Dzidziso youchangamire huviri inomira seimwe yenheyo dzinotsiva zvikuru asi dzinokakavadzana mumiitiro youtsotsi yeAmerica. Inoisa musiano mukuru muvimbiso yeFindth Amendment yekuti hakuna munhu acha "va muteshi nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kuti aitwe kaviri mungozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo." Kupfurikidza nokubvumira masangano apamutemo akasiana zvikuru ehurumende nehurumende yehurumende .Kutonga munhu mumwe cheteyo nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo, dzidziso inoumba zvakananga miganhu yenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri. Kunzwisisa hwaro hwaro hwayo hwenhau, mhindumupinduko, uye mipimo inoshanda inodikanwa nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda. pamutemo kana kuti kushanda mugadziriro yeutsotsi yedare.

Hwaro Hwedziviriro Yakaviri Yengozi

Findremement yeChikamu cheshanu yeChikamu cheReopardy Claus yakagadzirwa kudzivirira vanhu pakunetswa, ndyiko, uye kukuvadzwa kwemirangariro zvekurovererwa mhaka kumwe cheteko. Inosungirwa mhaka yechipiri pashure pokunge apiwa mhaka kana kuti apiwa mhaka, uye inorambidza zvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Iyi dziviriro inokosha kukuzvipira kwemitemo yeAmerica kukuva wokupedzisira neyokururama.

Bva chitsama chamashoko hachisati chiri chakakwana. Dare Gurusa rakaziva kwenguva refu kuti dziviriro yenjodzi mbiri inoshanda bedzi mukati me "utongi". Apo hurumende mbiri dzakaparadzana imwe neimwe dzine chiremera chakaparadzana chokurondedzera nokuranga mufambiro woutsotsi, imwe neimwe ingashandisa simba rayo pasina kuputsa zviitiko zvomumwe. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa sedzidziso youchangamire huviri, inobvumira kurovererwa kunotevedzana kunoitwa navatongi vakasiana nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho.

Hwaro Hwapamutemo Hwedzidziso Youchangamire Hwamaviri

Dzidziso youchangamire huviri iri pamurangariro mukuru: Changamire mumwe nomumwe anowana chiremera chake mumanyuko akasiyana. Hurumende yehurumende inotora simba rayo muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., nepo hurumende imwe neimwe ichitora simba rayo mubumbiro rayo remitemo roga roga namasimba omuzvarirwo amapurisa. Nemhaka yokuti chiremera chayo chakaparadzana, kukwidzwa nomumwe hakudzivisi kupiwa mhaka nomumwe, kunyange kana vose vari vaviri vakavakirwa pamufambiro wakafanana.

Dare rapamusoro rakajekesa iyi mufungo zvakajeka mu United States v. Lanza (1922): "Chiito chinoshurikidzwa semhosva kupfurikidza nezvose zviri zviviri nyika nehurumende imhosva mukurwisana norugare nechiremera zvezvose zviri zviviri, uye chingarangwa nechinhu chimwe nechimwe. Dare rakasimbisa kuti njodzi mbiri hadzidzivisi machinda maviri kubva kumunhu mumwe nomumwe anounza mhaka yavo, nemhaka yokuti "ences" anopesana chose chose chose chose, anopesana nehurumende yehurumende, imwe inorwisana nehurumende.

Zvakaitika Kare uye Zvakaitika Kare

Nheyo Dzapakuvamba: Zana ramakore rechi 19

Mavambo edzidziso yacho anotambanukira kumitemo yapakuvamba yeAmerica. Mu Fox v. Ohio (1847), Dare rakatanga kukarakadza kuti chiito chimwe chetecho chingagona kurangwa muzvose zviri zviviri pamutemo wehurumende nehurumende pasina kuputsawo njodzi mbiri. Iyi pfungwa yakawana imwe wirirano mu Motre v. Illinois[[ (1852], umo Dare rairangarira kuti hurumende ingagona kuranga utsotsi kunyange kana chiito chacho chikaputsawo mutemo wehurumende yehurumende, nemhaka yokuti hurumende mbiri dzakanga dziri "yakaresa uye dzakaparadza".

Zviitiko izvi zvapakuvamba zvakaratidzira chimiro chebumbiro remitemo reUnited States, umo hurumende yehurumende nehurumende zvinogoverana mativi anodzorwa.Tenth Amendment ichengetera kumasimba enyika asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende, uye mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende yakadzora kwenguva refu mizhinji yemibato mimwe cheteyo yebhangi kusvikira kukutengesa mirimo kusvikira kumhosva dzepfuti.

Chisarudzo cheLandmark: United States v. Lanza (1922)

Lanza ichiri muenzaniso wehwaro wazvino uno. Mukwirirwi akawanirwa mhaka mudare rehurumende nokuda kwokuputsa Mutemo weNational Prohibition, uye ipapo akatongwa mudare rehurumende nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho(mandela), kutakura, uye kuva nedoro. Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira kukwikwidzwa kuviri, richiita kuti hurumende mbiri dzakanga dziri madzimambo akaparadzana uye kuti njodzi mbiri hadzina kudzora muedzo wechipiri. Mutongi William Howard Taft akanyora kuti "offensis pasi pemitemo yeUnited States uye pasi pemitemo yenyika. Dare repamusorosoro rinorevesa pamutemo, uye ringarangwa zvakaparadzana."

The Modern Doctrine: Gguedge v. United States (2029)

Gugush v. United States, Dare Gurusai rakasimbisazve dzidziso mbiri youchangamire kupfurikidza nevhoti 7. Terance Gamble yakawanwa mhaka mudare rehurumende reAlabama nemhaka yokuva nepfuti sefelon, uye ipapo kutongwa nomutemo nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Iye akarangarira kuti dzidziso yacho inofanira kuchinjwa, asi Dare rakaramba, richigumisa kuti dzidziso yacho yakanga yasimbiswa "Nguva" uye kuti Congress Congress yakanga yatsamira pairi kweanodoma mazana maviri amakore. Murangariro waSamuel Alito wakasimbisa kuti njodzi yakanzwisiswa panguva yokuvamba kuti ishande mukati mutariri mumwe bedzi.

Kufukidzwa Kwedzidziso Mumuitiro

Kupomera Kwakawanda Nemigumisiro Yacho

Muuyo unoshanda zvikurusa wedzidziso mbiri youchangamire ndowokuti munhu angatarisana nemiedzo inotevedzana mudare rehurumende nerehurumende nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho.Ichochi chinogona kutungamirira kutongero dzakakomba zvikuru, sezvo zviremera zvose zviri zviviri zvingapa zvirango zvakaparadzana.

Mupomeri anofunga kuti vapiwa mhosva kana kuti vapiwa mhosva mune rimwe dare haakwanisi kugumisa kuti nyaya yacho yapera.

Hungwaru Hwokutonga uye "Three" Federalism

Dzidziso yacho inopawo simba vachuchisi kuti vapinde muinonzi pane dzimwe nguva "rusarudzo rwehurumende"" --kusarudza muganhu unopa mitemo yakanaka zvikurusa kana kuti miduku yemitemo. Vachuchisi vehurumende vangapinda kana kukwirira mhaka kwehurumende kukaguma netongero yehurumende, kana kuti kana mhaka yehurumende ikakundikana nemhaka yezvirevo zvinooneka. Nenzira yakafanana, vachuchisi vehurumende vangapfuurira pashure pekubvisa mhaka kana vachidavira kuti mutemo unogovera mukana uri nani wokutendwa.

Kungwarira uku kwakawana kutsoropodza kukuru kubva kuvatsigiri verusununguko rwevagari vemo, avo vanotaura kuti dzidziso mbiri youchangamire inosekesa mhedziso inorongwa nePivre Jeopardy Claus.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti inobvumira hurumende ku "ruma maapuro maviri" uye vakwirirwi kudzvinyiriro huru nendyiko dzemiedzo inoverengeka.

Kushandiswa Kuuchangamire Hworudzi Nehurumende Dzinotyisa

Dzidziso youchangamire huviri haina kuganhurirwa kuukama hwehurumende. Dare Gurusa rakaishandisawo kuhurumende dzemaIndia eAmerica nehurumende dzenharaunda dzeU.S. dzakadai sePuerto Rico neRuwa rweColumbia. Mu United States v. Wheeler[[FLT:] [1978]), Dare rakati rudzi rweIndia rungatonga mutezo wemhosva nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende rungagonawo kupomera chiito chimwe chetecho, nemhaka yokuti uchangamire hwedzinza rakanga riri "rent" uye rakaparadzana nechiremera chomubatanidzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende dzinorangarirwa sezvigaro zvadzokamwe zvinangwa zvinokuvadza, kwenguva refu sezvo chiremera charwo runogona kuwana mutezo nokuda kwemhosva yedare reHurumende panzvimbo dzenyika.

Kutsoropodza Nekupokana

Kuisa Pasi Pedziviriro Dzakaviri Dzengozi

Kutsoropodzwa kukurusa kwedzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire ndekwokuti inopokanidza zvakananga mutauro wakajeka nedonzo reMapirinic Jeopardy Claus. Chitsama chinodzivirira kuva "chinoiswa mungozi" nokuda kwe "mhosva imwe". Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti apo munhu anotongwa kaviri nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo, ivo nenzira isingarambiki vakaiswa mungozi kaviri, kunyange kana masangano maviri aipinda pamutemo akaparadzana. Dzidziso yacho, inoti, inosimudzira chimiro pamusoro pechinhu chimwe chetecho.

Mutongi Ruth Bader Ginsburg, achipesana mu [[FLT: 0]] Mutongo uyu wakataurwa nesimba zvikuru: "dzidziso yembiri youtongi inhau yakavakirwa mungano (kuti zviremera zvakaparadzana vanhu vakaparadzana, uye kuti kudarika mumwe hakusati kuri kudarika mumwe." Iye akapikisa kuti dzidziso yacho inofanira kudzorwa nemhaka yokuti inobvumira hurumende kudzivisa njodzi kupfurikidza nokushandisa nzira yakapfava yokuva navachuchisi vaviri.

Kuparadzana Kunoita Vanhu Vari Munharaunda

Nzvero yemipiro inokarakadza kuti kukwirira kuviri kunotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi dzinza duku, zvikurukuru vakwirirwi veBlack neLatino. Hurumende yehurumende inowanzoronda pomero pashure pokunge kukwirira mhaka dzehurumende mumhaka dzakakwirira dzinobatanidza kusazvibata kwamapurisa, mhaka dzemirimo, uye pfuti dzoutsotsi hwunoparirwa pamutemo nemhosva dzedzinza (apo apo kusawirirana kwedzinza mukuchengetwa kwakanyorwa zvakanaka. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kufunganyo yokuti kusaenzana kwetsika kupfurikidza nokubvumira hurumende ku "manikidzira" pomero nemiraudzo.

Kupfuurirazve, vakwirirwi vasina zvinhu zvakawanda vangava vasingakwanisi kuisa dziviriro dzinobudirira munzvimbo dzakawanda.

Kusabvumirana Nenheyo Dzehurumende Dzokubatana

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakaonesa kusaterama kuri pachena: dzidziso youchangamire huviri inobata hurumende savatongi vakaparadzana nokuda kwamadonzo akashata, bva Kuchinja kwechigumi Nechitanhatu kunowanzodzivisa hurumende dzinorwisana navanhu voga mudare rehurumende. Kana hurumende dziri maruramiro echokwadi, nharo dzinopfuurira, hadzifaniri kuva pasi petsoropodzo dzehurumende. nokudaro dzidziso yacho inoratidzika kuva inosarudza ndokusarudza apo nhau dzouchangamire, dzichibatira betsero yemurovereripo panzvimbo pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvakaitika Munguva Ichangobva Kupfuura Nezvinozonakazve

Post-Gguedge[[FLT]-]

Chibviro chechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa rechi2019 mu kurukurirano yezvouzivi. Idzidziso mbiri youchangamire inoramba yakadzika midzi. matare epasi anopfuurira kuishandisa mumhatsa yakasiyana- siyana yemashoko(kubva pakutengesa mirimo kukuva kuregedzerwa kumhosva dzekodzero dzavagari vemo. Zvisinei, mativi 7-2 epfungwa enyanzvi dzinopfuurira. Vamwe vatsinhiri vemitemo vakakurudzira Dare kuganhura dzidziso yacho nomutemo, vachiramba vachiti Jeophy Clausleare reChikamu Chikuru chemirimo chinofanira kunzwisiswa kuva chitapurwa kudzo dzinotevedzerwa nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pasinei zvapo nedzidzo yezvigaro zvehurumende zvinobatanidzwa.

Mukupindura, nyika shomanene dzakagadza mitemo inorambidza kurovererwa mhaka kwehurumende pashure pedare rehurumende nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho, asi iyi mitemo haisi yenguva dzose uye yokusavimbwa kwebumbiro remitemo muSupremacy Claus.Mutedhiyo weFederal sezvingabvira waizodikanwa kuti uite chinjo yakarongeka.

Dzidziso Yakaoma Kudarika

Mutemo woutsotsi wazvino uno uno unova nowedzero nguva dzose pakati poudzori hwehurumende nehurumende. Congress yakaita mibato yakawanda iyo yakanga iri gamuchidzanwa reruwa rwakakwana rwenyika, yakadai soutsotsi, kudenha, uye kuuraya(dai yaibatanidza kutengeserana kwenyika. Iyi kombamiro, yakabatanidzwa nedzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire, inoreva kuti utsotsi hunenge hupi nohupi hwakakomba hunogona zvino kutongwa kaviri. Muuyo igadziriro umo tyisidziro yokupomera mhaka mbiri inobatanidza vapomendi vazhinji.

Kuenzanisa Kwakaitwa Munyika Dzakawanda

Dzimwe nyika shomanene dzinobvumidza kuroverera kunotevedzana kupfurikidza namadzimambo akasiyana - siyana nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Masangano makurusa ehurumende, kubatanidza Germany, Canada, uye Australia, anoshandisa mutemo mumwe: kana munhu angoedzwa nokuda kwechiito, haagoni kuedzwazve nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho nechimwe chehurumende munyika imwe cheteyo. United States inomira yoga pakati penyika dzine mutemo mumwe cheteyo mukunamatira kudzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire. Uku kuderera kwemitemo kwakatungamirira dzimwe nyanzvi dzamarudzi ose kurumbidza kuti United States irangarirezve kusvika kwayo kuwirirano yekodzero dzazvino uno dzavanhu, iyo inowanzodzivisa njodzi dzinopetwa kaviri kudarika mwero yose yehurumende.

Kutarisira Kunoshanda Nyanzvi Dzepamutemo

Kudzivirira Vatambi Vezvinhu Vane Muchetura

Magweta ezvokudzivirira anofanira kurayira vatengi pamusoro pebviro yokurovererwa mhaka kumativi maviri panhambo dzapakuvamba dzenhau. Kana mutengi akapomerwa mudare rehurumende, zano rinofanira kunzvera kana pomero dzehurumende dzingabvira uye, kana zvakadaro, kana matanho api naapi okutonga achigona kuitwa kuderedza tsiye tsvo. Dzimwe nguva, kukwirira mune imwe nzvimbo kunogona kubatanidza chibvumirano chisina kutambudzwa chinobva kune mumwe Changamire, asi zvibvumirano zvakadaro ndezvechisarudzo uye hazvibvumirwi.

Maatomuniy anofanirawo kuziva nezve "mhaka yehurumende" inopesana: dzidziso mbiri youchangamire haishandi apo kupomera mhaka kwokutanga kuri nokuda kwemhosva duku isingatongwi nokuiswa mutorongo, nemhaka yokuti mhaka yeChikamu Chiviri Jeopardy Claus imene haishandi mumashoko iwayo akapoteredza. Mukuwedzera, kana kupondwa kwacho kuviri kuri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo zvirokwazvo pasi pe muedzo [FLT] (uyo unobvunza kana mhaka imwe neimwe ichida chibvumikiso cheidi risingarevi), dare ringangowanazve kupesana kuviri, kunyange zvazvo uchangamire huzhinji huchidzosadzosadzokatongo.

Nokuda Kwavatongi

Vatongi vanofanira kushandisa kungwarira pakusarudza kana kuronda pomero pashure pomumwe mutongi akatoedza mukwiridziridziri. Nepo dzidziso yacho ichibvumidza kupomerwa mhaka mbiri, hakudzidi. Mahofisi eAttorney akawanda eUnited States ane mitemo yomukati inorambidza kuunza pomero dzehurumende pashure pekupwiswa kwehurumende kutoti kana chirango chacho chakanga chisina kukwana zvakajeka kana kuti nhau yacho inobatanidza fariro huru dzehurumende, dzakadai sokuputswa kwamaruramiro evagari vemo kana kuti kutengeswa kwemirimo kwakawanda.

Komiti yeChiratidzo yeU.S. purogiramu yeTchemo yehurumende [[FT:1], inotumidzwa zita ra [[FLT:] Pette . United States [60], inowanzotonga hurumende pashure pekunge hurumende yapa mhaka yechiito chimwe chetecho kutoti Attorney General kana kuti mubetseri akasarudzwa akaibvumira. Uyu muitiro unogovera dziviriro inokosha asi hausati uchisungirirwa pavachuchishushi vehurumende, avo vachazopfuurira.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa Uchangamire Nokururamisira

Dzidziso youchangamire huviri inomirira chisarudzo chamaune mumutemo webumbiro remitemo weU.S. kuisa pamberi kuzvimirira nechiremera zvemitengo mizhinji yehurumende pamusoro pefariro yomunhu oga murupedziso. Inoratidzira chiono chamafambiro egadziriro yehurumende umo dzose dziri mbiri hurumende yenyika nenyika dzinochengeta masimba akasimba okuchengeta. Bva chiono ichocho chinouya pamutengo: dzidziso inotapurwa navanhu kubviro chaiyoiyo yokupondwa kwakawanda, mitsetse mizhinji, uye mitoro inowirirana yezvokudzokororwa kwakadzokororwazverwa.

Sezvo gadziriro yeruramisiro yetsotsi yeAmerica inopfuurira kushanduka, dzidziso youchangamire huviri sezvingabvira icharamba iri chinhu chekurukurirano inopfuurira. Vamwe vanotaura kuti ichishandiswa chinokosha chokurwisa utsotsi uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna mukwirirwi anonzvenga ruramisiro; vamwe vanotaura kuti ichengeteko isina kururama inosekesa dziviriro huru dzeChiremera Chikurusaririra chaMaviri chaMadokero. Chinojeka ndechokuti munhu upi noupi anoshanda mukati kana kuti anofunda U.S. tsika yemitemo inofanira kunzwisisa iyi dzidziso nerevo. Chitendero chenguva yemberi chingatsamira pakuti Dare Gurukota, Congress, kana kuti masangano anosarudza kudzikanisa chiyero chapachokwadi pakati pechiremera chapamutemo nekodzero zvomunhu oga.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona murangariro weDare Gurusa mu [FLT][FLT] . United States[[FLT]] [2017], nhau yechiratidzo [[[FLT]] United States v. Lanza[[[FLT][[FLT]][[[6]] [1922] [19], uye Congresstualication Research res pa [[FLT:]] `FT] . Kuongororazverwa kwakawanda kunogona kuwanwa munyaya dzomutemo dzakadai "Dinamalvis: Actricial ACritical na Critical" (Uranganwa).[FFFF]