Mavambo Nemhindumupindu Yemapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika haasi matsva; midzi yawo inodzokera shure kuhurumende dzekare dzinomirira. MuRoma yakare, . [FLT] inozivikanwa na uye akamirira mapoka anotsiva nokuda kwepesvedzero, kunyange zvazvo asina zvivako zvetsika zvemasangano azvino uno. Boka rezvamatongerwe enyika razvino uno sezvatinoziva kuti rakabuda murefutunuko yesuffgeria nerechi 19 mumativi eparamende. MuUnited States, Federalists neRepublicratic Refations dzakaumba sei boka rokutanga rebato, nerectivesssss izvo zvisingachinjiki muBritain, Whigs Tooder neConvs. Masangano aya apakuvamba akakura kazhinji kacho masangano ehurumende upfumi hwehurumende nedzero, asi anona kupfurikidza namasangano makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika kuti ashandukire kutsika.

Nhasi, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika aripo munenge muinenge hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu iri yose, kunyange zvazvo zvimiro zvawo zvichisiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seUnited States neUnited Kingdom, dzine gadziriro mbiri dzinokurudzira mapoka makuru uye kukumbira. Dzimwe, kufanana neGermany neIndia, dzinoshanda mugadziriro dzakawanda dzinoda hurumende dzinobatana uye dzinomirira. Chimiro chegadziriro yebato yebato nemativi maviri, mavhiri ane mibatanidzwa yakawanda, kana kuti mibato mikuru yezvikamu zvinopesvedzera zvikuru nokuda kwemashandiro ehurumende inosarudzwa navose.

Mabasa Anokosha Emapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita mabasa akabatana anokosha nokuda kwokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende.

Mufananidzo uye Kupa Zvifadzo

Munzanga yakasiana - siana, hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti boka rinogona kutaura nokuda kwomunhu ari wose. Somuenzaniso, boka renzanga rinorwisana kazhinji kazhinji rezvikamu zvavagari vemo zvedanga (vashandi, vanamuzvinabhizimisi, vatsigiri vemhoteredzo, mapoka orudzidziso, uye zvakawanda(kuronga kwegadziriro dzemitemo dzinowirirana.) Iyi haisati iri yakapfava; inobatanidza kuwirirana, kubvumirana, uye kutanga. Muteveri wehurumende yeruzhinji wenzanga angada kudzikanisa zvinodikanwa zvemasangano ebasa neavo vane unyanzvi hweguta. Kupfurikidza nokuita kudaro, mapato anopfavisa nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwaRoffa, uyo anogona ipapo kusarudza pakati pezvisipo zvishoma zvakafara panzvimbo pokurangarira mazana evadaviri. Mumiririridzi mukuru zvikuru, democracy yakaoma zvikuru umo hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inoshatsa.

Kuchinja Zvemagariro Evanhu uye Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Zvikoro zvinobatirawo savadzidzisi. Kupfurikidza nemisangano, zviratidziro, zvitarisiko, uye kuratidzira pasuo napasuo, zvinozivisa vagari vemo pamusoro penhau huru, zvikarakadzo zvemiitiro, uye kushanda kwehurumende. Iyi dzidzo yenzanga inokosha munguva yenhema nedzidzo yakaderera yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvikamu zvinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kubuda kwemibato yebhizimisi (pamwe mamiriro ezvinhu), somuenzaniso, nei mitero yakakwirira ingawanisa mabasa avose ari nani kana kuti nei kubvisa muganhu kugona kunyandura kukura kwezve zvoupfumi. Ivowo vanobatanidza vatsva mukutora rutivi rwehurumende yehurumende, sorusando, uye pamusoro pemigumisiro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasi pezvibvumirano. Zvii, vagari vazhinji vangatamburira kufambira mberi kumitengo yehurumende yazvino unotonga zvazvino uno.

Kutsiva Kwakaita Muchina uye Kusarudza

Mapato anoshanda savachengeti vemasuo ehofisi dzezvematongerwe enyika. Anozivisa, vet, chitima, uye kusimudzira vanhu vanoda kuva nehofisi yavose. Uyu muitiro hausati uri wokuda kukwaniswa.(Inogona kupfuudza vokunze) asi unogovera nzira yakarongeka yenhungamiro. Mapato enzvimbo muUnited States, matare okusarudza muUnited Kingdom, uye mutevedzeri anoronga mumagadziriro ehurumende dzinowirirana dzose dzinobatira kuchenesa vezvamatongerwe enyika vakanaka. Ruvara rwehurumende runowanzotsamira pavara ravanovanoda kutungamirira, uye mapato ndiwo marongerwo makuru okuita kuti vaave. Uyezve, chirango cheboka chinovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanowanzonamatira kukuva vakabatana, uko kunozoita kuti hurumende ive inova izivikate.

Marudzi Emapoka Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Haisi gadziriro dzose dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinoshanda nenzira imwe cheteyo. Nhamba norudzi zvamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoumba nzira iyo simba rinoparadzirwa nayo uye nzira iyo miitiro inoitwa nayo. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji anokamuranisa gadziriro dzemabato mumapoka akafara anoverengeka, imwe neimwe nebetsero dzayo imene nedzinodzongonyedza.

Masangano Ezvikamu Zviviri

Mugadziriro mbiri dzezvikamu, kufanana nedziri muUnited States neUnited Kingdom, mapoka makuru maviri anokwikwidza nokuda kwesimba, uye mabato maduku haawanzohwina nzvimbo yorudzi. Iyi gadziriro inowanzoita hurumende dzakatsiga, mitoo yakajeka yemiitiro, uye muuyo unopesana sezvo mativi ose ari maviri aikwikwikwidza nokuda kwenzvimbo yacho. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti gadziriro mbiri dzinogona kudzvinyirira manzwi mashoma, kuderedza chisarudzo chomuvhoti, uye kutungamirira kuzvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvinokunda kudzora. Somuenzaniso, U.S.

Masangano ane matura mazhinji

Gadziriro dzamasangano akawanda dzinozivikanwa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu nemirairo yeparamende, yakadai seGermany, Italy, uye Netherlands. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira mativi akafara emirangariro kumiririrwa((whenvironn, diving, diviti, kana kuti mativi adzo, kana kuti mativi anozvidavirira anogona kuhwina zvigaro negadziriro yepesvedzero. Hurumende dzesangano itsika, idzo dzinobvumiranisa zvinhu nebvumirano. Zvisinei, masangano mazhinji anogona kutungamirirawo kukusagadzikana kwehurumende, kutaurirana kurefu, uye kuzvidavirira kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti vatsigiriki vatsive kugovera chikwereti kana kuti mhaka. Chitaliyane, nechinoitika chadzoro chadzo, zvinoenzanisira zvose zviri zviviri dhinamistriam namasss aromasss aroctrity.

Zve Dominicant-Pateni

Mune dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, rimwe boka rinowana rawanazve sarudzo kwenguva refu, richitanga udzori hwedivi rimwe kunyange sezvo kusarudza kwakarurama kunopfuurira. Mienzaniso inobatanidza African National Congress muSouth Africa (pashure-19994) uye Liberal Democratic Party muJapan (1955-19933, uye zvakare mu2010). Masangano echidimbu anogona kugovera kupfuurira nokuronga kwenguva refu, asi anopindawo mungozi yokusakendenga, uori, uye kukanganisa mutsetse pakati pebato nehurumende. Voters angaokeiokashaidzika kana chishoro chisati chine mukana chaiwoiwo wokudzora, kuchiramba chimiro chikuru chokukwidzana choutongi hunosarudzwa.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mibatanidzwa Yematongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa nzira idzi dzokuita nadzo zvinhu kunoratidza kuti nei mapoka asiri masangano chete anongoda chinzvimbo asi masangano ehurumende inotonga nevanhu.

Kugadza Mutambo Wetsika

Mugadziriro dzeparamende, boka rinoraira kuti pave nehurumende yakawanda (kana kuti mubatanidzwa) rinoita kuti pave negadziriro yemitemo. Vatungamiriri veboka vanosarudza kuti zvikwereti zvipi zvinounzwa kuvhota, nguva yakawanda sei yokuitirana nharo, uye kuti zvigadzirisoi zvinogamuchirwai. Simba iri rinogona kushandiswa kusimbisa kuchinja zvinhu kusingadzoreki [1] zvakadai seAffordcable Care Act muU.S., inopfuura neDemocratic common center /o yokudzivisa kuchinja, sezvinoonekwa munguva dzehurumende yakakamukana. Kunyange mumasangano ane mabhii akasimba, mabhirikiti anogona kumanikidza kuti achengetedze mitezo iri mumutsetse, achivimbisa kuti gadziriro yehurumende inofamba mberi.

Kuvaka Kunowirirana Nokubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Mugadziriro dzakawanda, hapana boka rimwe rinowana ruzhinji, naizvozvo vabatanidzwa vanofanira kuwirirana. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza kuwirirana pamusoro pemapapadhi ekabhineti, zvinhu zvokutanga, uye miitiro yemitemo. Chibvumirano chinovapo chichava chinyorwa chinobatanidza purogiramu dzakabatanidzwa. Masangano anogona kubudisa mitemo yakatsiga nesingawirirani nemhaka yokuti anogona kumanikidza vanhu kuti vabatanidze mifungo yakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, “mubatanidzwa wemibatanidzwa weGerman” pakati peDemocrates neSocial Democrats (203-2017) zvinobudisa purojects huru musimba rinomutsidzira simba uye mari shoma yenyika. Zvisinei, mibatanidzwa inogonawo kutungamirira kutsika inodzorwa kupfurikidza nokusabvumirana. Sezvinoitwa muchinyorwa chama51 eBelgium, sezvinoonekwa mukuumbwa kwehurumende muna 20102020.

Kuzvidavirira Nokutarisira

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anoitawo basa guru mukuita kuti hurumende ive nomutoro. Mapati avashori anonzvera zviito zvehurumende, akarakadza zviito zvinotsiva, uye anosimbisa kukundikana kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau nekurukurirano yeparamende. Iyi dare rinoshandisa simba nokuda kwoutano hwedemokrati(inovimbisa kuti mutongi haagoni kuita chiito asingarangwi. Mumiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yeSyminster, “Nguva yePuisition” itsika yezuva nezuva umo chishoro chinodenha vafundisi. MuU.S., mitezo mishoma inoshandisa kunzwa kwedare uye mishumo yeSangano yeSangano inobudisa mishumo yokufumura. Pasina vashori vashori, hurumende dzinova dzinodavirira zvishoma kutyira funga ndangariro dzavoruzhinji, kuwedzera ngozi yehurumende inodzoro.

Matambudziko Anovapo Munguva Ino Akasangana Nematongerwe Enyika

Kuvimba kwevanhu kwakaderera zvikuru mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, sezvinoratidzwa nokuongorora kwakaitwa naPew Research, European Social Survey, uye mamwe mabhuku.

Kuchinja Kunokwira uye Gridlock

Chimwe chezvinetso zvinooneka zvikurusa kupesana kwepfungwa. Munyika dzakafanana neUnited States, mukaha pakati pamapoka makuru maviri wakawedzera zvinoshamisa chifo cha 1970. Democrates naRepublicans zvino havabvumirani pamipimo inokosha, uye kazhinji kazhinji vanorangarirana setyisidziro dziripo panzvimbo pevavengi vapamutemo. Uku kuparadzana kunoparira kuiswa kwemitemo, sezvo kubvumirana pane zvamagariro kwakava kunova kunodhura mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Kunoparirawo kuva kwegadziro muhurukuro yavose uye kunosekesa kutenda mumasangano edemocracy. Kunyange zvazvo kupesana kuri nguva itsva yezvikamu zvikuru zviripo zvino. $8] Kudzikama kwemiteve inopa muganhu wokutonga kwazvino uno unovakwa nemitemo yenzanga, kudzosera magetsi, uye masangano makuru anopa rucheno rucheno pamusoro pomwero.

Uori Nokuderera Kwochivimbo

Kunzvera kunobatanidza mari yebato, chiokomuhomwe, uye kushatisa kwakakuvadza mukurumbira wemapati munyika yose. MuIndia, somuenzaniso, mapoka makuru anoverengeka akatarisana nepomero dzeuori dzine chokuita nezvirongwa zvemarasha nerezenesi yemareki. MuBrazil, “Lava Jato" (Carash) nzvero yakazivisa chiokomuhomwe chakarongwa chinobatanidza mapoka ose makuru. Uku kutsoropodza kwechipokatezo uye kuderedza muvhoti, zvikurukuru pakati pezvizvarwa zviduku. Mapati anogona kurwisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mitemo inoisa mari, matare etsika anozvimirira, uye magaro erwisano anodzosa zvechiito. Bva sundo dzokuputsa kutonga dzinoramba zvakasimba apo simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoshandura kuva purofiti imo mumari.

Kusakendenga Nokuparadza Mitezo

Mhiri kwaidzodoka yakagadzwa, mitezo yebato sechikamu chezvikamu chakaderera zvikuru. Muma1960, inenge 10-15% yavavhoti yakanga iri mitezo yebato munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope; nhasi nhamba iyoyo inomira mu2-5%. Uku kuderera kunoreva kuti mapoka ane vatsigiri vashomanene vemibato, vapi navapi vashomanene kuti vatsigire nhimbe, uye midzi mishomanenesa munzanga dzomunzvimbomo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vhoti yakaderera munyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru pakati pechiduku. Kuret, kunze-opera kweboka ramabato vakatanhamara vanonangidzira parwisano masimba panzvimbo pemifungo youswa kazhinji kazhinji vanodudzwa sechisakiso. Kushandura iyi muitiro, mapoka anonzvera nokuvhota paInda yemakombiyuta, mavhotaro, uye kukurukurirana navatsigiridza navanonongedzera kuvatsiri vatsigiridza.

Kufurira Kwakasiyana: Mari, Zvinobudisa Mashoko, uye Mapoka Anofarira

Masangano azvino uno anoshanda mumhoteredzo umo mauto okunze anogona kushatisa zvirongwa zvavo. Basa remari mune zvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru pashure pezvisarudzo zvakafanana neDare Gurusa reU.S. .0] Citizens United anodzora (2010), anopa vapi vemipiro namasangano akapfuma pesvedzero pamusoro pemapati. Panguva ino, vareversitetex vanobudisa mashoko enhau neIndaneti (pamakazhinji) anoisa mifungo yekurukurirano, kusundira mapoka makuru kunzvimbo kuti aunganidze. Mapoka anoshuvira, kubva kuNational Rifle Association kuSVV, mapoka anosimudzira, dzimwe nguva anofukidza manzwi emitezo yavose. Zvikamu zvinofanira kuwana nzira dzokuchengeta apo vatambi vemitambo vari kunze kwenyika.

Nguva Yemberi Yemitambo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika: Kuchinja Kana Kuti Kusava Nenguva Yakakwana Here?

Nguva yemberi yamabato ezvamatongerwe enyika haina chokwadi, asi nhau inokarakadza kuti masangano anotsungirira. Akapukunyuka kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau, kuderera kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvakavakirwa paboka, uye denho yepopulist. Nhasi, miitiro inoverengeka iri kushandura nzira iyo mapoka anoronga nayo nokutsigira.

Kubatanidzwa Kwezvibvumirano Zvemadhigirii Nezvirongwa Zvokunyora Mashoko

Makambani ezvokukurukurirana akadai setwitter, Facebook, uye Whatssapp akachinja kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Parivhi dzinogona zvino kusvika vavhoti zvakananga, dzichirega kurinda magedhi egamuchidzanwa. Kubudirira kweBarack Obama ya2008 ne2012 mukushandisa mashoko echivhotaro chemicrock, uye gare gare kushandira kwaBrtit kunoratidza simba rezvishandiso zvemagetsi. Zvisinei, maturusi aya anomutsawo zvinetso pamusoro pemashoko enhema, kuva voga voga, uye kushandisa pfungwa dzavo. Zvibvumirano zvinogamuchira kuvimbisa kwemichina zvinogona kukurudzira zvinobudirira kutsigira nokukwidza mari pakombiyuta, asi zvinofanira kuita kudaro nenzira yetsika kuti vachengete perero yehurumende.

Kuva Noushamwari uye Kumirira

Munhau, mapati akatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokudzorwa navarume vakuru, vakapfuma, vachena. Mumhinduro, mapoka akawanda zvino anogamuchira zvikamu nezvirongwa zvemhindudziro. Somuenzaniso, UK Labour Party yakatanga vapfumi vose mumimwe mifungo yavakadzi, uye African National Congress ine mitoro yavakadzi vari munzvimbo dzoutungamiriri. Masangano matsva, akadai sePodemos kana kuti New Power Party yeTaiwan, akasimbisa zvakajeka pwere nerootss. Inclusysious haisi chinhu bedzi chinokosha mutsika. Zvikamu zvinokundikana kuratidzira mhatsa yengozi dzavo kukura kuva zvikamu zvinokura zvezvikamu zvinosarudzwa, zvikurukuru navanhu vaduku.

Kuwedzera Kwemakwikwi Okushanda Nemakwikwi Okuzvimirira

Zvivako zvemabato zvamagamuchidzanwa zviri kudenhwa namasangano akarongwa nenzira yakapfava seOccupy Wall Street, yellow Vests muFrance, kana kuti Five Star Movement muItaly. Masangano aya anowanzoramba masangano ebato rebato remibato ravafundisi achitsigira hurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji uye “asingatungamiriri”. Mamwe akashanduka kuva mapati etsika, nepo mamwe anoramba ane mvura. Masangano eendipendero ari kuwanawo kuwanda kwemvura. (pano muenzaniso), mu 2020.S. Sarudzo, dzakafanana naSenator Bernie Sanders ai Nenders akapinda mukati bato asi akavaka kufamba kunze kwayo. Kana mapoka asingagoni kutora aya masimba matsva, angatsiviwa namasangano anomhanya, anofambiswa zviri nani akabatanidzwa zviri nani neasina kuodzwa.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose uye Nhau Dzenyika Yose

Nhau dzakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kutama, kutengeserana, uye zvirwere zvinokurira nyika yose, zvichimanikidza vanhu kuti vafunge munyika dzakawanda. Mamwe masangano akaita zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza nyika dzakawanda, zvakadai seEuropean People’s Party kana kuti Socialist International. Zvisinei, mativi akawanda anoramba akanangana norudzi, kazhinji kazhinji achibatanidza urudzi hwevazivi kuti vade kutsigira nyika yose. Kuoma kwepfungwa pakati pechikwata chenyika yose uye kutsigira nyika yeko kungangoratidza makwikwikwi ebato mumakumi emakore ari kuuya. Mapati anogona kupa mhinduro dzakavimbika dzose pamabasa omunzvimbomo neanyika yose, kutama, uye kufambiswa kwenzvimbo dzepasi pose panguva imwe chete.

Mugumisiro: Kudiwa Kunotsungirira Kwemapati

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoramba ari masangano anobatanidza udzori hwehurumende yedemocracy. Anobatanidza fariro dzakasiana-- siyana, vatungamiriri vanonyoresa, vavhoti, uye vanoita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire. Nepo kusakwana kwavo kuri kuzhinji(parefeya, uori), urongwa hwokutsiva hwakawanikwa kuti huite mabasa aya paurefu hunodikanwa nenyika dzazvino uno. Nguva yemberi yemapati inotsamira pamano avo okuchinjira: kubatira maturusi emagetsi nepo vachichengeta kuva vakavimbika, vachironda kusarasikirwa nezvinopesana, uye vachibatanidzwa nedenho dzenyika yose apo kunenge kuripo necherokudzora nyika. Sekuvapo kwehurumende inotonga kwamasimba ose akarongwa, kuchava nokudikanwa kwemapoka akakurumbira mugadziriro yavose yavose. Matonge matonge matonge mabhiri ezvamatongerwe enyika, achiri mamotokari anoshanda zvikuru nokuda kwebasa iroro rinokosha.

Kuravazve pamusoro pebasa ramasangano ezvematongerwe enyika, ona Pew Research Center yenzvero yemiitiro yebato, kufunda pawirirano neDalton et al., uye [[FLT:]] ACEECTAL REFY WENTY yemibato yebato. Zvinhu izvi zvinopa kunyudza kukuru zvikuru mumibato iyo inoita kuti mativi ose ari maviri ane simba uye makwikwikwi muzviteshina munyika yose.