Gadziriro yeshanu yeMitemo yeUnited States inomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa dzorusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe mukati meBill of Rights. Yakasimbiswa muna 1791, inosimbisa dziviriro dzinodzivirira vagari vemo vehurumende pakutsoropodzwa uye kuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro muzviitiko zvepamutemo. Kuvanemitengi vemitemo, kunzwisisa Gadziridzo yeshanu inokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwokupa vatengi mazano asi kuti vafambise kubatanidzwa kwemifungo yehurumende nekodzero dzavo. Kureva vanhu vose, kugadziriswa uku kunomirira kunzvera kukuru kwenhau dzehurumende, kupomera mhaka isina kuvimbika, uye kushaiwa pfuma kusina kururama. Kureva kwayo kunokosha kunokosha kupfurikidza nedanho riri rose redare routsotsi uye kutambanuro yetsika yedare, kudzosera pamutemo, kudzodzodzodzodzo, uye kudzosera maruramiro anoona.

Nhoroondo Yechishanu Chomugadziridzo

Mavambo eFindre Amendment yeFindre akasvika pakudzika midzi mumutemo weChirungu wevanhu vose uye ruzivo rwehurumende. Matare okutanga eEngland, akadai seStar Chamber, akamanikidza vakwiridziridziri kuti vapindure pomero vasingazivi mhosva dzacho, kazhinji vachishandisa kutambudza kubudisa kureurura. Uku kushatisa kwakanyandura kupesana munzvimbo dzinotongwa neAmerica, uko vagari vomumakoroni vakatarisana nemiitiro yakafanana mukutonga kweBritain. Gadziro reFindmfert rakaitwa kuti ridzivise udzvinyiriri muRepublic itsva.

James Madison, muvaki mukuru weBill of Rights, akawana kubva muvimbiso yaMagna Carta yegadziriro yakafanira uye kubva mumitemo yehurumende yaidzivirira kuzviparadzanisa. Kugadziridza kwakapiwa mukupindura kuAnti-Federalist kuitira hanya kuti Bumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba rakanga risina dziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe. Rakasimbiswa pamwe chete neyasara yose yeBill of Rights pana December 15, 1791, nheyo dzeFindmende yakasimbiswa idzo dzakanga dzave dziri rutivi rwegamuchidzanwa rechiNgezi asi zvino dzakapinzwa muji remitemo yeAmerica.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Repamusorosoro rakadudzira Dare Rechishanu kuti ribatanidze dziviriro dzakati: kodzero yokupa mhosva huru yedare rinotonga kana kuti mhosva dzakashata, kurambidza kuzviisa panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, ropafadzo yokuzvirambidza, vimbiso yokuita mutemo zvakafanira, uye zvinodiwa kuti zvinhu zvomunhu oga zvingoshandiswa chete nokubhadharwa.

Gadziriro Huru Dzomugadziridzo Wechishanu

Kunzwisisa gadziriro imwe neimwe yakaparadzana, pamwe chete nenzira yainoshandirana nayo, zvinokosha kuti zviishandise mumutemo.

Kurwisana Kwakarurama Nokuzvishora

Zvichida chinhu chikurusa chinoenzanisira cheFindre Amendment iropafadzo yokusazvimanikidza. Irori rinobvumira munhu upi noupi kuramba kupindura mibvunzo kana kuti kugovera ufakazi hungagona kutungamirira nenzira ine mufungo kuutsotsi. Inoshanda kwete bedzi kupupurira mudare asiwo kubvunzurudzo dzamapurisa, kubvunzurudza, uye matare okutarisira. Ropafadzo yacho ndeyomunhu oga uye inofanira kusimbiswa; haigoni kupiwa nokuda kwomumwe.

Chirango chinopesana nokuzviparadzanisa chinowedzera kukurukurirano ipi neipi ingazivisa maidi anobvira. Zvisinei, hachifukidzi ufakazi chaihwoihwo hwakadai semienzaniso yeropa, minwe, kana kuti zviratidziro zvamashoko, nemhaka yokuti izvo zvinorangarirwa kuva zvisati zviri zvokuzvirangarira. Dare Gurusa rakaramba richirangarira kuti ropafadzo inodzivirira munhu kuva anomanikidzwa kuva chapupu chinozvipomera amene, kwete muhurumende ichishandisa mamwe marudzi oufakazi.

Miranda, yairayirwa neDare Repamusorosoro muna 1966, kukura kwakananga kweFindrest Amendment. Vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanofanira kuzivisa vanofungira kodzero yavo yokuramba vakanyarara uye kodzero yavo kugweta vasati vatanga kubvunzurudzwa. Kukundikana kuita kudaro kunogona kuguma nokudzvinyirira mashoko api naapi anenge awanikwa.

Maitirwo Emutemo

Sced Procession Clause yeFindre Amendment inorambidza hurumende yehurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi gadziriro ine zvose zviri zviviri mativi etsika neakaderera. Gadziriro inoraira kuti hurumende itevere miitiro inoruramisira uye yakagadzwa isati yaita chiito chakaipa. Kunyange zvazvo iri kurukurirano huru, inodzivirira maruramiro akati padzongonyedzo yehurumende, kunyange apo miitiro yakanaka inoshandiswa.

Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Gungano reChibvumirano chaClaus kumhatsa huru yemashoko akapoteredza, kubvira pakutonga kwoutsotsi kusvikira kukurasikirwa nehurumende, kubvira pakutonga kwehurumende kusvikira kukakavadzano dzomutemo wemhuri. Chikamu chinoda kuti vanhu vagamuchire ziviso yezviito zvapamberi nabanza rokunzwiwa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende isati yagona kupinza mari, kutora zvinhu, kana kuti kubvisa maruramiro avabereki, inofanira kugovera munhu anotapurwa mukana une revo wokukwikwidzana nechiito chacho.

Dare reThe Batts Procession Claus rinopawo pfungwa yokuti “kururamisira kwenhau.” Dare rinoongorora kukwana kwemamiriro ezvinhu kuti rione kana kufambira mberi kwakanga kusina kunaka zvokuti kwakaputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzemunhu anopomerwa. Uku kuchinja kwakabvumira chitsama chacho kuchinja tsika dzenzanga nepo richichengeta basa rayo guru sedziviriro pasimba rehurumende rinodzvinyirira.

Dziviriro Pangozi Huviri

Murwi weReopardy Claus anodzivisa hurumende kubvunzurudza munhu kaviri nemhaka yemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokunge apiwa mhaka kana kuti apiwa mhosva. Iyi dziviriro inoitirwa kudzivisa nyika kuderedza mukwiridziri kupfurikidza nokuparwa mhosva kwaidzokororwa, muitiro wakanga wakarovedzeka muEngland mazana amakore akapfuura. Chitsama chinodzivirirawo kupera kwekutonga, kuvimbisa kuti kana mhaka yangopedzwa, nhau inopedzwa.

Ngozi mbiri dzinobatanidza kana dare rinobetsera vatongi rapikirwa mukutonga kwedare redare redare, kana kuti apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa mudare redare. Kana mukwirirwi akasunungurwa, hurumende haigoni kukwirira kuti kusunungurwa kana kuti kuunza kukwirira kutsva nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, kunyange kana ufakazi hutsva hukavapo. Zvisinei, chitsama hachisati chichiganhurira kukwirira kutongwa nehurumende yakasiana - siana nehurumende zvinogona zvose zviri zviviri kupomera mufambiro mumwe kana ukaputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo wenyika nehurumende. Iyi “uchangamire hwehurumende yehurumende” hwakatsigirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro asi inoramba zvikuru.

Ngozi mbiri dzinoshandawo pakupomerwa mhaka dzehurumende uye kuzvidza kwoutsotsi kana kutongwa ikoko kuri kurangwa muchisiko. Dare rinosiyanisa pakati pezvirango zvavagari vemo zvakaitirwa kutsiva vanyajambwa nezvirango zvoutsotsi zvakaitirwa kuranga.

Kutora Claus – Kodzero Yokungozvipawo Zvawo

Kazhinji kazhinji inofuratirwa mukurukurirano dzeFindth Amendment ndiro Ithi Ingle Claus: “Hazvisati zvichizotorwa zvinhu zvomunhu oga nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose, pasina muripo.” Iyi ndima inoganhurira simba rehurumende renzvimbo yakatanhamara. Apo hurumende inotora nzvimbo yomunhu oga nokuda kwedonzo ravose .Ndokuvakisa mugwagwa mukuru, chikoro, kana kuti paki yavose (*) inofanira kubhadhara muridzi wemari anotengeswa nenzira inosakafanira.

Kutora kwaPaslaus kunofukidzawo kutora mutemo, uko murairo wehurumende unosvika pakunyima nenzira inobudirira muridzi webasa rose repfuma. Dare rapamusoro rakatanga mubatanidzwa wakaoma wemitemo kuti uone apo mutemo unoumba kudzorwa kunoda mari. Iyi inzvimbo yokudzorwa kukuru, inobatanidza kushandiswa kwenyika, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye mitemo yokuchengeta.

Zvirongwa MuProcessings Regial

Kunzwisisa kuti dziviriro idzi mumashoko akasiyana - siyana kunokosha sei kuti pave nemirairo yepamutemo inoshanda zvinobudirira.

Miedzo Yeutsotsi

Mumitongo youtsotsi, Find 5 Amendment inoita basa guru kubva panguva yokusungwa kupfurikidza nokubvunzurudzwa kwapashure pekubvunzurudzwa. Mapurisa anofanira kurobwa nezvekodzero dzawo dzeMiranda. Kana mapurisa akakundikana kuita kudaro, mashoko api naapi anowanwa angabviswa paufakazi. Pakutongwa, vakwirirwi vane kodzero yakakwana yokusapupurira, uye mutongi haagoni kutsinhira pamusoro pokunyarara ikoko. Vatongi vanorayirwa kusawana rondedzero ipi neipi yakaipa kubva mukukundikana kwomukwiridziridziridziridziri.

Vatongi vanofanira kungwarira kusaputsa kodzero dzeFindre Amendment dzemukwiridziri mukati mokuongorora kwokupfuura. Havagoni kubvunza mibvunzo ingamanikidza mukwirirwi kureurura kuutsotsi kana kuti kubvuma maidi angagona kushandiswa mumatare akasiyana.

Ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa umene inotambanudzirawo kuzvapupu zvinodanwa kumativi ose ari maviri. Chapupu, kubatanidza mutevedzeri webumbiro remitemo kana kuti munhu anobatira pamwe, chingaramba kupindura mibvunzo ingagona kuvapinza mururimi. dare rinofanira kutongopa chipupuriro chinodzivisa pamberi pokuramba kweFitempire. Kune zvimiro zviviri zvokudzivisa kukuvadzwa: kudzivirira dziviriro yokupinzwa mungozi, kunodzivirira kupokanidzwa nemhaka yemhosva, uye kushandisa kudzivirira, uko kunodzivisa bedzi hurumende kushandisa chipupuriro chakamanikidzirwa zvakananga kana kuti nenzira isingadiwi. Kushandisa dziviriro kwavose zvikuru nemhaka yokuti kunobvumira hurumende kupomera uchapupu noufakazi hwakasununguka.

Mhaka Dzavagari Vemo

Nepo Findth Amendment yakabatanidzwa zvakasimba zvikuru nomutemo woutsotsi, dziviriro dzawo dzinotambanukira muzvinoitika zvehurumende. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kushandisa ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa muhurumende, kubvunzurudza, uye kunyange pakutongwa mumhaka yavagari vemo.bato racho rinosimbisa ropafadzo harifaniri kubvumikisa utsotsi chaihwoihwo, bedzi kuti mhinduro ingavapa mhaka.

Zvisinei, kutaura Find 5 Amendment mumhaka yevagari vemo kune ngozi huru. Kutora mutongo kana kuti mutongi kungaratidza kusada kupindura. Kusafanana nemhosva dzoutsotsi, apo pasina rondedzero inogona kunyorwa, matare ehurumende anopikisa anobvumira mutendi anopikisa kuti kunyarara kunoreva kuva nemhaka kana kuti kuva nemhaka. Izvi zvinogona kuparadza zvikuru mupomerwi mumhosho yehurumende kana kuti njodzi yomunhu oga uyo anotarisanawo nemhosva dzinobvira dzinobatanidzwa nomufambiro mumwe chetewo.

Kushandiswa kwehurumende kweFindth Amendment kunobatanidza kutora zvinhu. Varidzi venzvimbo vanodavira kuti murairo wehurumende wakatora zvinhu zvavo nenzira inobudirira pasina muripo unogona kuunza “chinetso chemari” kana kuti“ sezvo chinopfuudzwa”. Izvi zvinoitika kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidza mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro petapuro yemari yemirairo yemari, tarisiro yemari, uye mutambi wechiito chehurumende.

Kutongwa kweCongress Nekudzorwa

Gadziriro yeshanu Inoshandawo mumiganhu isina murairo, yakadai sezvipo zvemitemo uye nhau dzokutonga. Zvapupu zvinosungirwa kupupurira pamberi peCongress kana kuti sangano rehurumende zvingapa ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvidzvinyirira. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende havagoni kumanikidza chipupuriro pasina kupa dziviriro. Iyi dziviriro yakakumbirwa zvakakurumbira pamberi pamatare esangano achinzvera utsotsi hwakarongwa uye, misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, mukati mokunzvera muzvirongwa zvesarudzo nenhau dzemari dzechirongwa.

Masangano anotarisira, akadai seSecturaties and Exchange Commission kana kuti Internal Revenue Service, anofanira kuremekedzawo kodzero dzeFindrence. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kuramba kugovera zvinyorwa zvingaapinza, kunyange zvazvo dzidziso ye “zvinyorwa zvinobvumwa” ingaganhurira ropafadzo iyoyo apo hurumende inoda mashoko akati somumiriro webasa rinodzorwa. Matare akanyora mutsetse wakasiana nokuda kwemigariro umo hurumende ine fariro inomanikidzira, asi ropafadzo inoramba yakasimba.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Dare Repamusorosoro rakapa pfungwa dzakawanda dzinotsanangura Findth Amendment, dzichiumba mawiro aro uye kujekesa zvarinofanira kuita.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

MuMiranda neArizona, Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti mashoko anowanwa kumunhu anonyumwirwa mukati mebvunzurudzo yekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzedare reSandmer anopomerwa haachakoniswi kutoti mufungidziri wacho audzwa kodzero dzavo dzeFindmerment ndokudzibvisa nokuzvidira. Dare rakataura nyevero dzakarovedzeka: kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara, kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chinotaurwa chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana nomunhu, kodzero yegweta, uye kodzero yokuva negweta rakagadzwa kana anofungidzirwa asingagoni kuwana mumwe. Miranda akatanga mutemo wakanaka uyo wakavandudzazve miitiro yomutemo munyika yose. Zvisarudzo zvapashure zvakanatsa Mirnda, zvichibvumira kuti zvisaririra mumiriro yekotseko yekotseko yavose, asi chinodikanwa chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chedare chema cheutsotsi cheAmerica.

Griffin v. California (1965)

MuGriffin v. California, Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Findt Amendment inorambidza muchuchisi kutsinhira pamusoro pokukundikana kwemukwiridziri kupupurira pakutonga. Dare rakaramba kuti tsinhiro dzakadaro dzinoita kuti kushandisirwa kwamaruramiro okuzvirwisana negakava. Iyi chisarudzo chakachinja muitiro waizivikanwa panguva iyeyo muCalifornia uye dzimwe nyika apo vachuchikidziri vaigona kutaura kuti kunyarara kwomupomeri wacho kwaireva mhaka. Griffin akasimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri mupomeri nomutongi zvinofanira kurega kuisa ngwariro kurumbidzo, achivimbisa kuti dare redare harisati riine mhaka kubva mukutaurwa kwamaruramiro omutemo.

Kastigar v. United States (1972)

Kastigar v. United States yakakurukura ukuru hwekudzivirirwa kwekupupurirwa. Dare rakarangarira kuti hurumende ingagombedzera chipupuriro pamusoro pechirambidzo cheFindt Amendment kana kuchipa “kudzivirira dziviriro” panzvimbo pokushandisa chitengiso chakazara chokudzivisa kutevedzerwa. Shandisa dziviriro inodzivisa hurumende kushandisa chipupuriro chakamanikidzirwa, kana kuti ufakazi hupi nohupi hunowanikwa machiri, mukukwidziridza kwakatevera. Dare rakarangarira kuti ikoku kwakakwana kudzivirira ropafadzo nemhaka yokuti chapupu hachigoni kumanikidzwa kuva chapupu chinorwisana nacho chimene / inorambidzwa bedzi. Kastigar anoramba mutemo unodzora pamusoro pokudzivisa uye anoda kuti hurumende ibvumikise kuti ufakazi hwayo hwakazvimirira chose chose chose.

United States v. Patane (2004)

MuUnited States v. Pathane, Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kana kukundikana kupa nyevero Miranda kuchida kudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi chaihwo hunowanwa somuuyo wekutaura kusina kurwiwa. Dare rakataura kuti Findth Amendment haisati ichida kudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi hwokunze husingafungiri nemhaka bedzi yokuti hwakawanwa somugumisiro wemashoko akaitwa mukuputswa kwaMiranda. Chisarudzo chinosiyanisa pakati pemashoko okuzvidira akawanwa pasina nyevero uye mashoko anomanikidzirwa anoputsa ropafadzo huru. Pathane anoenzanisira kuderera kworumano rweFind Remendement jurisprudence: Miras haa anoshati ufakazi husingangoerekanirwi husingabvumidzwi muchisiko.

Kunetsa Vanamazvikokota Vezvemutemo

Magweta anoti, Find Appline haisi nyaya yokungodzidza chete, asi haisi chinhu chinoshanda chinofanira kutengwa kuti chinyatsomiririra vatengi.

Kutsigira Vatevedzeri Pakodzero Dzavo

Gweta rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatengi vanofanira kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo dzeFindromestment vasati vasangana nemitemo.Izvi zvinosanganisira kutsanangura kodzero yokunyarara, kodzero yegweta, uye migumisiro yokubvisa kodzero idzodzo. Mumhosva dzevachena, umo mutengi angava chipfuro chokuongororwa nedare guru, zano rinofanira kurambidza kutaura mashoko api naapi pasina kutanga kubvunza zano. Nenzira yakafanana, munhau dzevechiduku kana kuti dzomumba, vatengi vanofanira kuziva kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chavanotaura chinogona kushandiswa kwavari mukuita utsotsi.

Kudzivirira Kunopesvedzera Kwakavakirwa Padziviriro dzeFindrence Demendment

Magweta ezvokudzivirira anowanzoshandisa Findth Amendment senhoo mukati menhau dzedare. Nhanho dzokudzvinyirira mashoko anoitwa pasina nyevero dzakakodzera itsika. MaAttorney anotauriranawo nokuda kwokudzivirirwa pamberi pavatengi achipawo ufakazi kumatare makuru kana kuti vaongorori. Chisarudzo chokuti mupomerwi anofanira kupupurira pakutonga ndechimwe chezvisarudzo zvinodenha zvikurusa. Gweta rinofanira kuyera betsero dzokutaura nhau yomupomendi pamusoro pengozi dzokunzvera muchinjikwa nedzingabvira. Ganhuro reFindhed Reference ingarangarirawo: Vakwiridziridzo vangabatira pamwe chete mukutsinhanhana nokuda kwokuva nechengengengei, asi havagoni kugombedzerwa kuisa mukuita chiito chokuvaramisitiri.

Kunzwisisa Kuganhurirwa Kwe Amendedzero

Gadziriro yeFishanu yoMupedzisidzo haisati iri yakakwana. Hurumende inogona kumanikidza chipupuriro kupfurikidza nokupa chisakiso. Masangano namamwe masangano ebhizimisi havafarirwi neropafadzo; vanhu bedzi vanogona kuikumbira. Kupfuurirazve, ropafadzo ingabviswa kana munhu wacho akapindura nokuzvidira pasina kuibvunza. Muzvinoitika zvehurumende, mutemo wakashata unogona kuranga. Vatengi vanofanira kugadzirira kukurudzira vatengi paganhuriro idzodzi uye kutanga gadziriro dzinoderedza ngozi apo vachishandisa dziviriro.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Pedziso yeshanu inoenderera mberi ichichinja zvichienderana nokuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye kwemagariro evanhu. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera kwemashoko ekombiyuta kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti hurumende ingamanikidza here kuisa mashoko okuregeredza kana kuti zvishandiso zvokuvhura. Dare rinopesana pachinhu ichi kuti chinenge chichipesana nechinodiwa panzvimbo yokuzvitonga. Dare Repamusorosoro rinofanira kubudisa chisarudzo chakakwana panyaya yacho.

Imwe nharaunda yekurukurirano kushandiswa kweState Process Claus kumasangano azvino uno okudzora. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti zvibvumirano zvinowanzoshaiwa dziviriro dzetsika dzinodikanwa mumatare egamuchidzanwa. Kutora Claus kunotarisanawo nedenho itsva nemirau yokuchinja mugariro wokunze, ganhuriro dzenzvimbo, uye kukura kwenzvimbo dzakatanhamara nokuda kwekubudirira kwezvemari. Nhau idzi dzinovimbisa kuti Gadziriro yeFindmer Remendment inoramba iri nzvimbo yakasimba neinokwikwidzanwa yomutemo wemitemo.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yeshanu yeChibvumirano inopfuura zvikuru mutemo wounyanzvi woufakazi; iko iko kuvamba kwenheyo yerusununguko rweAmerica. Kubva mukudzivisa kwayo kumanikidza kwoumambo, kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvenhau, kukushanda kwayo kwezuva nezuva mumatare nokunzwa, iyi gadziridzo inodzivirira vanhu pasimba guru rehurumende. Kana kukumbirwa nomuteshi anofungidzirwa mumotokari, mupomeri anopomerwa pamuedzo, mupupuri pamberi peCongress, kana kuti muridzi wenzvimbo anotarisana nokubvumwa nehurumende, Kugadziriswa kwechipfuvara chashanu kunovimbisa kuti hurumende inofanira kuita zvakanaka, inofanira kuremekedza chiremera chomunhu oga oga, uye inofanira kutakura mutoro wechibvumikiso chemitemo. Nokuti kunzwisiswa kukuru kweGanzurudzo yeGene shanu kunokosha bedzi senhau yomutemo asi somusero wemitemo yemitemo inorondedzerwa pamutemo. Kupfuurira kusimbisa kudzivirira kuti iyi dzidzo iko kukuva nechokwadi chinodikanwa mumugariro mumugariro mumugariro mutsva.