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Kunzwisisa Mitemo Yebumbiro remitemo: Fandesheni Yehurumende Yechido Chose yeAmerica

United States Constitution inomira serimwe ramagwaro anogara zvikurusa uye anopesvedzera munhau yavanhu. Kubvira pakushatisa kwayo muna 1788, urwu rugwaro rwakavakirwa rwakatungamirira republic yeAmerica kumazana amakore echinjo inoshamisa, kubva kunzanga yehurumende gumi nenhatu kusvikira kusimba guru razvino uno rehurumende makumi mashanu. Unyanzvi hweBumbiro reMitemo remitemo hahusi mugadziriro yaro yapakuvamba bedzi asi mukukwanisa kwayo yemhindumupindu kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokugadziridza. Mitemo yemitemo ichinjo yemitemo ichinjo yapamutemo kana kuti wewedzero dzinochinja rugwaro rwapakuvamba, kuchibvumira rugwaro kuchinjika kunguva dzazvinochinja, zvinodikanwa zvazvinopfuukwa, uye zvinochinja kunzwisisa kunzwisiswa kweruramisiro nehurumende.

Gadziriro yokuvandudza inovimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri gwaro benyu, rinokwanisa kuratidzira kuda kwavanhu nepo richichengeta dzikamo nokupfuurira. Uku kudzikama kusingadzivisiki pakati porugare nokuchinjika kwakabvumira United States kupedza nhau dzinokosha dzinovambira pakubviswa kwouranda kusvikira kukuwedzerwa kwekodzero dzokuvhota, nguva yose iripo kuchengetera nheyo dzapakuvamba dzakatangwa naVavambi. Kunzwisisa kuti kugadziridza basa kunokosha sei nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kunzwisisa magariro ehurumende yeAmerica uye kutora rutivi rune revorevo.

Muitiro We Amendeko: Chikamu V Chinotsanangurwa

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakaziva kuti hapana gwaro, pasinei zvapo nokuti rakaitwa nokungwarira, raigona kukarira denho iri yose yomunguva yemberi kana kuti kuramba rakakodzera zvakakwana kumigariro yose. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vakanzwisisa ngozi dzokuita kuti Bumbiro remitemo rive nyore zvikuru kuchinja, uko kungagona kutungamirira kukusagadzikana uye kuderera kwenheyo dzinokosha. Chigadzikiso chavakagadzira, chakarongwa muChikamu V cheBumbiro remitemo, chinoparira nzira yakaoma yamaune asi inogamuchirika nokuda kwokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo.

Kukurudzira Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo

Kune mitoo miviri yokuita kuti pave nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, zvose zviri zviviri zvinoda kubvumirana kwechienzi. Nzira yokutanga neyakakurumbira zvikurusa inoshandiswa inobatanidza Congress. Kugadziridzwa kunogona kukarakadzwa apo zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvezvose zviri zviviri Imba yavamiriri nevhoti yeDare zvinotsigira. Iyi dare guru rinovimbisa kuti kugadziriswa kune tsigiro huru mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzechibvumirano, inomirira masangano akasiyana - siyana uye mifungo.

Mutoo wechipiri wokugadza nawo chigadziridzo hauna kutongoshandiswa nenzira inobudirira munhau yeAmerica, kunyange zvazvo yaswedera pedyo mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Muiyi nzira, magiramendi maviri ane mativi matatu ehurumende anogona kudana nokuda kwekokorodzano yorudzi. Iyi nzira yaibatanidzwa kugovera masangano ane nzira yokurega nayo Congress kana mutezo wehurumende ukasagamuchira zvinodikanwa nezvishuvo zvenyika navagari vemo vavo. Tariro yekokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo inomutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuti kuungana kwakadaro kwaizorongwa sei, kuti idzorwei, uye kana ingagona kuganhurirwa kumisoro yakati kana kuti ingazarura Bumbiro remitemo rose kuti ridzokororwe.

Kusimbisa Kugadziridzwa Kwezvinhu

Kana kugadziridzwa kwangokarakadzwa kupfurikidza nomutoo upi noupi, kunofanira kutenderwa kusati kwava rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo. Zvakare, kune nzira mbiri dzinobvira dzokuita kuti ive yakachena, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichitaura chaizvoizvo kuti mutooi unofanira kushandiswa pakugadza gadziridzo. Mutoo unozivikanwa zvikurusa unoda tendero nedzitatu nedzine dzemisika yenyika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti panguva ino, nemitemo makumi mashanu, inenge matare enyika makumi matatu namasere anofanira kuvhota kuvhota kuidza kugadziridza kugadziriswa kwaro kuti ive rutivi rwebumbiro remitemo.

Mutoo wokuwedzera unobatanidza kokorodzano dzehurumende panzvimbo pezvirongwa zvehurumende. Nhanhatu nemana dzeidzi kokorodzano dzakarongwa dzinofanira kutendera kugadziriswa. Uyu mutoo wakashandiswa bedzi munhoroondo yeAmerica, nokuda kwokunatswa kweChibvumirano Chamakumi maviri, icho chakaitwazve. Mutoo wekokorodzano wakasarudzwa muchinoitika ichocho nemhaka yokuti vatsigiri vanodavira kuti kokorodzano dzehurumende dzingava dzinodavidza zvikuru kumurangariro wakakurumbira kupfuura magadziro ehurumende, uyo ungapesvedzerwa navatsigiri vemvumo.

Nguva Dzinoganhurirwa Nenhambo Dzakafa

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingatauri muganhu wenguva yokuita kuti pave nedanho, Congress yave ichibatanidza nguva dzaidiwa murugwaro rwokugadziridza kana kuti mumutemo unotevedzerwa. Nguva inozivikanwa zvikurusa makore manomwe, kunyange zvazvo iyi nhambo ichigona kutambanudzwa neCongress. Semuenzaniso, muganhu wekodzero dzemunhu wakapiwa mavambo emakore manomwe kutanga muna 1972, iyo yakazotambanudzirwa muna 1982. Pasinei zvapo neiyi futunuko, kupera kwemitemo mitatu inodikanwa kupfupi nemakumi matatu masere nokuda kwokuvakwa kwaMakuru, kunyange zvazvo gakavadzano pamusoro penzvimbo yayo dzichipfuurira kusvikira kuzuva rino.

Nenzira inofadza, dzimwe chinjo dzakasimbiswa makumi amakore kana kuti kunyange mazana amakore pashure pechikarakadzo chadzo chokutanga. Amakumi maviri namashanu Edzitsidzo, idzo dzinokurukura mubhadharo wesangano unosimudzirwa, dzakakarakadzwa pakuvamba muna 1789 sorutivi rweBill of Rights asi hadzina kutenderwa kutozosvikira muna 1992, anopfuura makore mazana maviri gare gare gare. Uku kudzorwa kwechienzi kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kugadziriswa pasina miganhu yakatarwa kunogona kuramba kuripo nokusingaperi.

Nhoroondo: Nei Kugadziridzwa Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Ane Basa

Gadziriro yokuvandudza inoratidzira kurangarira kwokungwarira kwenzira yokuita nayo gadziriro yakatsiga asi inochinjika yehurumende. Vachangobva kubuda muHondo yemhindumupindu uye kuedza kwakakundikana kweMitemo yeConfederation, nhume dzeConstitution muna 1787 dzakatsvaka kudzivisa udzvinyiriri hwegadziriro isingachinjiki uye nyongano yomumwe yakashandutswa nyore nyore. Chigadzikiso chavo chakanga chiri muitiro unoda bvumirano yakafara mumativi akasiyana- siyana ehurumende nenharaunda dzenzvimbo.

Iyi bhawa yakakwirira nokuda kwechinjo yebumbiro remitemo yakareva kuti kugadziridzwa kushomanene kwakagamuchirwa. Sezvo Bumbiro remitemo rakatenderwa, kugadziriswa kunopfuura zviuru gumi nezvina kwakakarakadzwa muCongress, asi kutenderwa bedzi kwakaitwa. Kugadziriswa kwegumi nembiri kwokutanga, kunozivikanwa seBill of Rights, kwakatenderwa muna 1791, makore matatu chete pashure peBumbiro remitemo paro. Kugadziriswa uku kwakanga kuchikosha kudzivirira kusimbiswa kweBumbiro remitemo, sezvo Hurumende dzakawanda dzakaomerera padziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwekodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Chinetso chegadziriro yokugadziridza chakava nerevo huru nokuda kwokukudziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo reAmerica. Nemhaka yokuti chinjo dzemitemo dzakaoma zvikuru kuwana, chinjo huru yebumbiro-mitemo yakaitika kupfurikidza nemimwe mitoo, zvikurukuru kududzira Dare Gurusa. Zvisarudzo zveLandmark zvakadai Brown v. Dare reDzidzidzo, iro rakazivisa muganhu wechikoro kuti hauna kubatana, kana kuti Obergefell v. Hodges , iyo inozivikanwa nekodzero dzeroorano, yakachinja nenzira inobudirira reviro yemitemo pasina kushandura rugwaro rumene. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kutsinhira pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira pakati pekududzira dare uye nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo.

Bhili of Rights: Amendement Gumi Yokutanga yeAmerica

Bill of Rights inomirira nhevedzano yokutanga yegadziridzo kuBumbiro reMitemo uye inoramba iri pakati peidzodzi gumi dzakakarakadzwa neDare rokutanga muna 1789 uye dzakasimbiswa nenhamba dzinodikanwa dzenyika pakasvika December 1791. Idzo dzakanga dziri zvikurukuru basa raJames Madison, uyo pakuvamba akashora mutemo wekodzero sedzisiri madikanwa asi akasvika pakuurangarira sounokosha kuti uwande tsigiro yakakurumbira nokuda kweBumbiro remitemo idzva.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Fandesheni Yokusunungurwa Nevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Chitendero chinorambidza kugadza chitendero chenyika kana kuti kuvhiringidza kushandisa chitendero makasununguka, kudzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura uye rwokubudisa nhau, uye kuvimbisa kodzero yokuungana norugare uye kukumbira hurumende kuti igadzirise mhosho. Iyi dziviriro yakaumba rusununguko rwevanhu veAmerica netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, ichisimbisa United States senyika ine dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokutaura uye kusiana kwezvitendero.

Kududzirwa nokushandiswa kwerusununguko rweFirst Amendment kwakachinja zvikuru nokufamba kwenguva. Kutanga munhau yeAmerica, mitemo yakadai seAlien neSedition Acts of 1798 inotsoropodzwa nehurumende, ganhuriro ingangova isingawirirani nehurumende pasi peFirst Amendment. Nhasi, Kudzivirirwa kweFirst Amendment kunotambanust Amendment kukutaura kwokufananidzira, kutaura kwezvokutengeserana, uye kunyange mamwe marudzi okutaura kunogumbura, kunyange zvazvo nharo dzichipfuurira pamusoro pemiganhuro yakafanira yerusununguko urwu munzvimbo dzakadai sechiito chokuvengana, mari, uye makombiyuta.

Yechipiri Mu Amendement Yegumi

Third Amendment inorambidza kuiswa kwechikamu chechipiri mudzimba dzevanhu pasina kubvumirana, ichipa chinyunyuto chaicho chenguva yehurumende.

Findre Amendment ine dziviriro dzakawanda nokuda kwaavo vanopomerwa mhaka, kubatanidza maruramiro okudzivisa kupara mhaka, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye vimbiso yemuitiro wakafanira pamberi pokurasikirwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Kunodawo kuripirwawo apo hurumende inotora nzvimbo yakavanzika kuti ishandiswe. Sixth Amendment inovimbisa kodzero muutsotsi, kubatanidza kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye pachena, dare rinobetsera risingasaruri, uye zano remitemo.

Seventh Amendment inochengeta maruramiro okutonga mumhaka dzavagari vemo, nepo Remendment yeHendert ichirambidza bhero rakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye chirango choutsinye uye chechienzi. Ninth Amendment inojekesa kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakananga muBumbiro reMitemo hakurevi kuti vanhu havana dzimwe kodzero dzisinganyatsorongwa. Pakupedzisira, Pession Reformation inochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu masimba ose asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende, ichigadza nheyo yemitemo yehurumende inopfuurira kuumba utongi hweAmerica.

Kugadziridza Kugadziridza: Kuchinja Sosaiti yeAmerica

Mitemo yegumi nemitatu, yegumi neMitemo yegumi neMiviri, yakagamuchirwa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, yakachinja Bumbiro remitemo nenzanga yeAmerica zvikuru.Idzi Remendement dzakabvisa uranda, dzakatanga kuva mugari woudangwe wakaenzana uye kudzivirira kwakaenzana mumutemo, uye dzakarambidza kusarurana kwedzinza. Pamwe chete, dzakamirira kutanga kwechipiri kwerepublic yeAmerica, dzichipa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo kumamiriyoni evanhu vaimbova varanda uye vazukuru vavo.

Kuchinja Kwechi13: Uranda Hunobudirira

Kubviswa kwakaitwa muna 1865, Ivhu reThree rakabvisa uranda nouranda hwokusazvidira muUnited States yose, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwoutsotsi. Iyi mhedziso yakamirira mugumo wamakumi amakore echiito chokuparadza nokudeura ropa kweHondo yevagari vemo. Yakachinja zvikurukuru nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo, iyo yakanga yagara ichishandiswa gadziriro dzakaita seFith Claus neFugitive Slace Claus.

Kubviswa kwaro nokuda kwokurangwa kwemhosva kwave netapuro isingaperi, ichiparira kukurukurirana pamusoro pokusungwa kwevakawanda uye kushanda kwemajeri muAmerica yaitevera. Kugadziriswa kwakapiwawo Dare rokudzikamisa zvinhu nokushandisa mutemo wakakodzera, kwakatanga nzira yaizotevedzerwa mukugadziriswa.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina: Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nemuitiro Wakafanira

Mubatanidzwa weKinaith Amendment, wakatenderwa muna 1868, zvichida iTsitsi yeChinyorwa cheBumbiro reMitemo pashure peBill of Rights. Inosimbisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States vagari vemo, vanoputsa Dred Scott [ chisarudzo chakanga charamba kuva mugari wemo weAfrica. Kuguma kunorambidza kubvisa ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira kwavagari vemo, kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo, kana kuti kurambira munhu upi noupi dziviriro yakaenzana nemitemo.

Dare reMitemo rechigumi namana rave riri hwaro hwezvimwe zvezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa zveDare Gurusa reAmerica. Kudzivirira Kwaro Claus kwakanga kuri chinhu chikuru ku Brown v. Board yeDzidzo nokubviswa kwepamutemo. Kubvisa kwaro pamutemo kwave kuchidudzirwa kubatanidza zvizhinjisa zvedziviriro dzekodzero dzavanhu muhurumende uye kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzisingatsaudzwi muBumbiro remitemo. Kubva pakodzero dzokubereka kusvika pakuenzana, Pendementation ye14th Amendment yaveri hwave hwave hwaro hwemitemo yokuwedzera rusununguko rwomunhu nokurwisa rusaruro.

Mhedziso Yechigumi Neshanu: Kupa Kodzero

Kusimbiswa muna 1870, Demeterment yechi15 inorambidza hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Iyi gadziridzo yakaratidzira kukura kwokuchinja kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende, kuchitambanudzira maruramiro okuvhota kumamiriyoni avarume veAfrica.

Kuzadzikwa kwakazara kwechipikirwa chePendement yechi155 kwakada kusangano rekodzero dzevagari vemo rezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri uye mutemo wechiratidzo wakadai seVoting Rights Act ya1965. Kunyange nhasi, gakava pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota, mitemo yokuvhota, uye kukwanisa kuvhota rinopfuurira kukumbira nheyo dzakatangwa neiyi inogadziridzwa. Pession yechi15 yakatanga nheyo yokuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzinokosha kuvagari vemo uye haifaniri kurambwa parudzi, nheyo yakawedzerwa kuburikidza nokugadziriswa kwemitemo.

Kuchinja Nguva Kunofambira Mberi: Kuchinja Utongi Hwechidhori hweAmerica

Zana ramakore ramakumi maviri rakatanga kumuka kwomubato webumbiro remitemo wakasundwa nechishuvo chinofambira mberi chesangano chokuita kuti hurumende ive yedemocracy zvikuru uye igamuchire kuda kwakakurumbira. Kuchinja kuna kwakasimbiswa pakati pa 1913 na1920 kwakachinja zvikuru masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika eAmerica uye kukudza kutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Penjero Yechigumi Nechitanhatu: Mutero Wemari Inobhadharwa Nehurumende

Dare rechi16, rakatenderwa muna 1913, rakapa Congress simba rokubhadhara mari yepetroli pasina kuigovana pakati pehurumende dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo. Iyi gadziridzo yakadzongonyedza chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Pollock v. Murimi's Loan & Trust Co.[FLT], icho chakanga chaparadza mutero wemari yaipiwa nehurumende sechinopesana nehurumende. Mutero wazova manyuko makuru ehurumende, achigonesa kukura kwepurogiramu dzehurumende nemibato yehurumende mumazana amakumi maviri namakumi maviri namakumi maviri namana.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechigumi Nezviviri: Kusarudzwa Kwakananga Kwavatongi

Yakagamuchirwawo muna 1913, Sevententh Amendment yakatanga sarudzo yakananga yeUnited States Senators kupfurikidza nevhoti yakakurumbira, ichitsiva gadziriro yapakuvamba umo vatongi vehurumende vakasarudza vamiriri. iyi chinjo yakasundwa neitiro hanya pamusoro pouori, matare ehurumende akarongeka, uye chishuvo chokuita kuti Dare rigamuchire zvikuru vanhu. Kugadziriswa kwacho kwakaderedza zvikurukuru gadziriro yehurumende, kuchideredza basa rehurumende mugadziriro yehurumende uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende kunowedzera.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechisere: Kurambidza

Demende yegumi namasere, yakasimbiswa muna 1919, yakarambidza kugadzirwa, kutengeswa, uye kutakura doro rinodhakisa. Uku kugadziridzwa kwaimirira mugumo wenhimbe yeboka ramakumi amakore anodzivisa zvinodhaka. Zvisinei, Kurangwa kwakava kwakaoma kumanikidza uye kwakaparira kukwidziridza utsotsi hwakarongwa. IPramende ye 18th ine musiyano wokuva kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kuti kugadziriswe zvizere neimwe ipedzerwe, Amakumi maviri-Maviri, yakasimbiswa muna 1933.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Ratisimudzwa muna 1920, Demendimende yeChigumi Nepfumbamwe yakarambidza hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa pavatano. Iyi gadziridzo yakanga iri muuyo wamakumi amakore okutsiva nesangano ravakadzi, iro rakanga rashandisa gadziriro dzinovambira pakupesvedzera kworugare kusvikira kukusateerera kwehurumende. Demeterment yechi19th yakapeta kaviri kubvirira kuenzana yemunhurume nemunhurume, kunyange zvazvo vakadzi vane ruvara vakapfuurira kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzokuvhota munyika dzakawanda kutozosvikira nhambo yekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Sangano ravakadzi rakaratidzira simba remidzi inovava inochengetwa yakarongwa kuti isvike chinjo yebumbiro remitemo. Vaiti vemitemo saSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, uye gare gare Alice Paul naCarrie Chapman Catt vakavaka sangano raibatanidza zvizvarwa uye rakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana- siyana kuti risvike nharidzano yavo. Kushandiswa kweGaramende reGadzi reGeneseti kwakaratidzira nguva yakadzongonyedzwa muAmerica, kunyange zvazvo kuva nomwero wakakwana wezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwavakadzi kuchiramba chiri chirongwa chinopfuurira.

Mitemo Yevhundutso Yazvino Uno: Kudzorerazve Misangano Yedemocratic Institutions

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakasimbiswa kubvira paHondo Yenyika II kwanangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru pakugadziridza miitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuwedzera kodzero dzokuvhota, uye kukurukura nhau dzakati dzehurumende.

Mhedziso Yakabvumiranwa Yamakumi Maviri: Ganhuriro DzaPrezidhendi Dzinoganhurirwa

Muna 1951, Dare reMitemo yeSamende yaMakumi maviri neSanipiri rakaganhurira purezidhendi kumirano miviri yakasarudzwa muhofisi. Iyi gadziridzo yakanga iri mhinduro kuna Franklin D. Roosevelt yakanga isina kumboitika kudare. Kunyange zvazvo George Washington akanga atanga tsika yenhambo mbiri kupfurikidza nokuramba kutsvaka shoko rechitatu, Roosevelt yakaputsa iyi nhano mukati meHondo Yenyika II. Kugadziriswa kweMitemo yeSabata kwamakumi maviri yakatemwa, achivimbisa kutendeuka kwenguva dzose muhofisi yakakwirira yenyika uye achidzivisa kuiswa kwesimba rakanyanyisa mumunhu mumwe.

Vamwe vanotaura kuti mashoko acho anovimbisa kuti munhu anokwanisa kusarudza vatungamiriri vagara nebasa uye anodzivirira kusimba, asi vamwe vachipikisa kuti vanogona kuita kuti purezidhendi asave nemhosva yemashoko anokosha uye kuti nyika yacho isakwanisa kuvatungamirira zvakanaka panguva yenjodzi.

Mhedziso Yamakumi Maviri Nezvitatu: D.C. Electoral Votes

Amakumi maviri neThird Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1961, yakabvumira vagari veRuwa rweColumbia maruramiro okuvhota muvhoti dzapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokugadza vhoti dzoruwa sokunge kuti ihurumende. Chibvumirano chakapa D.C. nhamba yavavhozhori vakaenzana nehurumende duku, iyo iri pari zvino vatatu. Iyi bvumirano yakataura nezveperemendi yedemocracy umo vagari vedzimbahwe renyika vakanga vasina inzwi mukusarudza purezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo D.C. vagari vachiri vasina ratidziro yakazara.

Mhedziso Yechimakumi Maviri Nezvina: Mitero Inoshatisa

Kuiswa pachena muna 1964, Kudzorwa kwaMakumi maviri neFour Amendment kwakarambidzwa mitero yokuvhota mukusarudza kwehurumende. Mitero yokusarudza yakanga yashandiswa, zvikurukuru munyika dzokuMadokero, kubvisa vavhoti varombo, zvikurukuru vaAmerica veAfrica. Kugadziridza kwakanga kuri rutivi rwenhamburiko yesangano rekodzero dzevagari vemo yokubvisa miganhu yokuvhota. Makore maviri gare gare gare, Dare guru rakatambanudzira ichi chirambidzo kuvhotaro mu Harper v. Virginia Board of Ecostations, richiita mitero yokuvhotera murusarudzo ipi neipi inopesana nedziviriro yeSangano.

Mvumo Yechimakumi maviri namashanu: Kubudirira kwaPrezidhendi

Chikamu makumi maviri namashanu cheFindromendment, chakasimbiswa muna 1967, chakajekeswa miitiro yenhevedzano yapurezidhendi neurema. Yakazivisa kuti mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anova purezidhendi (kwete purezidhendi anoshanda bedzi) parufu rwapurezidhendi, kurega, kana kuti kubviswa. Yakagadzirawo miitiro yokuti mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi ave mutevedzeri wemasimba apurezidhendi apo purezidhendi anenge asingakwanisi kuita mabasa enzvimbo, zvimwe kupfurikidza nechiziviso chapurezidhendi pachake kana kuti kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chapurezidhendi mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende nekabati.

Kugadziridzwa kwakavambawo muitiro wokuzadza nzvimbo dzapurezidhendi worutivi rwapurezidhendi, kuchida kuti purezidhendi atsive uyo anofanira kusimbiswa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress. Iyi gadziriro yakashandiswa kaviri: apo Gerald Ford akagadzwa kuva mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi pashure pekurega kwaSpiro Agnew's, uye apo Nelson Rockefeller akagadzwa pashure pokuva purezidhendi pashure pokurega kwaRichard Nixon.

Mutemo Wamakumi maviri neMitanhatu: Kuderedza Nguva Yokufara

Yasimbiswa muna 1971, Amakumi maviri neSixth Amendment yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pamakumi maviri neane kusvikira kugumi navasere muhurumende yose, nyika, uye kusarudza kwomunzvimbomo. Kugadziriswa kwaidzorwa zvikurukuru nezvibvumikiso zvokuti kana vanhu vane makore gumi namasere vakura zvokugona kunyorwa nokurwa muHondo yeVietnam, vakanga vakura zvakakwana kuvhota. Makumi maviri ne8 eMitemo yeSangano yakatenderwa nokukurumidza kupfuura kumwe kwose, kuchitora mwedzi mitatu chete kubva pachikarakadzo chehurumende kuti itsigirwe nenhamba inodikanwa yehurumende.

Iyi gadziridzo yakakudza zvikuru kusarudzwa uye yakaratidzira kuchinja kwezvimiro zvenzanga pamusoro penzvimbo yavanhu vaduku neyavanhu vose.Kwairatidzira kuzivikanwa kwokuti avo vanotapurwa nemitemo yehurumende, zvikurukuru kunyoreswa muhondo, vanofanira kuva nenzwi rakananga mukusarudza vamiriri vavo. Kugadziriswa kunopfuurira kuumba masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika nekurukurirano dzemitemo savada kuvhota vechiduku uye mapoka anotsvaka kupinda muvhoti.

Kupedziswa kweMitemo kweMakumi Maviri Negumi Nemana: Chibvumirano cheCongregation

Chibvumirano Chamakumi maviri neEjondment, chakanyoreswa muna 1992, chinogovera kuti muripo upi noupi wemitemo unochinja haugoni kushanda kutozosvikira pashure pesarudzo inotevera yavamiriri. Chinokarakadzwa pakuvamba naJames Madison muna 1789 sorutivi rwepasuru iyo yakava Bill of Rights, iyi gadziridzo yakashaikwa kwamazana maviri amakore pamberi pechirongwa chokuvaka uswa chaitungamirirwa nomudzidzi wekoreji, Gregory Watson, nenzira inobudirira chakachiisa pachikumbaridzo nokuda kwechirango.

Nhau yokugadziridza yechienzi yemubatanidzwa yakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kugadziridzwa kunogona kuramba kuripo kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi uye kana kuchifanira kuva neganhuriro dzenguva pakubviswa. Pasinei zvapo neiyi mibvunzo, Mugadziri weUnited States akapupurira kugadziriswa sekwatenderwa, uye zvino kunorangarirwa kuva rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo. Kugadziriswa kunoratidzira itiro hanya dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuzviitira wirirano uye ukoshi hwokuzvidavirira.

Kudzikamiswa Kwakakundikana: Kunzwisisa Chisingapfuuri

Kuongorora kukundikana kunobatsira kunzwisisa kunokosha kwetsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzeAmerica, masangano enzanga, uye zvinetso zvokuwana kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo. Zviuru zvezvigadziridzo zvakakarakadzwa asi hazvina kutongosimbiswa, uye zvimwe zvakada kukunda zvisati zvakundikana.

Kugadziridzwa Kwekodzero Dzakaenzana

Aumetic Rights Amendment (ERA), iyo yaizove yakarambidza zvakajeka rusaruro rwakavakirwa pavatano, yakakarakadzwa muna 1972 uye nokukurumidza kusimbiswa nenyika dzakawanda.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Nevada, Illinois, uye Virginia vakatendera ERA, vachiunza hwerengedzo kunyika makumi matatu nesere, kunyange zvazvo idzi shambiso dzakauya makumi amakore pashure pekupera kwenguva. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti kugadziriswa kunofanira kuzivikanwa sekwabvumirwa, nepo vashori vachipikisa kuti nguva yapfuura uye dzimwe nyika dzakabvisa zvisakiso zvadzo. Kukurukurirana kwacho kunopfuurira pamusoro penzvimbo yeERA uye kana kuchiri kugona kuva rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo.

Mutezo Wakadzikama Webhajeti

Zvimiro zvakasiana- siyana zvekugadziridzwa kwemari kwakadzikama, uko kungada hurumende yehurumende kuti idzikamise bhajeti yayo gore negore kana kuti kunangana nemiuyo chaiyo, zvakakarakadzwa kanoverengeka. Kugadziridzwa kwakadaro kwakasvika pedyo nokupfuudza Dare panhambo dzinoverengeka asi hakuna kutongosvika voruzhinji vanodikanwa vane mativi matatu maviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti bhajeti yakadzikama ingaparira chirango chakaganhurirwa ndokudzivisa kukwira kwechikwereti chisingachinjiki, nepo vashori vanoipikisa kuti kungava kunokuvadza mune zvemari, zvikurukuru mukati mendyiko yemari inoderera apo kushatsatsatsa kungagona kuparira kunaya.

Ruwa rweColumbia Rinopa Vari Kukohwa Kodzero

Chikanzi neCongress muna 1978, iyi gadziridzo ingadai yakapa District of Columbia shomedzo yakazara muCongress sokunge kuti ihurumende. Kugadziriswa kwakasimbiswa bedzi nenyika gumi netanhatu nhambo yadzo yamakore manomwe isati yapera muna 1985, kuperevedza kukuru kweinodikanwa makumi matatu namasere. Kundikano yeiyi gadziridzo inoreva kuti D.C. vagari, nepo vachikwanisa kuvhota nokuda kwapurezidhendi Amakumi maviri-Thd Amendment, kuchiri kushaiwa kumirira kwokuvhotera muCongress, mugariro unopfuurira kuparira gakava uye kukumbira gadziridzo.

Tapuro Yedzitsidzo Pakududzira Bumbiro Remitemo

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunoita zvinopfuura kungowedzera bedzi rugwaro rutsva kurugwaro; zvinogona kuchinja zvikuru nzira iyo Bumbiro remitemo rose rinonzwisiswa nayo nokududzirwa nayo.

Mitemo inogonawo kujekesa zvisarudzo kana kuti kushandura zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa. Pe Amendment ye11 yakabva yadzikira Chaholm v. Georgia, Amendment ye144] Dect Scott v. Sandford, uye Sundate Amendment yakatendeuka Pollock v. Fourls Loan & Trust.[FLT:] Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kuti muitiro wekuchinja unoshanda secherekedzo pasimba redare, uchibvumira vanhu kushandura zvisina kururama.

Chinetso chemuitiro wokugadziridza chakapesvedzerawo nzira iyo Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinodudzira nayo Bumbiro reMitemo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti Dare rakatora basa guru mukuvandudza revo yebumbiro remitemo nenzira chaiyo nemhaka yokuti chinjo dzakarongwa dzakaoma kwazvo kuwana. Vamwe vanotaura kuti chidziro chikuru chokugadziridza chinofanira kuita kuti matare ave anongwarira zvikuru pamusoro pokurava maruramiro matsva kana kuti nheyo muBumbiro remitemo, kuchisiya chinjo huru dzakadaro kumuitiro wokugadziridza.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nezvirongwa Zve Amendment

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende rakaoma zvikuru kushandura, bumbiro remitemo rinowanzova nemiitiro inosvikika zvikuru. Mitemo mizhinji inobvumira kuti zvigadziriso zvebumbiro-mitemo zvikarakadzwe kupfurikidza namavhoti akapfava kana kuti makurusa echibvumirano, uye dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira kugadziriswa kwemitemo yavagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuedza kwevhota. Somuuyo, mitemo yehurumende inowanzova irefu zvikuru uye inogadziriswa kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende.

Bumbiro remitemo reCalifornia, somuenzaniso, rakagadziridzwa kanopfuura kamazana mashanu kubva pakugamuchirwa kwaro muna 1879. Bumbiro remitemo reAlabama, rakarebesa munyika, rakagadziriswa kanenge kane chiuru. Mabumbiro enyika aya kazhinji kazhinji anobatanidza gadziriro dzine udzame hungarangarirwa setsika pamwero wehurumende. Kureruka kwebumbiro remitemo rinochinja rine betsero nedzisingawirirani: rinobvumira kuita chimwe chinhu kukuru kumigariro nechido chakakurumbira, asi rinogonawo kutungamirira kumiitiro yakadzo inodzorwa negadziriro dzechinguvana kana kuti dzechipo.

Kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo reHurumende kwakabatira semarabhoritari okuedza kwedemokrasi, kuedza chinjo idzo gare gare dzakapesvedzera muitiro womubatanidzwa kana kuti kududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Kushatsa kwavakadzi, somuenzaniso, kwakagamuchirwa munyika dzinoverengeka dzokumadokero Hurumende yeChigumi Nechipfumbamwe isati yatambanudzwa munyika yose. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende zhinji dzakabvisa mitero yokuvhota pamberi pechine makumi maviri namashanu Enzevesvedzero yakaita saizvozvo nokuda kwesarudzo yomubatanidzwa. Uhu ukama hune simba pakati poruwa nekukuradzika kwapamutemo hunopfuurira kuumba Hurumende yeAmerica.

Nharo Dzapamberi Pamusoro Pechinjo Yebumbiro remitemo

Mapoka akasiyana - siyana anotsigira kuti pave nokugadziridzwa kwenhau dzinobva pakuchinja kwemabhizimisi kusvika kumitemo yeDare Rapamusorosoro, kubva pakubvisa Electoral College kusvika pakudzivirira kodzero kana kuti zvinokosha mumagwaro epamutemo.

Kuronga Kuchinja Mari

Chichitevera chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Chitendero cheUnited v. Federal Information Commission[[FL:1], icho chaidavira kuti kupedzera kwesangano nemubatanidzwa munhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika kutaura kwakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment, vachinji vazhinji vakadana nokuda kwegadziridzo yemitemo kuti vabvumire miraudzo huru zvikuru yemari yenhimbe. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kupedza kusina muganhu wakaipa wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vakapfuma namasangano, nepo vanopikisa kuti kushandisa ganhuriro dzinoputsa nheyo dzekutaura norusununguko uye kuti muitiro wokuchinja haufaniri kushandiswa kuputsa zvisarudzo zvedare guru zvinodzivirira kodzero dzinokosha.

Electoral College Chinjo

Electoral College inosarudza vapurezidhendi yakatarisana netsoropodzo yakavandudzwa pashure pekuwana mukundi wevhoti yakakurumbira akarasikirwa neElectoral College. Zvirongwa zvokuchinja zvinhu zvakarasika kubva pakubviswa kwakakwana kweElectoral College zvichitsigira kuvhota kwakananga kumwero mukuru mukugoverwa kwemavhoti. Zvisinei, kugadzirirwa kupi nokupi kwokuchinja kana kuti kubvisa Electoral College kunotarisana nezvipingamupingamupinyi zvinokosha, sezvakungada kugadziriswa nokutaurwa kuti kubetserwa negadziriro yazvino.

Miganhu Yemitemo Yedare Repamusorosoro

Sezvo vatongi veDare Gurusa vanobatira zvigadzikiso zvakarebesa uye mutoo wokusimbisa wazova unopesana zvikuru, vamwe vachinji vakakarakadza kugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo kuti vatange miganhu yenhambo dzamatongerwe emitemo. Majeri anokarakadza chaizvoizvo mashoko amakore ane gumi namasere, nokusarongeka kunokatyamadzwa kuitira kuti purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe aite kugadza kuviri panhambo yegore mana. Vatsigiri vanoramba ikoku kungaderedza ganhuriro dzesimbiso dzomunhu oga ndokuvimbisa kuva nechokwadi chenguva dzose, nepo vanopikisa kuti upenyu hunodzivirira kuzvimirira kwomutemo uye ganhuriro iyoyo ingagona kuita kuti ruramisiro ive inotaputswa zvikuru kudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Basa Rekugadziridzwa Kwezvibvumirano Mudzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Kunzwisisa kugadziridzwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunokosha kuti munhu ave mugari wemo achiziva uye kuti atsigire hurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

Dzidzo yeCUB pamusoro pegadziridzo inofanira kusimbisa kwete bedzi kugadziridzwa kwomuitiro wacho asiwo mashoko awo enhau nemutoo waanowirirana nawo. Vadzidzi navagari vemo vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti chinjo dzakakudza sei maruramiro nokutora rutivi kwedemokrasi, kuti vakaruramisa sei kusaruramisira ndokugadziridza Bumbiro remitemo kumigariro inochinja, uye kuti kuoma kwegadziriro yacho kwakaumba sei kukura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kweAmerica. Iyi zivo inopa simba vagari vemo simba rokupinda mukurukurirano pamusoro pechinjo yebumbiro remitemo uye kuyera zvikarakadzo nokuda kwokuvadziko itsva.

Masangano akafanana ne Rerald Archives [ inogovera zviteshi zvinokosha zvokudzidza pamusoro pegadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo, kubatanidza magwaro apakuvamba namashoko akapoteredza enhau. Constitution Center yeNyika [ inopa mapurogiramu edzidzo neratidziro dzinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa mutoo wokugadziridza uye revo yawo. Izvi zvinhu zvinokosha mukuchengeta vagari vemo vanokwanisa kuchengeta nokuvandudza utongi hwehurumende.

Kuenzanisa Zvirongwa Zve Amendment Munyika Yose

United States Constitution ndeimwe yebumbiro remitemo rekaresa renyika ichiri kushanda, uye kuchinja kwayo kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura iya yedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Nyika zhinji dzinobvumira chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza navakuru vakuru veparamende kana kuti dzinoda bedzi zvinhu zvikuru zvakakudziridzwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa mabhii anonongedzera kuchinjo dzebumbiro remitemo, dzinobatanidza zvakananga vagari vemo mugadziriro yacho.

Kuoma kwegadziriro yetsika yeU.S. ine zvose zviri zviviri betsero nedzisingabetseri zvinoenzaniswa negadziriro dzinochinjika zvikuru. Kune rumwe rutivi, kunopa dzikamo uye kunovimbisa kuti mutemo mukuru unochinja bedzi nebvumirano yakafara. Kuno rumwe rutivi, inogona kuita kuti Bumbiro reMitemo risadavire kumipimo yenzanga nezvinodikanwa, zvichibvira kuchitungamirira kukutsamira pakududzirwa kwedare kuti rigadzirise revo yebumbiro remitemo. Nyika dzinochinjika zvikuru dzingakwanisa zviri nani kugadziridza mabumbiro emitemo kuzvinetso zvitsva, asi dzingawanawo dzikamo shomanene yebumbiro remitemo.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kuoma kwokuchinja Bumbiro Remitemo reUnited States kwakabatsira kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vave netsika dzakasiyana - siyana, sezvo mitemo yemitemo ingava yakachinja mudzimwe nyika isingachinji muUnited States.

Nguva Yemberi Ye Amendement dzeBumbiro reMitemo

Kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kwaderera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Kugadziridzwa kwokupedzisira kwakabvumidzwa muna 1992, uye pamberi paikoko, kugadziridzwa kwekare kwakasimbiswa muna 1971. Uku kuderera kunoratidzira kukamukana kwose kuri kunowedzera kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uko kunoita kuti kuita bvumirano huru inodikanwa nokuda kwokugadziridza kwakaoma zvikuru, uye kubudirira kwemimwe miitiro yokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru kududzirwa kweDare Gurusa.

Pasinei zvapo nokuderera uku, kugadziridzwa kunoramba kuri madikanwa uye kunokosha. Zvirongwa zvokugadziridza kutsva zvinopfuurira kutangwa muCongress uye kukurukurwa munzvimbo yavose. Dzimwe nhau, dzakadai sokuchinja kwenhimbe kana kuti kuchinja kweElectoral College, dzingaparira pakupedzisira tsigiro yakakwana nokuda kwokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo. Bviro yekokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo inonzi nehurumende, nepo isingatongoshandiswi nenzira inobudirira, inoramba iri nzira inobvira yokugadziridza ingagona kuvhara trult grapy.

Nguva yemberi yegadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo sezvingabvira ichatsamira pazvinhu zvinoverengeka: mwero wokubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuva pamutemo kunorangarirwa kwemiitiro inotsiva nokuda kwokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kufanana nokududzira kwomutemo, kutanga kwenhau dzinoparira kubvumiranwa kukuru nokuda kwokugadziridza, uye kubudirira kwamasangano enzanga mukuvaka tsigiro yechinjo yebumbiro remitemo. Chipi kana chipi icho nguva yemberi ine, kugadziridzwa kucharamba kuri rutivi runokosha rwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica, kuchigovera gadziriro nokuda kwavanhu yokuumba mutemo wavo mukuru.

Kutora Nhano Pamusoro Pe Amendedzero Yebumbiro remitemo

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunomirira mutoo wetsika uyo vanhu veAmerica vanogona kuchinja nawo mutemo wavo mukuru. Muitiro, wakarongwa muChikamu V cheBumbiro reMitemo, unoda bvumirano yechienzi pazvose zviri zviviri chikarakadzo nemwero, kuvimbisa kuti chinjo bedzi netsigiro huru dzakava rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo. Ichi chidziro chakakwirira chokugadziridza chakareva kuti vashomanene zvikuru vezviuru zvezvigadzikiso zvinokarakadzwa zvakatenderwa, asi izvo zvakabudirira kazhinji kazhinji zvakava netapuro huru panzanga yeAmerica nehurumende.

Kugadziridzwa kwezvibvumirano makumi maviri nezvinomwe zvakatenderwa kubuda musi uyu kunoratidza nyaya huru uye kurwisana kwenhau dzeAmerica: kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe muBill of Rights, kuchinja kwenzanga yeAmerica kupfurikidza neReformation Amendment, kuwedzera kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzokuvhota, uye kugadziridzwa kwemasangano ehurumende nokugadziridzwa kwezvirongwa zvakasiyana - siyana. Kugadziriswa kumwe nokumwe kunotaura nyaya yokubatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchinja kwenzanga, uye kugadziridzwa kwemitemo.

Kunzwisisa gadziriro yegadziridzo kunokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hunozivikanwa. Kunojekesa kuti hurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica inodzikamisa sei dzikamo nokuchinjika, kuti kubvumirana kukuru kunodikanwa sei nokuda kwokuchinja kukuru, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kutora rutivi mukuumba nhevedzano yavo yebumbiro remitemo. Sezvo gakava pamusoro pekugadziridzwa kunobvira rinopfuurira, zivo yegadziridzo nenhau yayo icharamba ichikosha nokuda kwokunzvera zvikarakadzo uye kupinda mukurangarira kwehurumende yehurumende pamusoro pomutemo mukuru wenyika.

Kugadziridza kunobatanidza nheyo yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo nderevanhu uye rinogona kuchinjwa navo parinenge riri madikanwa. Nepo kuoma kwegadziriro yacho kuchivimbisa kuti chinjo dzinoitwa nokungwarira uye nokutsigirwa kwakafara, kubvira kwokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunovimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinogona kumuka kuti rigadzirise zvinetso zvitsva uye riratidze mipimo inochinja. Kubatana uku kwokudzikama nokuchinjika kwave kuchikosha mukutsungirira kweBumbiro remitemo uye kurutsiriro rwemitemo yeAmerica rubudiriro rwamazana maviri amakore.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pegadziridzo chaidzoidzo nenhau dzadzo, LGELT Information Institute kuCornell Law School[[FLT 1:1] inogovera zviwanikwa zvakawanda kubatanidza mashoko ose ezvigadziriso zvose nenhau dzeDare Gurusa. U.S. General website yeIndaneti [ inopa mashoko enhau pamusoro pomuitiro wokugadziriswa kwemiitiro uye kusimbiswa kwemibatanidzwa chaiyo. Izvi zviwanikwa zvinoita kuti vagari vemo vawedzere kunzwisisa kwavo rutivi rwakakomba rwemitemo yeAmerica uye kutora rutivi runobudirira mukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechinjo yemitemo.