika unogona kudzorwa namasangano emitemo. Kutyorovharwa kwechivimbo chapachena, mbezlementment, kana kuti chioko, kazhinji kazhinji kacho kuonekwa sokuputswa kwemhiko.

Vatongi, zvikurukuru, vanosungirwa pamupimo wakakwirira. Mhiko dzavo ku "ita ruramisiro kuna vose" inosimbiswa kupfurikidza nemirairo yokuranga. Pamwero womunzvimbomo, vanameya nemitezo yedare vakabviswa pahofisi nokuda kwokuedza kushandisa nzvimbo dzavo nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga, uye mhiko yacho inova nongedzero yapamutemo munhau dzakadaro. Dare rapamusorosoro reU.S. rasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti mhiko i "chiteshi" chenzvimbo uye kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoramba kuitora havagoni kugona kutora basa. Kutaura idikadikanwa kuti mhiko yacho igocherekedzwa nomunyori wehurumende kana kuti munyori wehurumende sechinyorwa chavose.

Kutsigira Kuvimba Navose uye Kubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano

Chivimbo chavanhu muhurumende chaderera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Mhiko yacho inopa mukana unooneka wokuvakazve chivimbo ichocho. Apo vakuru vakuru vanomira pamberi penzanga ndokupika ruvimbiko kuBumbiro reMitemo, vari kuita musengwa unooneka kuti vaite mufariro yavose panzvimbo pemhindu yomunhu oga. Ichi chiito chinogona kusunda vagari vemo kuva vanobatanidzwa zvikuru muhurumende yavo inosarudzwa navanhu. Mameya namagavhuna vazhinji vanokumbira zvikoro, mapoka enzanga, uye vanobudisa nhau kumutambo, vachikuita kuti uve chinoitika chedzidzo yehurumende.

Mumataundi maduku, umo vakuru vakuru vangava vavakidzani uye vasonganiri, mamiriro omunhu oga emhiko yacho anosimbisa chisungo chokuvimba icho mitemo yehurumende yoga isingagoni kuzadzika.

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano Nemakakatanwa

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mhiko youpurezidhendi yave ichiitwa munharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinokakavadzana. Vamwe vapurezidhendi vakapomerwa mhaka yokuputsa mhiko kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru iyo yaipfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nezviito izvo zvakasekesa mutemo. iyi kurukurirano dzinosimbisa kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pomutauro wemhiko yefariro neidi resimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende navakuru vakuru vemo vakatarisana negakava remhiko. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vakaramba kupika nemhaka yezvirambidzo zvorudzidziso zvokupika, izvo zvingapedzwa nokuregeredza kupfurikidza nokutsigira panzvimbo pezvo. Vamwe vakashorwa ne "Tringi nokudzivirira nokudzivirira zvizere murairo wavo muzvinyorwa zvokuvhotera.

Rimwe denho yazvino uno kumuka kwamasangano "anochengeta pamutemo" uye anoraira mhiko dzinotsiva. Mudzimwe nzanga, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vakakumbirwa kupika kuvimbika kunzvimbo yakananga kana kuti kuramba mitemo yakati yehurumende. Nepo mhiko dzakadaro dzisina pamutemo dzine dzvinyiriro yapamutemo, dzinoenzanisira kupfuurira kwekutsigira kuvimbika kwebumbiro remitemo nekuvimbika kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Matare akadavira nguva dzose kuti mutemo kana kuti mhiko yebumbiro remitemo ndiyo inosungirwa, uye kuti zvimwe zvipikirwa zvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipikirwa zvokuwedzera hazvifaniri kurwisana nebasa guru rokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo.

Mitambo Yakabatanidzwa Neinobhadharika

Miganhu yakawanda zvino inopa mhiko mumitauro yakawanda, inodudzira mutauro wemasaini, kana kuti kuva nechokwadi chokuti nzvimbo yacho inowanika kuvanhu vakaremara. Dzimwe mhemberero dzinosanganisira nguva yokunyarara kana kuti kuraviwa kweKuvimbisa kweMagariro. Iyi gadziridzo inobatsira kuti mhiko yacho ive nguva inobatanidza vagari vemo vose, pasinei nokuti vakaremara sei.

Kutsaurirwa kunoonekawo, zvikurukuru mukati medenda reCOVID-19. Muna 2021, vakuru vakuru vehurumende nevomunzvimbomo vakaisa mhiko dzavo kure, nemutambo wacho uchipfuudzirwa kuvanhu. Nepo vamwe vakataura kuti uku kuderera kwetsika, vamwe vakarumbidza kuwanikwa kwakawedzerwa. Mitambo yezvechokwadi ingava chisarudzo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemitengo miduku yezvizvarwa.

Murangariro Wokuenzanisa: Maat Oleath Kupota Nyika

Nyaya ino painonangidzira ngwariro paUnited States, kunokosha kucherekedza kuti mhiko rutivi rwavose rwehurumende. Nyika zhinji dzinoda kuti vatungamiriri vadzo vapike mhiko kubumbiro ravo remitemo, mambo, kana kuti rugwaro rworudzidziso. Somuenzaniso, mambo weBritain anopika mhiko kuti achengete nhevedzano yePurotesitendi, apo Purezidhendi weFrance anopika kudzivirira nheyo dzeRepublic. Gavhuna weCanada anopika kuna Mambokadzi, uye Mupi weGermany anopika kuti achadzivirira Mutemo mukuru. Iyi mhiko dzinobatira mibato yakafanana: chiremera, kusimbisa pachena mabasa, uye kuita chisungo pakati pomutungamiriri nomutemo.

Nenzira yechienzi, U.S. inoisa mhiko yayo pamavambo pamene pomutambo wokutsaurira, ichiratidzira kuti mukuru mukuru haana maruramiro kusimba ripi neripi kutozosvikira mhiko yapedzwa. Ikoku kunoratidzira chitendero cheAmerica chokuti hakuna munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo.(h] kunyange mukuru mukuru wehurumende nemhiko dzomunzvimbomo dzine mufungo mumwe chetewo: vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vanowana chiremera chavo kuvanhu nebumbiro remitemo, uye chiremera ichocho chinotsamira pakuita kwavo kwokutendeka mhiko.

Revo Isingaperi

Nguva dzose mukuru mukuru achangobva kupika anosimudza ruoko rwake ndokudzokorora mashoko iwayo anokosha, anosimbisazve nheyo inokosha yokuti hurumende ichivimbo, kwete ropafadzo. Mhiko yacho inoyeuchidza mukuru mukuru nevoruzhinji nezvechipikirwa chakakomba chokubatira nokutendeka uye kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirira rusununguko rwedu.

Munhambo yemubatanidzwa mukuru wezvamatongerwe enyika, mhiko inomira setsika inobatanidza inopfuura ugandanga. Inobatanidza mutungamiriri ari wose akasarudzwa kubva kuna Purezidhendi weUnited States kudare dukusa romusha mumusengwa mumwe chetewo kuubati ushe hwebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa revo yemhiko youpurezidhendi nehurumende yayo neyavanhu vomunzvimbomo zvinobetsera vagari vemo kuti vabati ushe vavo vasarudze ndokuonga kusimba kwehurumende yeAmerica. Ungave uri kutarira kutsauriro yapurezidhendi paterevhizheni kana kuti kupinda muteveri wemhiko yomunzvimbomo yokupika kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo. Yeuka icho uri kupupurira igamuchidzanwa ripenyu iro rakachengeta rudzi rwacho kwamazana maviri amakore.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro penhau nenheyo dzapamutemo dzemhiko, ona Constitution Center yeNational Constitution yeChikamu II ne U.S. zvinyorwa zvenhau zvokutsaurira [. Nokuda kwemashoko pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvemhiko dzehurumende, mawebsiteji ehurumende akawanda emitemo anopa madiregio awo, akadai segadziriro [[FLT:] pennanstia jania .