Mupumburu Wezvikamu Zvechina Zve Amendment Dzinodzivirira

Mutezo weChina weFizirefu unomira sedziviriro yakakomba pakuvhozhokera kwehurumende kwokusasarura, ichizivisa kuti "kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye tapuro, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, hazvisati zvichizoputswa. Chikuru kuiyi dziviriro chinodikanwa, gadziriro yetsika yakarongedzerwa kubatanidza mukuru mukuru wedare pakati pokuchengetwa kwomutemo nevagari vemo. Pasina ichi chinodikanwa, simba rokutsvaka nokutora ringatsamwa chose chose chose mumaoko omutungamiriri, kukurudzira kubatwa zvisina kufanira uko vamiriri veMitemo yeMitemo vaitsvaka kudzivisa.

Chinodikanwa chinodikanwa hachisi chinongova hacho chikwaniriso chebumbiro remitemo chinochengetera dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende nomunhu. Nokurayira kuti vakuru vakuru varatidze [ chisakiso chisingadaviriki kumajaji asingadiwi asati aita kunzvera kukurusa, Hurumende yeChina inovimbisa kuti kupinda mukuvandika kunoruramiswa, kwakaganhurirwa, uye kunobvumirwa nomutemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera nhau, kushanda, kunze, uye zvinetso zvazvinopoteredza, inogovera nzwisiso yakakwana yebasa ravo mukudzivisa kunzvera nokubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Mavambo Enhau Echinodikanwa Chisingachinji

Mavambo echinodikanwa chekuraira anodzokera kumutemo wechiNgezi wavose uye zvichemo zvavarwi mukurwisana nemitemo yavose nemhindu dzebetsero. Idzi mvumo huru dzakabvumira vakuru vakuru veBritain kunzvera nzvimbo ipi neipi pasina chisakiso chaicho, muitiro wakanyandura hasha uye pakupedzisira wakanyandura Chinjo yeAmerica. James Otis akashurikidza nenzira yakakurumbira magetsi ebetsero se "chishandiso chakaipisisa chesimba rounyengeri, chinoparadza zvikurusa chorusununguko rwechiNgezi," murangariro wakadzokororwa kupfurikidza nokunyorwa kweGeneth Amend Refemeter.

Muchiitiko chechiratidzo chenhau Entick v. Carrington [1765], Lord Camden akatonga kuti maruramiro avose akanga ari apamutemo, achitanga nheyo yokuti kunzvera kunofanira kuiswa panzvimbo uye kururamiswa noufakazi hwakapikwa. Iyi mhaka yakapesvedzera zvikuru American jurisprudence. Apo Bill of Rights yakagamuchirwa muna 1791, Republic yakada zvakajeka kuti maruramiro "ainorondedzera nzvimbo yacho, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa," kuramba mabvumiro makurusa enguva inotongwa nehurumende.

Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa nguva dzose kuti chinodikanwa chinodikanwa mutemo wakarongwa. Mu Johnson v. United States (1948), Mutongi Jackson akanyora, kuti: "Kodzero yavakuru vakuru yokuzvipinza vamene mumusha iitiro hanya yakakomba kusarerutswa. Chigadziriso cheChina chinorambidza kunzvera kupi nokupi kutoti mukuru mukuru mukuru wacho ane chisakiso uye awana pamutemo. Iyi nheyo inoramba iri pfundo reGene Gene Amendment jurispurence.

Chisakiso Chinowirirana: Hwaro Hwomukundi Akakodzera

Chisakiso chapamutemo chinofanira kusvitswa maruramiro asati agona kubudiswa. Chiripo apo hwerengedzo yemigariro inopa munhu ane mufungo zvikonzero zvokudavira kuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huchawanwa munzvimbo kuti hunzverwe. Iyi nhevedzo yakaderera kupfuura chibvumikiso chinopfuura kupanikira kune mufungo asi chakakwirira kupfuura fungidzirowo zvayo. Institute yeLegal Information paCornell Law School[ inotsanangura kuti chisakiso chinofanira kuvakirwa pamaidi /hai hunches //haitsches ///hai kuti mutongi anofanira kuita chisarudzo.

Kutanga chisakiso chinobvira, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunowanzoisa mashoko akanyorwa . "-a] vimbisa maidi anotsigira chitendero chavo. Affidavit ingabatanidza mashoko kubva kuvazivisi, mishumo, mashoko ouchapupu, kana kuti ufakazi chaihwo. Pasi pa ] Illinois v. Masuo [1903], Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakagamuchira "Ukuru hwemiedzo", richibvumira vatongi kurangarira kuvimbika kwose kwamashoko panzvimbo pokuda kuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chive chakabvumikiswa.

Chisakiso chakafanira hachifaniri kuwirirana; chinofanira kuvapo panguva inoparirwa rugwaro. Mashoko estale haagoni kutsigira rugwaro. Somuenzaniso, chikarakadzo chisingazivikanwi chokuti kutengeserana kwemirimo kwakaitika gore rakapfuura sezvingabvira kungava kusina kukwana. National Institute yeChiratidzo yakakurukura kuti kunyora kwakafanira kwechisakiso kunokosha sei nokuda kwokusaoneka kwoufakazi.

Kuwana Mushandi

Kuwana rugwaro rwokutsvaka kunobatanidza mutoo wenhano nenhano wakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa utarisiri hwapamutemo. Kazhinji kazhinji, mukuru mukuru agadzirira mutongi ndokurupa kumutongi kana kuti mejasitiriti, somunhu kana kuti, muMutemo 41 weFederal Regards of Criminal Procedure, kupfurikidza nemitoo yemagetsi. Mutongi anonzvera affidavit kuti aone kana kuchiva kwechisakiso chapamutemo. Kana agutsikana, mutongi anoratidza rugwaro, achibvumira kunzvera nzvimbo inorondedzerwa uye kubvumwa kwezvinhu zvakadudzwa.

Varwi vanofanira kuurawa mukati merimwe nguva (hwukuru 10 kusvikira ku 14 mazuva) kuva nechokwadi chokuti chisakiso chinobvira chichiri chitsva. Kuuraya kunofanira kuva kune mufungo; vakuru vakuru havagoni kuvhura masuo pasina kugogodza kwokutanga uye kuzivisa kuvapo kwavo kutoti migariro yapamberi paripo. Pashure pokunzvera, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kusiya kopi yetsamba nemubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvakabatwa.

Chinodikanwa chakananga chakakomba. Chibvumikiso chinorondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kunzverwa se "imba yaJohn Doe" isina kero chingava chisina maturo. Mu Groh v. Ramirez [2004]), Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti maruramiro aikundikana kurondedzera zvinhu zvokubatwa akanga asina maturo, uye kunzvera kwakanga kusina kuwirirana pasinei zvapo nokutenda kwavakuru vakuru vakuru.

Vazivi Vokusatora Rutivi Senzvero Pasimba

Chikuru chezvinodikanwa ndechokuisa mutongi asina kutsigira uye asina mhaka pakati pamapurisa navagari vemo. Mu Coolidge v. New Hampshire [19971], Dare rakasimbisa kuti dziviriro dzeFreadmersion hadzishandiswi netendero yerabha. Mutongi anotendera chero chipi zvacho chinenge chinouya nemapurisa haaiti zvokusatora rutivi. Mutongi anofanira kushandisa chisarudzo chokuzvimirira.

Iyi nzvero inokosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti vakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo, nepo vakazvitsaurira, vangapesvedzerwa noukuru hwenzvero kana kuti dzvinyiriro yokupedza mhaka. Gavhuna, pasina dzvinyiriro idzodzo, anopa fungidziro yevavariro. Seizvo Justice Kennedy akanyorwa mu United States v. Leon [19984], mutemo wokubvisa mutemo unorongedzerwa kudzivisa kusazvibata kwamapurisa, asi muitiro wechiratidzo umene ndiwo dziviriro huru.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mune funganyo pamusoro pe "kutenga kwokunyoresa" apo vakuru vakuru vanotsvaka vatongi avo vane bviro huru yokutendera. Kurwisa ikoku, nyika zhinji dzinoda zvibvumikiso kuti zvipiwe negadziriro yedare yapakati. American Civil Liberesties Union yakataura kuti kutarisira kwokutonga kwakakomba kuri madikanwa kudzivisa kuteererwa nokutsoropodzwa, zvikurukuru mumamirirwa enhau emichina.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Nepo chinodikanwa chiri mutemo wavose, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kusiiwa kunoverengeka uko kunzverwa nepfari kungava kune mufungo pasina maruramiro.

Kunzvera Kuchibvumirwa

Kana munhu akapa nokuzvidira kubvuma kunzvera, hapana murairo unodikanwa. Kubvuma kunofanira kuva kwakasununguka uye kwete kumanikidzwa; kubvuma zvako kuchiremera (mutomo, "FLT] United States v.]) kungasava kwechokwadi. Hurumende inotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa kuti mvumo yakanga iri yokuzvidira zvirokwazvo. Kubvumirana kwechitatu kunofanira kubvumirwa kana munhu ane chiremera chakafanana panzvimbo, semu [FLT: 0] United States v. Matlock (1974]. Zvisinei, kana mumwe munhu akabvumira kuti zvibvumiro zvake uye zvimwe zvinhu, kunzvera kungarambidzwa pasi pe . RUNDOLD[F]

Murangariro Wakajeka

Vakuru vakuru vangawana ufakazi uhwo huri pachena mukati mokuvhozhokera kwapamutemo, hunogovera mugariro wokupomera kuva pachena nokukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, kana mukuru mukuru wamapurisa akamisa motokari pamutemo ndokuona pfuti pachigaro, mukuru mukuru anogona kuitora pasina maruramiro.

Migariro Yakaoma

Mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro anogona kururamisa kunzvera kusina kufanira. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kurondwa kukuru kwedaviti, ngozi yengozi iri pedyo kuvanhu, kana kuti ruparadziko rwapakarepo rwoufakazi. Mu [FLT: 0] Kenticky v. King (201]), Dare Rapamusoro rairangarira kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vaigona kupinda mufurati pasina maruramiro kana vaidavira nenzira ine mufungo kuti ufakazi hwakanga huchiparadzwa mukati. Chinokosha ndechokuti utsvene hunofanira kuva hwechokwadi uye husati hunoitwa namapurisa.

Kunzvera Chinoparira Kusungwa

Apo munhu anosungwa nenzira yapamutemo, vakuru vakuru vanganzvera munhu womusungwa nenzvimbo iri pedyo pasina rugwaro. Uku kusiiwa kwakatangwa mu Chimel v. California [[1969]], kunoruramiswa nokudikanwa kwokudzivirira nokudzivisa ruparadziko rweufakazi. Zvisinei, ukuru hunoganhurirwa kunharaunda iri mukati medzori yemusungwa (*haiwawo musha wose. Mu ] Arizora v. [[FLT:]] 09], Dare rinonzvera chinoitika kuti vasunge: kutsvaka kwakadaro kunobvumirwa bedzi kana kukwanisa kuiswa mumotokari panguva yokutsvaka kana kuti kana kuti kana motokari ikava noufakazi hwemhosva.

Chinjo Yemotokari

Vhihicles iduku kukarira kuvandika kwakaderedzwa nemhaka yechakavanzika chadzo chamafoni. Pasi pemotokari, mapurisa angatsvaka motokari pasina chibvumikiso kana ine chikonzero chinobvira chokudavira kuti ine tsvina kana kuti ufakazi. Uku kusiiwa, kwakavakirwa mu Carroll v. United States (1925), kunobvumira kunzvera motokari yose, kubatanidza mabhakitire akavharwa anogona kubata chinhu chokutsvaka.

Shuma naFrisk

Pasi pe Terry v. Ohio (1968), vakuru vakuru vangatungamirira chimira chipfupi nechokunze kana vane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti mubato woutsotsi itsoka uye kuti munhu angava akashonga. Uku kusiiwa kwakaganhurirwa kunobvumira kuiswa pasi kwenguo dzokunze nokuda kwezvombo, kwete kutsvaka kwakazara ufakazi.

Kutsvakurudza Kusingakundikani Munguva Yetsika

Ruzivo rwazvino uno runopa denho itsva nokuda kwechinodikanwa. Nhare dzeserura, marapy, uye kuchengeterwa kwamakore zvine mashoko akawanda zvikuru omunhu oga, kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura kunzvera kwomuviri kwomusha kungabereka. Mu Riley v. California (2014, Dare rapamusoro rakabvumirana kuti mapurisa anofanira kuwana magwaro asati anzvera zviri mumibatanidzwa wenhau yeserura yechinoitika chokusunga. Mutongi mukuru Roberts akacherekedza kuti serura wazvino uno ndi "minuputers" inozivisa mufananidzo wapedyo woupenyu hwomunhu.

Nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kwamasumo eGPS kunoda chibvumikiso. Mu United States v. Jones (2012), Dare rakatonga kuti kunamatira mukwai weGPS kumotokari yakaumbwa neFreadterncement yeChina nemhaka yokuti yakadarika panzvimbo yakavanzika. REctronic Foundation [[] yave iri pamberi pokutaura kuti nzverevero yenhau iyoyo yenhau yakaita semijeko yenhau kana kuti inoshandisa mijekedzo yemasero yemapurisa (Srati).[FLT]

Congress yapindirawo nemitemo inodzivirira. Chibvumirano cheSabatanounichas Act (SCA) chinoda chibvumikiso chokupinda zvinhu zviri mumaemail mazuva asingasviki 180, kunyange zvazvo maemail ekare nezvinyorwa zvokunyoresa zvingawanwa nejena. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia, dzakapfuudza mitemo yadzo inobvumira kuti mashoko eserura enzvimbo yacho ashandiswe. Chimiro chiri kukudziridza kudzivirira kwekodzero kufukidza ufakazi hwemichina yemagetsi, kuratidzira kuziva kuti kuva woga mumashoko ekombiyuta kunokosha seayo ari mumapepa omuviri nemigumisiro.

Mutemo Wokugumisa: Kugumisa Chinodikanwa Chinodzivisa

Mutemo wokubvisa ndiro mushonga mukuru wokuputswa kweGavhura reChina. Inogovera ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kana kuti kubvumwa haushandurwi pakutongwa. Uyu mutemo wakatanga kushandiswa kumatare ehurumende mu weeks v. United States (1914) uye unotambanudzirwa kumatare ehurumende mu [FLT:]Mbv v. Ohio (1961). Chinangwa ndecho kudzivisa kusazvibata kwemapurisa uye kuchengetedza perero yokutonga kupfurikidza nokusabvumira matare kuva anotenderwa mukurwisana nemitemo.

Zvisinei, mutemo wokubvisa hausati uri usina kusiiwa. "kutenda kwakanaka", kunoziviswa mu United States v. Leon (19984]), inobvumira kubvumwa kana vakuru vakuru vakavimba nokutenda kwakanaka parugwaro rwakawanikwa gare gare kuva rusingashandi nemhaka yemhosho yemiitiro yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu (apo vakuru vakuru vaiita nenzira ine mufungo. Nenzira yakafanana, ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo hungava huchiri hunogona kuzivikanwa kana rungadai rwakawanikwa (kuwana kwakakwana kwedzidziso) kana kuti kudai rwakawanikwa kupfurikidza namanyuko akazvimirira ([FLT:] [[FFF:2]]] mubatanidzwa. United States[FLT] v, 1988).

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mutemo wokubvisa mhaka unobvumira vakwirirwi vane mhaka kusununguka nemhaka ye "technology" Asi vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti pasina kubviswa, chinodikanwa chichava chisina revo. Seizvo Mutongi Clark akanyora mu Mapp[, "Pasina mutemo woufakazi kubvisa ufakazi hunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo, kodzero yokuva woga yaizoderedzwa kuva chimirowo zvacho chamashoko. Kunyange zvazvo kurukurirano inopfuurira, mutemo wokubvisa mutemo unoramba uri mutoo uchiri madikanwa.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwevanoshandira

Chinodikanwa chinopfuura zvikuru chipingamupinyi chokuchengetedzwa kwomutemo. inheyo yebumbiro remitemo inodzivirira chiremera chomunhu oga, nokuva oga, uye rusununguko pakuvhozhokera kwehurumende kwounyengeri. Kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti kunzvera kuve kwakavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira ndokubvumirwa namejasitiriti asina kwavakarerekera, Republic yeChina inovimbisa kuti simba rehurumende rinoshandiswa nokudzorwa nokuzvidavirira.

Munyika yoruzivo rwokunzvera rusingadzoreki uye nzvero dzoutsotsi dzakaoma, kudikanwa kwezvinodikanwa zvakasimba kunopfuura nakare kose. Matare anopfuurira kugadziridza nheyo dzeGwena dzeFindrence kuzvinhu zvitsva, achisimbisazve kuti kubvumirwa kunoramba kuri mupimo wendarama nokuda kwokunzvera kwapamutemo. Vagari vemo vanofanira kuziva maruramiro avo, uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuvaremekedza. Sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakajekesa, chinodikanwa hachisi mhinganidzo kururamisiro.