Kushanduka Kwemuedzo weLemon Mukugadza Kutonga kwaClause

Lemon Sucrence Testamende yeChikamu chePremist inomira seimwe yemirayiro inokakavadzana zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Kutanga kwakarondedzerwa neDare Rapamusorosoro muna 1971, kwakarongedzerwa kugovera mutoo wakajeka, une mitauro mitatu yokusarudza apo chiito chehurumende chinoputsa Kugadzwa kwaClaus weFirst Amendment. Kugadza kwaClassionation kunoraira kuti "Conrefect [Chonal] haasati achizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso," uye kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa ne 144th Amend Amend, ichi chirambidzo chinoshanda kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Kwamakore anopfuura mashanu, Kuedzwa kweLemon kwakaumba miganhuro pakati pechechi nehurumende, kunyange sokududzira kwaro kwayo nokushanda kwakashanduka chinhu chinokosha kupfurikidza nokutonga kwedare kunotevedzana.

Mavambo Nemashoko Akapoteredza

Pamberi peMuedzo weLemon, Dare Gurusa rakanga ratovamba kurwisana nenhau dzechechi munhau dzakadai se Everson v. Boka reDzidzo (1947) uye Engel v. Vitale [1962]]. Zvisarudzo izvi zvakagadza kuti hurumende irege kupfuudza mitemo inobetsera rudzidziso rumwe, inobetsera marudzidziso ose, kana kuti idei rudzidziso pamusoro pechisiri rudzidziso. Zvisinei, Dare rakanga risina chishandiso chinowirirana. Mhaka yakaparira kumuka kweRhodem muRhode nePennsylme, umo hurumende dzakagovera mibhadharo kuvadzidzisi vazhinji, izvo zvakanga zviri zvikoro zverudzidziso.

Mu Lemon v. Kurtzman, Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa idzi mhaka mbiri ndokuparadza nokubvumirana mirau yehurumende. Mutongi Mukuru Warren Burger, achinyorera voruzhinji, akagadzira muedzo wetatu waizova mupimo wamakumi amakore: (1) chiito chehurumende chinofanira kuva nechinangwa chenyika chemitemo; (2) tapuro yacho huru haifaniri kufambira mberi kana kuti kurambidza rudzidziso; uye (3) hachifaniri kusimudzira hurumende yakanyanyisa kuchinjirwa norudzidziso. Iyi mitero mitatu yakatorwa kubva muzvinoitika zvapakuvamba, zvikurukuru [[FLT].[FLT] . Ekiragiro [FLT] [FLT]] [FF:3]] [12]] [1970]

Kuparara Kwechinoitika Choga Choga

Chiroto: Donzo Renyika

Chigadzikiso chokutanga chinobvunza kana chiito chehurumende chinoratidzira chinangwa chaichoicho chenyika. Dare rinonzvera vavariro inodudzwa seri kwomutemo kana kuti muitiro, pamwe chete nechinyorwa chemitemo nemashoko akapoteredza. Kana donzo racho riri rerudzidziso, chiito chinokundikana nokukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, chinoita chisati charatidza kunyarara muzvikoro zvavose chingapfuura iri donzo rakataurwa kuti kusimudzira kurangarira kana kuti kuterama, asi kungakundikana kana ufakazi hukaratidza kuti chinangwa chacho chaiva chokukurudzira munyengetero. Dare guru rashandisa chose chose chose, richida kuti chinangwa chenyika chive [[FLT:] YOKUVA] YOKUTI PIRANGAIT. Chirevo chipfuure pachipfuure chinangwa chechitendero, chinotozongova chaita kuti chipfuure chinangwa chorudzidziso. [FLD:]

Prong 2: Muuyo Mukuru

Rwechipiri rurevo runonangidzira ngwariro patapuro chaiyoiyo yechiito chehurumende. Kunyange kana chinangwa chacho chiri chenyika, chiito chacho hachifaniri kuva netapuro huru kana kuti huru yokufambira mberi kana kuti kudzongonyedza rudzidziso. Somuenzaniso, ruwa rwechikoro runobvumira mapoka orudzidziso kushandisa nzvimbo dzavose pashure pemaawa rungasaputsa iyi rondedzero kana kusvika kwakaenzana kumapoka ose enzanga. Nenzira inopesana, chikoro chavose chine mutambo wokupedza kufunda pachechi chingawanwa kuva netapuro huru yorudzidziso runoparira rudzidziso. Dare rinoyera kuva nomugariro wose wemigariro, kubatanidza mugariro worudzidziso wezviratidzo kana kuti mibato, mashoko akapoteredza, uye mirangariro ine mufungo.

Zvitatu: Kunyanyisa

Hurumende inorambidza kurovererwa kwakanyanya pakati pehurumende nechitendero. Iyi purong inoshanda zvikurukuru apo hurumende inoshandisa mari kusangano rechitendero. Kunyange kana mapurogiramu maviri okutanga akagutswa, hurumende haigoni kuongorora kana kuti kupa yamuro nenzira inovanza kuti vazvidzivirire nemasangano echitendero. Mu Lemon pachayo , Dare rakawana kuti Pennsylvania neRhode Island zvaizoda kuongororwa nehurumende kuti vazivise kuti vasabatanidze zviri muzvidzidzo zvavo zvechitendero, kuumba zvikoro zvisingakodzeki. Zvisinei, zvinoitika zvinotevera zvakafanana ne . . .Smons - Harfrisris.[FFFF:2]

Kushanda muNgozi huru dzeChechi

Lemon Test yakashandiswa mumhatsa huru yezvinoitika zvechokwadi, kubva pamunyengetero wechikoro kusvikira kuzviratidzo zvorudzidziso munyika yavose.

Munyengetero Wechikoro Nemabasa Echitendero Muzvikoro Zvavose

Mu .Weisman (1992), Dare rakarerutsa muitiro wechikoro chehurumende wokukoka vafundisi kuti vape hurukuro pamitambo yokupedza kufunda. Kunyange zvazvo mhaka yacho isina kuvimba zvakajeka neLemon Test, kurangarira kwakabudisa nheyo dzayo: munyengetero wakaitwa nehurumende wakanga une chinangwa chorudzidziso netapuro, uye wakamanikidzira vadzidzi kutora rutivi. Nenzira yakafanana, mu Santa Independent School Districy v. Do [[FLT:] [2]), Dare rakarova munyengetero wavadzidzi pamberi pemitambo yenhabvubvudziso sechirevo chehurumende. Izvi zvinoratidzira mirangariro yechitendero chinotsungirira mumitekisi inhau yedzidzo ichangobva kubuda.

Kutsigira Mari Kwehurumende Zvikoro Zvechitendero

Lemon Amwe aita rutivi rukuru munharo pamusoro peyamuro yavose kudzidzo yorudzidziso. Mu Agotini v. Felton (1997), Dare rakachinja prong, rairaira kuti vadzidzisi vechikoro chavose vagona kugovera muraidzo wokugadzirisa panzvimbo dzezvikoro zverudzidziso, chero pasina chinhu cherudzidziso chakadzidziswa nokutarisira chakaparira kuchinjika kwakanyanyisa. Chisarudzo chakabvisa murayiro wapakuvamba kubva [[FLT:]] Aulv. Felton[[FLT:] [5] [5] [5]), (8]), inoenzanisira kuedzwa kwenguva refu. Muzvinoitika zvazvino uno uno uno uno uno. [5], Dare rakasunda kuenzana kudzika kutsika, rinoita kuti kutaura kuti masangano orudzidziso runowanika kazhinji nemhaka yemiitiro yaro. [5]

Zviratidzo Zvorudzidziso Panzvimbo Yavose

Nhau dzinobatanidza kuratidzirwa kwezviratidzo zvorudzidziso, zvakadai seMirairo Gumi kana kuti crèche, kazhinji kazhinji dzakatendeukira kuMuedzo weLemon. Mu Lynch v. Donnelly [1984], Dare rakatsigira chiratidzo cheKrisimisi icho chakabatanidza crèche, kurangarira kuti ratidzirwo yacho yaiva nedonzo renyika (kuisa zororo) uye kuti crèche yakanga iri rutivi rwechiratidziro chikuru chenyika. Nenzira yakasiana, mu [FLT:] Kristry of Albecle v. ACU[FLT] [FF] [9] [199], Dare rakarova muganhu mukuru wakaiswa patendero, uye haina kuva netapureji yedare renyika inoyera.

Kutsoropodza Nedenho Kumuedzo Wemaperemoni

Pasinei zvapo nokurarama kwenguva refu, Lemon Testation yakatarisana netsoropodzo huru inobva kuvatongi, nyanzvi, uye vafundisi. Chinyunyuto chinowanzova chokuti mabhii matatu haana kujeka zvikuru uye anobvumira vatongi kuisa zvaanoda. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akarondedzera nenzira yakakurumbira muedzo wacho se "mufirimu anotyisa weusiku hwapera anogara kakawanda ari mumakuva ake uye ari kunze kwenyika," apo Mutongi Clarence Thomas akashera kuti arashwe. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti muedzo wacho unovenga rudzidziso nemhaka yokuti pane dzimwe nguva unokanganisa miitiro inotsigira kutaura kworudzidziso, zvakadai seminyengetero youdzori kana kuti kuiswa kwenongedzero dzerudzidziso mumiitiro yavose.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, Dare rakawana kuti raipindwa muropa kunyange apo hurumende yaiita nenzira isina kwayakarerekera, nepo mune dzimwe yakabvumira kufambidzana kukuru. kuedza kwacho kunokundikanawo kutsanangura musiano uri pakati pokutsigira kwakananga hurumende nokutaura kworudzidziso kwakavanzika, musiano wazova unokosha zvikuru mukushandiswa kwazvino uno kwakasununguka kweDare uye chisarudzo chakasununguka.

Mamwe Mabasa: Kuedzwa kweCoercion uye Kusapindira Mune Zvekutsigira Nyika

Mumhinduro kuzvikanganiso zvinorangarirwa, vamwe vatongi vakatsigira dzimwe nzira. muedzo wekorioni [, wakabatanidzwa neMutongi Anthony Kennedy, unoda kuti hurumende isamanikidze munhu upi noupi kutora rutivi mukurovedza kworudzidziso kana kuti kutsigira kutenda. Iyi muedzo wakashandiswa muzvinoitika zvechikoro zvakadai se v. Wean[FLT][FLT]] [3] uye zvikurukuru mu [[FLT:]] Krenddy. Bremeton School [FL:5] [2] [2]), apo Dare rakatonga kuti munyengetero wenhabvutu wenhabvuro pami yenhabvu pami yenhabvunde yate pashure pemitambo yakadzivirirwa uye haina kuputsa chisarudzo chakatanhamara zvikuru mu [[FLT] Murangariro wakaipa, Gor Gorn dare rinodzosanwa rakajeka.

Imwe nzira i nheyo yokusatora rutivi, iyo inosimbisa kuti hurumende inofanira kuva isingatori rutivi pakati pamarudzidziso uye pakati porudzidziso norudzidziso. Iyi nzira inosimbisa kutonga kweDare mu Mcreary County v. ACLU[FLT][200] [2005], apo yakashandisa bvunzurudzo yedonzo yakasanosimbiswa kurova miraudzo ine gumi mumatare, asi yakazivisawo muuyo mu [[FLT:] V.[FLT][FLT] [5] [200], apo ratidziro yakafanana paTexas State Capitol yakatsigirwa nemhaka yenhau yenyika.

Kudzokera Shure Kwenguva Yemberi Nenguva Yemberi Yomuedzo weRemon

Lemon Supreme Asting Leaven A Association yeAmerican Humanist v. American Humanist (2017), Dare Gurusa rairangarira chirangaridzo chikuru chehondo yakaumbwa nomuchinjikwa icho chakanga chamira panzvimbo yavose kwamakumi amakore. Dare rakaramba kushandisa Lemon Act nomutoo wakaoma. Panzvimbo pezvo kusimbisa revo renhau yenhau nechimiro. Mutongi Samuel Alito, kunyora nokuda kwezviumbwa zviduku, matare airangarira kuti nokuda kwezvivakwa zvakati nakare, matare anofanira kutarira kumashoko akapoteredza uye mucherechedzo pane kushandisa zvikamu zvitatu zvemitemo. Mubvumirano, Breptauth Kivaughillai pachena akatsigira kuti shoo yeTest.

Pashure pa Kennedy v. Bremeton muna 2022, Dare rakajekesa kuti kutangwa kwaClaus kunofanira kutungamirirwa nemiitiro yenhau nenheyo, kwete Dare reLemon. matare mazhinji akaderera akarega kushandisa muedzo muchimiro chawo chegamuchidzanwa, kunyange zvazvo mamwe anopfuurira kududza kana kuti bvunzurudzo yawo inowirirana. Somuuyo, Kuedza kunovapo zvino segadziriro yenhau panzvimbo pedzidziso inobatira, asi itiro dzakwo huru pamusoro pedonzo, tapuro, uye kuchiri kuzivisa kurangarira kwokutonga muzvinoitika zvizhinji.

Kunetsa Vadzidzisi Nenyanzvi Dzepamutemo

Kunzwisisa Lemon Surgence Kunoramba kuchikosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa munhau dzechechi, kunyange sezvo kushandiswa kwayo kuchishanduka - shanduka. Zvikoro, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye masangano orudzidziso zvinofanira kupfuurira kushandisa ganhuriro dzeFirst Amendment, uye nheyo dzinotungamirira Kuedzwa kweRemon dzinopfuurira kuoneka mumirangariro yenhema, mitemo yedare rechikoro, uye kuronga kwemitemo. Vafundisi vanotsigira makirabhuro evadzidzi, vanobvumira kutaura kworudzidziso, kana kuti kubatanidza kurukurirano dzekirasi pamusoro pokutenda vanofanira kuziva kuti kutaura kwehurumende nokutaura kwomunhu oga zvinobatwa nenzira yakasiana, uye kuti kugadzwa kwaClauscius kunodzivisa rusaruro.

Nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, zivo inoshanda yeLemon Testation inopa hwaro hwokunzwisisa kuti Dare rakava nenhau idzi kwamakumi matatu amakore. Inobetserawo kudeya kutaura kuti matare angatonga sei pasi pegadziriro itsva kupfurikidza nokubvunza kana muitiro wacho une donzo renyika, kana muuyo wawo mukuru uchisimudzira rudzidziso, uye kana uchiparira kuvharika kwakanyanyisa. Nepo kunzvera kusati kuchave kwakaoma, mapoka aro ezvemitemo achiri kupa giramupu rinobetsera nokuda kwokunzvera pamutemo wezviito zvehurumende.

Kupedzisa: Kuchinja - chinja

Lemon Surgence Mission yakarumbidzwa zvose zviri zviviri nokuda kwokugovera gadziriro uye kutsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuva kwetsika. Kuderera kwaro mukutaura kweDare Rapamusorosoro hakurevi kugadzwa kwaClaus kwaaikurukura kwakanyangarika. Panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rakatanga kusvika kunzira yenhau neyakarongerwa, asi mipimo mikuru yokusatora rutivi kworudzidziso, hana yomunhu oga, uye kudzivisa rudzidziso runodzorwa nehurumende inoramba iri huru. Nhau yeLemon Testi inoratidzira denho inopfuurira yokudzikamisa rusununguko rworudzidziso nerambidzo inorwisana nehurumende (chikarono iri pakati nepakati kuti chizvarwa chiri chose chinofanira kudzokazve.).

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pokutangwa kweChiitwa chaClaus, ona Cornell Legal Information yeChikamu chaClaus . Kurangarirwa kwakatsaurwa kwenhau dzakati kunogona kuwanwa mu [[[FLT:]] Mushumo weDare Rapamusoro muna [[FLT:][FLT]] KAN [[3] r.[[FLT][FLD][4], uye kunzvera kwakakwana kwenhau kunowanika mu Pewristry Center on restment on restmentation recher [FFFFFF]] [FLT]]. [FLT7]