Mutezo we14th Amendment kuUnited States Constitution, wakatenderwa muna 1868, unomira sechimwe chezvikamu zvinochinja zvikurusa zvewedzero kurugwaro rwokuvamba rworudzi. Nepo pakutanga wakaitirwa kuvimbisa kodzero dzavaranda vachangobva kusunungurwa pashure peHondo yeChivirimu, gadziriro dzawo dzakachinja kupfuura zvikuru chinangwa ichocho chapakuvamba. Nhasi, IPramende ye145 yeMitemo inotapura mativi ose oupenyu hwavagari vemo (8) kubva panguva yavanoberekwa kusvikira nayo kubatirwa kubasa, muchikoro, mudare, uye mubhokisi rebhoroti. Kunzwisisa icho ichi chinochinja upenyu hwezuva nezuva chinopa vanhu simba rokuziva kodzero dzavo, kudenha kubatwa kusina kururama, uye kutora rutivi rwakazara munzanga. Nyaya iyi inonzvera dziviriro huru yemagariro yemaandencices, uye kudzivirirwa kwavanhu vose.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo: Ndiani Mugari Wemo?

Chikamu chokutanga chaicho che 14neth Amendment chinozivisa, kuti: “Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vari pasi poudzori hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara.” Iri rutongeso rakapfava rakakuchidzira ugari hwakaipa Scott v. Sandford chisarudzo cha 1857, icho chakanga chadavira kuti hapana munhu worudzi rweAfrica anogona kumbova muU.S. mugari wemo. Nokugadzawo ugari hwedangwe (hunozivikanwa se [[FLT:]]]), Sandford [[FLT], manyuro anosimbisa kuti anodokuva munhu ari wose akaberekerwa panyika yeAmerica mupasi, pasinei hapo kuva mugari wedzinza, kana kuti chinzvimbo chedzinza.

Kuberekwa Wakakodzera Kuberekwa

Nokuda kworuzhinjisa rwavaAmerica, Citizenship Claus ndicho chikonzero nei vari vagari vemo. Inoshanda kuvana vanoberekwa kuvatami vasina kunyorwa, vagari vemo vechigarire, vashanyi, uye vashandi vechinguvana (kudaidza vabereki havasi vamiriri vokumwe kana kuti vavengi munguva yehondo). Iyi nheyo yakatsigirwa mumhaka yeDare Rapamusorosoro United States v. Wong Kim Ark, iyo yakabvumikisa kuti mwana akaberekwa muSan Francisco kuvabereki vechiChina avo vakanga vari vagari veU.S. Mugari wemo wehurumende akarevoko aidzorwa pamutemo United States v.[FLT]

Muupenyu hwezuva riri rose, iyi nhau apo unokumbira paspost, nyoresa kuvhota, kana kuti kubvumikisa kuva anokodzera nokuda kwamabasa anoda kuva mugari wemo. Inogoverawo mugariro wapamutemo wakajeka uyo usingagoni kubviswa nechinjo mumurangariro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo pakava nekurukurirano dzenhambo nenhambo pamusoro pokugumisa kuva mugari wemo, rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo namuenzaniso zvinoramba zvakasimba. Munhu upi noupi anoberekwa muUnited States nhasi anogona kuva nechivimbo chomugari wemo wavo wemo kubva panguva ino chitupa chavo chokuberekwa chakabudiswa.

Kuberekwa Nakwo uye Kugariswa Muhurumende

Chigaro chinofukidzawo vagari vomunyika vakazvarwa vari vagari vemo vanogarwa navo. Nhengo dzepamutemo dzinoita kuti vave vagari vemo veUnited States. Vakangoberekwa, vane kodzero dzakafanana nevagari vomunyika yacho, kunze kwokuva vatsvene nokuda kwehurumende. Chikamu chinoenderera mberi chichitaura kuti mugari wemo mumwe nomumwe mugari wehurumende kwaanogara. Rutivi rwechipiri runoreva kuti nyika hadzigoni kukunyima kodzero dzehurumende (zvakadai sokukwanisa kuendesa kukwirira matare ehurumende) yakavakirwa pakwawakazvarwa kana kuti wazova mugari wemo.

Nokuda kwoudzame hukuru pamusoro penhau nedudziro yazvino yeCitizenshi Claus, ona [[FLT: 0] Consitution Antotition [[[FLT: 1] muRaibhurari yeCongress.

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Kwemitemo

The Expandement Claus Protection of the 144th Amendment inoraira, kuti: “Hapana Hurumende... icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzori hwakaenzana dziviriro yemitemo.” Ichi chitsama chamashoko chakapfava chazova hwaro hwapamutemo nokuda kwokurwisa rusaruro rwamarudzi ose. Kunoda kuti hurumende ibate nenzira yakafanana vanhu vari munzvimbo yakafanana neyake ($/) uye kuti kutsauka kupi nokupi mukuenzana kunofanira kubatira fariro yehurumende inokosha zvakakwana.

Rudzi Namavambo Orudzi

Dare reFolement Claus rainzi ridzivirire vaAmerica pakuvamba-kutanga (1954), rakarevererwa kuti vaAmerica vasave nemitemo yehurumende. Pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, rakava chishandiso chikuru chokubvisa rusaruro. Mu Brown v. Komiti yeDzidzo[ [1954], Dare Gurusa renyika rakarambidza kuti zvikoro zvevoruzhinji zvakanga zvangova zvokusaenzana, kuputsa dzidziso ye [[FLT]] asi yakaenzana.[FLT] V.]. Kutonga ikoko kwakashandura dzidzo neupenyu hweAmerica. Nhasi, zvibvumirano zvinorambidza rusaruro mukuvhotera, rho, kutsaura, rhoV, uye kukwanisa kuwanikwa kwavose.

Kurara Nomurume Kana Kuti Mukadzi

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi vatano, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira dziviriro yakaenzana kurambidzawo zvimiro zvizhinjisa zvokusarura vakadzi. Mitemo inobata varume navakadzi nenzira yakasiana inodzorwa no “kunzvera” (jeresa) kureva kuti hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti kurongwa kwacho kunobatira donzo rinokosha uye kune chokuita zvikuru nevavariro iyoyo. Mupimo uyu wakashandiswa kuputsa mitemo yakapa chisarudzo chinobva pamwoyo kuvarume pavakadzi mukutarisira nharaunda, kana kuti uyo anobvisa vakadzi pamabasa akati.

Nguva ichangopfuura iyi, Dare raienzanisa Kudzivirira Claus rakanga riri pakati pa Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iyo yakaziva roorano imwe cheteyo yetendi yepamutemo sekodzero. Dare rakawana kuti kunyima marezenisi eroorano kuvakwanyina vevatano yevatano imwe cheteyo yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana. Mu Bhostock v. Clayton County[[FLT:] [20], Dare rairangarira kuti Thir VII yekodzero dzeChirevoi inorambidza rusaruro pahwaro rwevatano kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana. Iyi chisarudzo chinorevawo kudzivirira dziviriro kwakaenzana.

Dzimwe Nhamba: Zera, Kushaikwa, uye Pfuma

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana hakubati mativi ose emisiyano. Nokuda kwamapoka asingarangarirwi se “mapoka evanzveri” (sedzinza kana kuti rudzidziso), matare anoshandisa mupimo unoregeredza zvikuru unonzi“ kuhwirudzura. mirau inotsaura yakavakirwa pazera, urema, kana kuti pfuma inowanzotsigirwa kana ane batano ine mufungo nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Zvisinei, ikoku hakurevi kusarura kwakadaro nguva dzose. Mataro akafanana [[FLT: 0] Plyler v. Do [[FLT: 1] [198] [8] (82] yakarova Texas yakaresa mutemo usina kuganhurirwa vana muzvikoro zvavose, kupfurikidza nechimiro chakajeka nemhaka yokuti dzidzo yakabatanidza uye vana havana kudzora mugariro wavo. Nokuda kwokunzvera, Chinyorwa kweGene paGene paGene paGene paGeneticame remitemo yenhau yemitemo inopanyuko [F]]]

Kana mutemo kana kuti mutemo uchiita kuti utorwe munzanga nemhaka yedzinza rako, uriwe uri murume nomukadzi, chitendero, kana kuti mafungiro okurara nomumwe munhu, IPramendment yechi14 inoita kuti uve nekodzero yakasimba yepamutemo yokushora kubatwa ikoko.

Maitirwo Emutemo

Mutezo weKinayi weMitemo une maviri waStive Processol Claus: mumwe unoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende (kuna Hurumende yeshanu, iyo inorwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza ne 144) uye vimbiso yakajeka mu 144 imene: “Hapana Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Muitiro wakafanira une mapazi makuru maviri: procedational nesunt.

Zvinodiwa Nehurumende: Kuita Zvakanaka Muzviito Zvehurumende

Muitiro wekuzivisa zvakafanira unoda kuti hurumende ishandise mitoo yakanaka isati yatora upenyu hwomunhu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Ikoku kunoreva kuti unofanira kucherekedzwa nezvechiito chipi nechipi chinorwisana newe uye banza rokunzwika nenzira ine revo. Mienzaniso yezuva riri rose inobatanidza:

  • Raisenzi rako rokutyaira risati raregwa nokuda kwokusaripirwa tsigiro yavana, unofanira kugamuchira ziviso uye banza rokukwikwidza chitsama chakafanirwa.
  • Kana ukadzingwa mudzimba dzavose, une kodzero yokunzwa paunogona kutsigira.
  • Munyaya dzoutsotsi, kuzivisa zvakafanira kunovimbisa kodzero kugweta, kodzero yokutaura nezvapupu, uye kodzero yokutongwa zvakanaka pamberi pomutongi asingasaruri.

Zvinodzivirira zvemhuka zvinotambanukirawo kuzvisingawiri. Somuenzaniso, kubviswa kwokubuda munyika (kutumira mashoko) kunofanira kazhinji kazhinji kupa ziviso nebanza rokupa ufakazi. Zvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvinotsamira parudzi rwefariro iri padanda ($8) kana kushaiwa kwakakomba zvikuru, muitiro wacho unofanira kuva wakaoma zvikuru.

Muitiro Wakafanira: Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzinokosha

Muitiro wakafanira unokosha ipfungwa yokuti dzimwe maruramiro anokosha kwazvo zvokuti hurumende haigoni kudzongonyedza nawo kutoti ine chikonzero chinogombedzera zvikuru, pasinei zvapo nokuti muitiro wacho wakanaka sei. Kodzero idzi hadzina kurongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi dzinorangarirwa kuva rutivi rwe “kotsekano” inodzivirirwa nomutoo wakafanira.

Dare Rapamusoro Rakaziva Kodzero Yakafanira Yomuitiro ku:

  • Ukwambo (kubatanidza roorano yemadzinza mu ] Lovav v. Virginia uye roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano mu []
  • [ Kuzviwanisa nokudzivisa kunamba [ ([Griswold v.Connecticut)
  • [ Kurera vana [ (kodzero dzendangariro, Pierce v. Society of Hanzvadzi [)
  • Priv6 (kubatanidza maruramiro okuita zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvokurapa)
  • [[FOL:0] Travel (kodzero yokufamba wakasununguka pakati pematunhu)

Imwe yenzira dzinoitira nharo zvikuru yegadziriro inopesana zvikuru yokubvisa pamuviri yave iri maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. Roe v. Wade [1773], Dare rakawana kubvisa mimba kwakanga kuri rutivi rwamaruramiro echakavanzika mugadziriro inowirirana. Chisarudzo ichocho chakatotongwa mu [[FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], iyo yairangarira kuti Id Reformation haisati isati inogovera kurudyi kubvisa mimba. Nhau zvino yasiyiwa kuzvinhu zvinenge zvichidiwa. Ikoku kunoratidza kuti muitiro wapa chepasiti hausati uchidzokerwa. Matare anoenderera mberi kuiwo kuidzo dzechokwadi.

Dzidziso Yokuchinja

Pamberi peKireth Amendment, Bill of Rights yakaganhurira bedzi hurumende yehurumende, kwete nyika. Kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yenhau muzana ramakore rechi 20 (inonzi “kusarudza”), Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Chiteshi Chamakurusa chaClaus kushandisa zvizhinjisa zveChibvumirano chekodzero dzehurumende. Nhasi, kodzero yako yokutaura norusununguko rwechitendero, kudzivirirwa pakutsvaka kusina mufungo, uye kutongwa nedare redare redare zvose zvinoshanda kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nemhaka yeKinneth Amend Reformation. Ikoku kunoreva mupurisa mutaundi rako haagoni kuputsa kodzero dzako dzeFirst Amend Reformation kupfuura izvo mumiririrwi anogona kuita.

Nokuda kwendaza yakakwana yekodzero dzakabatanidzwa, chirongwa Oyez [ chinogovera nhau kupetwa netsananguro.

Kutapura Kunoita Mutezo We Amendedzero Wegumi Negumi

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kunotopfuura kukurukura kwekirasi kodzero dzisina musoro.

Kutsigira uye Kupindira Kwematongerwe Enyika

Chikamu 2 cheMitemo ye 144th Amendment chakatanga kugovera chirango nokuda kwehurumende dzairamba vhoti kuvagari vemo vechirume (ichideredza kumirira kwavo muCongress). Nepo chikamu ichocho chinofukidzwa zvikuru neFinute neConfections ye15 ne19, Kudzivirira kwaManion Claus kwakashandiswa kudenha mitemo yeId yevhoti, gerrymaning, uye ganhuriro pakuvhota nokukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, mu [FLL:0] Shelby County v. Raker[FLT:] [2013], Dare rakarova rutivi rweRevoration Real Act, asi Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kunoramba kuripo kuvanhu vanoti mitemo yokuvhotera nougaro pahwa padzinza kana kuti pabato rezvematongerwe enyika. Kana ukachinja kubva pazvikonzero zvokuvhotera, unoita sewava pahwanotangira kutongwa nokuda kwenhau inotetemesa.

Dzidzo Yavose

Mwana ari wose muAmerica ane maruramiro okupinda chikoro chavose pasinei zvapo nomugariro wokupinda munyika ( Plyler v. Doe]). Vadzidzi vanewo maruramiro akafanira egadziriro pakutarisana nokusundwa kana kuti kudzingwa: vanofanira kupiwa ziziviso nebanza rokutsanangura rutivi rwavo vasati vabviswa kweanopfuura mazuva mashomanene. Nhlangano waMonde Claus unorambidzawo zvikoro zvavose kubvisa pahwaro hwedzinza mukubvuma, zviito zvokuranga, kana kuti kukwanisa kupinda kumapurogiramu.

Kodzero Dzebasa

Nepo Mutezo weKinaith Reformation uchishanda bedzi kuchiito chehurumende (kwete vashandirwi voga), vashandirwi vazhinji vavanhu voga vanofukidzwa nemitemo inorwisana neshanje inopfuudzwa muhurumende musimba rokudzora (Kuparadza 5). Somuenzaniso, Mutezo VII weChibvumirano chekodzero dzechivorinidzo cha1969 unorambidza rusaruro pabasa rakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, uye mavambo enyika. Chikamu cha1981 cheCivil Rights Act yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheRwisation yedzinza mubvumirano, kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvebasa. Vashandi vehurumende vane maruramiro okuwedzera: havagoni kudzingwa nokuda kwokushandisa matauriro orusununguko kana kuti kushandisa rudzidziso rwavo, uye vane gadziriro dzakakodzera kana vane purofiti yemari mubasa ravo (zvakadai sebvumirano kana kuti gumi).

Kuwana Basa Rinoitwa Nevanhu Vose

Kana ukashandisa raibhurari yavose, paki, chipatara, kana kuti gadziriro yezvokufambisa, Excalime Protection Claus inovimbisa kuti haugoni kubviswa nemhaka yezvauri. Nyika dzingasaramba betsero kunzvimbo dzisiri dzezvokudya kutoti kune ndangariro yakasimba(uye kunyange ipapo, mabasa akati (setarisiro yezvokurapa kana kuti dzidzo yavose) anovimbiswa pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yokubuda munyika. Gadziriro yezvokugara pasi inobatirawo apo hurumende inoedza kutora betsero sezviteshi zvezvokudya, Médid, kana kuti kuremadzwa kubhadharwa kwemariro kwapamutemo kunzwiwa pamberi pokubviswa kwebetsero idzodzo.

Upenyu Hwemhuri Nohwako

Gadziriro yakakomba yokuroora inobatanidza maruramiro okuroora mumwe munhu wedzinza rakasiana kana kuti wevatano mumwe cheteyo. Kodzero yokugara navana vako inodzivirirwa padzongonyedzo isina kufanira yomugariro wenyika (somuenzaniso, mabasa anodzivirira vana anofanira kuva nemurairo wedare wokubvisa mwana pasina mvumo yako, kutoti paine kurumidziro. Kodzero yokufamba norusununguko pakati pehurumende inoreva kuti haugoni kurangwa nokuda kwokutamira kune imwe nyika kuti uwane basa kana kuti upinde chikoro.

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano uye Kupopotedzana Kunopfuurira

Nepo Mutezo weMitemo wechigumi namana une makore anopfuura 150 okukura, unoramba uri musimboti wegakava rakawanda rezvamatongerwe enyika nerapamutemo.

Kuberekwa Wakakodzera Wougari Hwomunyika Huchinzverwa

Vamwe vezvematongerwe enyika vakarayira kuti vasave vagari vemo vevana vasina kunyorwa kuti ndevorudzi rwevatami. Vanotaura kuti mashoko okuti “mukutonga kudzora kwaro” anobvisa avo vari munyika yacho zvisiri pamutemo. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoramba, dzichinongedzera kuchisarudzo cheWong Kim Ark uye nhau yechikamu ichi. Kuedza kupi nokupi kuchinja kuva mugari wemo kungada kugadziriswa, zvichiita kuti zviome zvikuru kuchinja.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nechiito Chinosimbisa

Mu Mitemo yeFair Adgings v. Harvard [202], Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakurira kubvumira mirangariro yedzinza isingazivi mudzidzo yakakwirira, richitonga kuti vakaputsa dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus. Ikoku kwakachinja nzvimbo yamayunivhesiti navashandirwi vanoda kuwedzera mhatsa. Chisarudzo hachigumisi kurangarirwa kwose kwedzinza(Fram accademies) uye mamwe mapurogiramu angaashandisazve (* asi kunoratidzira kusvika kworumano kumipimo kumarudzi kunyange apo anorehwa kubetsera mapoka anoshaiwa.

Kufambira Mberi Kunoenderana Nezera Racho

Sezvo mapepa ehurumende anowedzera, nhau dzemuitiro wakafanira dzinomuka pazvisarudzo zvinorongwa nezvinoitwa. Somuenzaniso, kana hurumende ikakanganisa kuisa muraise wemutyairi wako sewabviswa nemhaka yemhosho yekombiyuta, une muitiro wakafanira kururamisa mhosho iyoyo. Nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kwemaarufabheti mugarikano yavana, kutongerwa mhaka, uye kubetserwa kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti vanhu vanogona kudenha zvakakwana zvisarudzo izvozvo. Matare achiri kushanda sei kumuitiro wegamuchidzanwa wokudzidza muchina.

Simba Rinomanikidzirwa reDare

Chikamu 5 cheKineth Amendment chinopa simba kubvumira kuti gadziriro dzayo dziitwe kupfurikidza nomutemo. Ihwohwu hwaro hwemitemo yakawanda yemajere, kubatanidza Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzemunhu weganidzini cha1965, uye vaAmerica vane kodzero dzokuremadzwa. Chikamu 5 cheDare Gurusa chine simba rakaganhurirwa reDare muChikamu 5 mumhaka dzakafanana ne DorokuCity of Boerne v. Flores [1997], ichida kuti mitemo ive “yakaoma uye inowirirana” kukutaura zvisina kururama. Ikoku kunoreva kuti apo kupera kunogona kushandiswa kudzivirira maruramiro ayo.

Mugumisiro: Nheyo Mhenyu Yekodzero Dzezuva Nezuva

Kubva muidi rakapfava rokuva mugari wemo pakuberekwa kusvikira pavimbiso yokuti hurumende ichakubata nenzira yakaenzana, zvitsama zvayo zvinotapura basa, dzidzo, mhuri, kuvhota, uye ruramisiro.

Kana ukadavira kuti kuva kwako mugari wemo, dziviriro yakaenzana, kana kuti kodzero dzakafanira dzebasa dzakatyorwa, kubvunza gweta kana kuti kunyorera sangano reyamuro yepamutemo kunogona kukubatsira kuronga nzira yacho. Bumbiro remitemo harisi mashoko chete ari paganda reganda, uye ivimbiso mhenyu yokuti hurumende inofanira kuremekedza chiremera nerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe.