Zvisarudzo zvinoumba chisarudzo chemitemo yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende, zvichigovera vagari vemo mutoo wakarongeka wokuratidzira zvisarudzo zvavo zvamatongerwe enyika ndokuita kuti vatungamiriri vavo vazvidavirire. Perero yeiyi gadziriro inosarudzirwa chose chose iri pagadziriro yapamutemo yakasimba iyo inorondedzera mitemo yomutambo. Pasina mirau yakajeka, inomanikidzirwa, inopinza mungozi yokupinda munyongano, kunyengera, kana kuti kudzongonyedza, kubvisa chivimbo chavose mutsika yose yezvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinosanorongwa dzinogadza miganhuro nokuda kwemakwikwino akanaka, dzinodzivirira maruramiro echipfuro, uye migariro inovangana nayo mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa Kurongwa Kwomutemo Kwokusarudza

Gadziriro yapamutemo inodzora sarudzo igadziriro yakarongwa yakawanda yemipimo, mirau, uye mitemo yokudzora. Hachisi chinyorwa chimwe asi panzvimbo pezvo gadziriro dzinobatanidzwa dzegadziriro dzinobva mumanyuko akasiyana- siyana omutemo. Nepo chivako chakananga chinosiana nenyika, hurumende dzinotonga ruzhinji zhinji dzinovaka gadziriro dzadzo dzapamutemo pambiru huru nhatu: gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, mitemo yevhota, uye nhungamiro dzamasangano dzinobudiswa namasangano emitemo akasiana--------shanduru. Mukuwedzera, mienzaniso yedare nezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose kazhinji kazhinji inoumba kududzirwa nokushandiswa kweiyi mitemo.

Pamwero mukurusa, gadziriro dzebumbiro-mitemo dzinoisa nheyo huru dzegadziriro yokuvhota. Idzi dzinovimbisa chaizvoizvo kodzero yokuvhota (kuvhota), kurondedzera zvinodikanwa zvougari hwemo, kugadza mipimo yokusarudza nokuda kwevanoda, kududza uzhinji hwesarudzo, uye kuronga masimba emitumbi inosarudzwa. Somuenzaniso, Constitution yeUnited States inopa chiremera chokusarudza "nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo" apo inogadza kutarisirwa kwemitevero yehurumende nokuda kwamarudzi akati. Nenzira yakafanana, Bumbiro remitemo reIndia rinosimbisa Dare reEcostation reIndia sechiremera chakazvimiriro chokutarisira Hurumende nehurumende.

Mitemo inosarudzwa, inogadzwa nevanogadza mitemo, inopa mitemo ine udzame inodzora chikamu chimwe nechimwe chesarudzo. Iyi mitemo inofukidza miitiro yokuvhota, mufambiro wemapati ezvamatongerwe enyika navanoda kusarudzwa, mirau yemiitiro yemari, nzira dzokuvhota, magadzirirwo ezvirongwa zvokuvhota, mavhota, uye chisarudzo chekakavara. Munyika dzakawanda, iyi mitemo inoiswa mu "mitemo yeSarudzo" kana kuti "chiito chokusarudza". Somuenzaniso, kumirira vanhu Act neCanada 'Econsations Act' imie mienzaniso mikuru.

Mirayiridzo yenhungamiro nemirau yokutarisira zvinozadza misiyano yasiyiwa nemirau yakafara. Mitemo inotarisira yeElectoral, yakadai seFederal Evolution Commission (FEC) muUnited States kana kuti Electoral Commission muUnited Kingdom, inopa mirayiridzo ine udzame pamusoro pechinhu chiri chose kubva paforetswo yemapepa okuvhota. Iyi mitemo inofanira kuramba yakapfava zvakakwana kuchinjira kuzvinhu zvesayenzi zvinochinja uye migariro yenzanga nepokuramba ichiwirirana nemitemo iri pasi pepasi pezvi.

Pakupedzisira, hwirudzuro yedare inoita basa rinokosha mukududzira nokusimbisa gadziriro yapamutemo. Matare anowanzosarudza pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo yevhoti, kukumbira kwechibvumirano, uye kugadza mienzaniso pamusoro pekodzero dzevhoti, tyrificing, uye mari yenhimbe. Zviratidzo zvedare reProtom. Zvisarudzo zveU.S. mu Bhush v. Gore [2] [2] na Shelby County v. Haker[FLT]] ] [2017], zvakasimbisazve miitiro yetsika yetsika uye mipimo yomutemo.

Manyuko Omutemo Wakaisvonaka

Manyuko omutemo wevhotara akasiyana, uye kubatanidzwa kwavo kunosarudza kushanda kwegadziriro. Mumitemo mizhinji yevagari vemo, bumbiro remitemo revhoti remitemo remitemo inosarudzwa rinodzora mativi ose, nepo nyika dzinozivikanwa nemitemo dzichivimba zvikuru nemitemo yemhosva nemiraudzo. Michina yemarudzi ose, yakadai seInternational Paravention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCCPR) uye Udzorisori weMitemo yeSarudzo yehurumende yehurumende. Masangano eruwa akafanana nesangano reChoteramential anogovera mapepa eSangano reSangano reSangano reCoco (OCE) anogovera mabhuku eSangano ane udzamendero anoshanda semabhiriporiti yemi.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa

Kunzvera nyika dzakasiana - siana kunozivisa zvose zviri zviviri zviwirirano nemhesano. Somuenzaniso, Australia inoita kuti kuvhota kumanikidzirwa kuve kwapamutemo, kuchitsigirwa nezvirango zvepamutemo nokuda kwokusatora, nepo United States inotsamira pakuvhota nokuzvidira. Tsika yeGermany inobatanidza muenzaniso wemitemo yakavhenganiswa yemitemo yakavhengana, nepo United Kingdom inoshandisa zvikurukuru kuvhota. Iyi misiyano inovakirwa mugamuchidzanwa remitemo renyika imwe neimwe, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinoitika zvenhau. Kunzwisisa iyi kunokosha nokuda kwokugadzira mipimo inowirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo.

Kuratidza Kuti Une Ururami Muzvisarudzo

Ururami musarudzo hahusati huchingovawo zvahwo hwakarurama; chinodikanwa chapamutemo chinofanira kugadzirwa kupfurikidza namasangano akati nemiitiro. Sarudzo yakarurama inogovera mwero wokutamba nokuda kwavatori rutivi vose, inodzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uye inovimbisa kuti muvhoti ari wose akakodzera ane mukana wakaenzana wokukanda muvhoti pasina rutyo kana kuti dzvinyiriro. Chirongwa chapamutemo chinowana ikoku kupfurikidza nokutungamirira kwakasarudzwa kwazvimirira, nhevedzano ine mavara akajeka, uye mishonga yapamutemo inowanika.

Mabasa Okuzvimirira

Imwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa dzerusarura dare ramajeri rinodzora rakasununguka rinoshanda pasina kupindira mune zvematongerwe enyika. Mugariro namasimba eEMB zvinosiana zvikuru, asi miitiro yakanakisisa inosimbisa kusasarura, basa, uye udzori hwemari nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Econstation Commission inofarikanya kuzvimirira kwebumbiro remitemo nechiremera chokuranga vakuru vakuru vanokanganisa, nepo U.S. inowana kubva mumuenzaniso wakaisvonaka umo hurumende dzinobata gadziriro hurusarudzo. Mukubudisa hurumende, dzakadai sedzo muAfrica neLatin America, dzinosimbisa EMBs ave ari ngwariro yeyamuyamuro yamarudzi ose yeyamubatanidzwa uye nhamburiko dzokuvandudza.

Mitoro yeEMB yakazvimirira inobatanidza kutungamirira kunyoresa kwomuvhoti, kuzivisa vapindi, vashandi vanovhota, kugovera nokuchengeta michina yokuvhota, kutarisira kufambira mberi nokutora kwapanosiiwa, kuverenga mavhota, uye kuzivisa miuyo. Kuchengeta chivimbo, EMBs inofanira kuva yakajeka mukuita kwavo chisarudzo uye mudzori wavose. EMBs dzinobudisa mabhuku ebasa ane udzame, zvinyorwa zvezvirevo, uye dare rakazaruka uko vatengi vanogona kumutsa itiro.

Kutarisira Nokutarisira

Kuongorora kwepasi pevhu kwakaitwa navose vari vaviri masangano edzimba neamarudzi ose icherekedzo yakakomba pakutendeseka kwesarudzo. Mabasa okunzvera amarudzi ose, akadai saayo akaitwa neOSCE’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) kana kuti European Union, inopa kunzvera kusina rusaruro kwegadziriro yemitemo nokuitwa kwayo. Vacherekedzi vanonzvera kana sarudzo dzichisvitsa mipimo yamarudzi ose yorusununguko, ruramisiro, uye kujeka, uye mishumo yavo inowanzova nerumbidzo dzechinjo.

Nhamba dzedzimba, dzinoitwa namapoka enzanga, masangano ezvinobudisa nhau, uye vamiririri vemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, dzinobatira basa rinobatira pamwe. Munyika dzakawanda, mitemo inovimbisa vacherekedzi kuwana nhepfenyuro kunzvimbo dzinovhota, nzvimbo dzokuverenga, uye mashoko evhotera. Kuvapo kwavacherekedzi kunogona kudzivisa utsotsi ndokuvimbisa ruzhinji. Somuenzaniso, basa reGhana Coalition of Precial Evolution Observers (MALIO) rakaparira kusarudzo dzine rugare uye dzinovimbika munyika iyoyo.

Kutaura Nezvomutemo uye Kusawirirana

Sangano remitemo rinopa migumisiro inodenha yemigumisiro yesarudzo inodenha, kugadzirisa kunyunyuta pamusoro pechinorambwa, uye kupedza mhesvadzo dzekusazvibata. Masangano akawanda anobvumira vanoda kuenda, mapati ematongerwe enyika, uye vavhoti kunyora zvikumbiro nematare edare akasarudzwa, madare anotungamirira, kana kuti matare. Mune dzimwe nyika, matare evatongi anotonga anokwanisa kugadzirisa nyaya nokukurumidza kuti vasarudze kusava nechokwadi chakati wandei.

Mienzaniso yechisarudzo chinobudirira chegakava inobatanidza chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reKenya cha2017 icho chakabvisa sarudzo yapurezidhendi nemhaka yezvisarudzo, kuchitungamirira kurutsiro. Nepo chisarudzo chaimutsa nharo, chakaratidzira kuti gadziriro yapamutemo ingagona kuita kuti zviremera zvinosarudzwa zvizvidavirire.

Kusimudzira Kuoneka Muzvisarudzo

Kuona chitarisiko ichinhu chikuru chinoumba kururama. Vagari vanofanira kukwanisa kuona nokunzwisisa kuti sarudzo dzinoitwa sei kuti dzive nekutenda mugumisiro wacho. Muitiro wevhoti unobatanidza kusvika pachena mashoko, kubatanidzwa pachena mukuita zvisarudzo, uye kurukurirano yakajeka yemitemo. Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinosimudzira kujeka kupfurikidza nemirairo yokubudisa mashoko, misangano yokuzarura, uye kubudisa zvinodikanwa nokuda kwemitumbi inovhota.

Kuwana Mashoko Avoruzhinji

Vanotarisira vhoti vazvino uno vanoita mitsara yakawanda yemashoko, kubva pakunyoresa kwevhoti kusvika kumigumisiro chaiyo yokuvhota. Mitemo inoda kubudiswa kwemashoko aya mumaforedhi anowanika inoita kuti vatori venhau vazvionere voga uye vaongorore. Somuenzaniso, Vosyy System Guidelines uye mimwe mipimo yakafanana mune dzimwe nyika inoita kuti kuongorora kwovhota kuitwe pachena. Masangano akawanda ari kubudisa migumisiro yeteji yeji yeIndaneti, achibvumira vatori venhau namapoka anorinda kuti vaite mabhatime emitekisi.

Ndaza dzokunyoresa dzezvikwata zvejeta, apo dzinoitwa kuti dziwanike pasi pedziviriro dzematai, dzinobvumira vanhu nevanocherechedza kunzvera kana kuti kuedza kuvhota kaviri. Kuwanwa kwemari yeCampaign, kana ine udzame uye yakakodzera nguva, inoita kuti vanhu vaone kuti masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ari kutsigira mari ndiani. Somuenzaniso, United Kingdom’s Electoral Commission inochengeta shopu inosesairwa yemipiro kumapoka ezvematongerwe enyika.

Misangano Yavose Nokubatanidzwa Pachena

Misangano yeSarudzo inofanira kutungamirira bhizimisi rayo pachena. Mitemo inoda kuziviswa kwavose kwemisangano, kubudiswa kwezvirongwa, uye kubvumirwa kwetsinhiro dzavose inosimbisa kuzvidavirira. Munyika dzakawanda dzeScandinavia, misangano yesarudzo inodzokororwa paIndaneti, uye vagari vemo vanogona kupa mibvunzo kana kuti zvinonetsa. Kuteerera vanhu pamusoro pezvinjo dzinosarudzwa kunovimbisawo kuti chinjo hadziitwi seri kwemasuo akavharwa.

Dzidzo uye kupindira zvinokoshawo kuti zvionekwe. Mirayiro yepamutemo yezvirongwa zvokuvhota inobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa mavhoti, kodzero dzavo, uye kuti tsika yose inoshanda sei.

Michina Yezvinobudisa Mashoko Nezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Mukuona Zvakanaka

Zvinobudisa nhau zvinoita basa rinokosha mukuvhenekera chiedza pamarongedzero evhiyi. Mitemo inodzivirira rusununguko rwokubudisa, inovimbisa kuwanikwa kwezviteshi zvinovhota, uye inorambidza ganhuriro dzisina kufanira pakushuma inokosha. Panguva imwe cheteyo, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakatanga zvishandiso zvitsva zvokuratidza, zvakadai segadziriro dzechokwadi dzechain kana kuti mabhodhi epaIndaneti anoparira kusanangurwa kwenguva chaiyo. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runounzawo ngozi, kubatanidza kuputsa nokubvisa mashoko eatrustration. Naizvozvo, masangano emitemo anofanira kudzikamisa kujeka nokuchengeteka.

Zvinetso Zvokushanda Munzvimbo Yaiitirwa Zvibvumirano Zvepamutemo

Pasinei zvapo nenhamburiko dzakanakisisa dzokuvaka zvivako zvepamutemo zvakasimba, sarudzo dzinotarisana netyisidziro dzinopfuurira nedzinochinja.

Nzira Dzokudzvinyirira Dzokufambisa Magetsi

Kudzvinyirirwa kwevoter kunoramba kuri chinetso chenyika yose, kazhinji kazhinji chinodenha zvikamu zviduku, nzanga dzinowana mari shoma, uye vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika. Nzira dzinobatanidza mitemo yokuvhota yakakomba isina kusvikwa, kubviswa kwemiromo yakavakirwa pamitemo yakashata, kuderedza chiverengero chenzvimbo dzokuvhota, kuisa miganhu mipfupi yokunyoresa, uye kuparadzira mashoko enhema pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagadza mitemo inoda kutora mifananidzo, iyo inotapura zvikuru vanhu vashomanene navakwegura. Dare pane dzimwe nguva rakarova mitemo iyi sechinosaririra kana kuti kuputsa kweChibvumirano chekodzero.

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinogona kudzivisa kudzvinyirirwa kupfurikidza nokuda mitoo yokutsiva yokuzivisa kwomuvhoti, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, kuvimbisa kusvika kwokuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kurambidza tyisidziro. Dare Gurusa reIndia, somuenzaniso, rakatonga kuti vavhoti havagoni kubviswa nokuda kwokushaikwa kweidi kana ivo vakatova pamupumburu. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika zhinji dzinodzivisa onano ipi neipi pakati pamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika navavhoti mudaro rakati rezviteshi zvokuvhotera.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymanindering — kuchinjwa kwemiganhu yeruwa yevhota kuti ibetsere boka rakati kana kuti boka — kunoshatisa kumirira uye kunogona kuisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo mwero wakati wokukweva mepu uri madikanwa, kunyanyisa kwevavhoti inopesana kuputsa nheyo yesarudzo inoruramisira. Zvirongwa zvapamutemo zvinogona kutaura ikoku kupfurikidza nemitemo inoyera yakazvimirira, mipimo yakajeka yokukwevera muganhu (zvakadai sokubatana, ruremekedzo nokuda kwemiganhu yomusikirwo, uye hwirudzurano yedare). Nyika dzakafanana neCanada neUnited Kingdom dzinoshandisa miganhuro yakazvimirira yakazvimirira, nepo U.S.

Kurwisa Kusiri Kwepamutemo Kunoderedza Uori

Mari mune zvamatongerwe enyika inopa tyisidziro yakakomba kurusarudzo. Mitemo inoganhura mipiro, inoda kuziviswa kwavapi, uye kuisa mari mudhuri inogadzirirwa kudzivisa fariro dzakapfuma kushandisa pesvedzero isingachinjiki. Zvisinei, mabudiro, mari isina kutsarukana (yakavharwa nezvamatongerwe enyika), uye chiokomuhomwe chisiri chapamutemo chinogona kukanganisa iyi mitemo. Kumanikidza idenho huru. Dare repamusorosoro reU. Citablens United[FFFLT:1] chisarudzo chinozarurira suo kumari yezvamatongerwe enyika isingaganhuriwi, kuchitungamirira kukuwedzera mumari ine rimariro.

Kusanzwisisana Nezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kwakatanga rutivi rutsva rwokuchinja. Vatambi vane utsinye vanogona kuparadzira mashoko enhema pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota, vada kuvhota, kana kuti migumisiro yesarudzo, kusvika nokukurumidza. Kupindura kwepamutemo kuchiri kunzwika. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inoda kuti zvikuva zvizivise kushambadza kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubvisa zviri mukati, kana kuti kugovera kujeka pamusoro pokusimudzirwa kunobhadharwa. Vamwe vakaparira utsotsi marudzi akati ezvisarudzo kubvisa. Zvisinei, kurova chiyero chakarurama pakati pokurwisa nokudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka kwakapfava. Nhungamiro dzamarudzi ose, seidzo dzinobva kuEurope yeChitendero cheCrect on DisGenetic, dzinogovera kutsinhira kwadzo dzinobatanidzwa nemitemo yemitemo yapamutemo.

Kusimbisa Kuitwa Kwemitemo Kwenguva Yemberi

Mitemo yeSarudzo inofanira kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchichinja, ndizvo zvinoitawo mikana yokuvhota necherechite, kutorawo, uye kutora mashoko. Panguva imwe cheteyo, ngozi itsva dzinomuka, kubatanidza kudzokerwa kweIndaneti panzvimbo dzokuvhotera, mashoko earectal, uye maremicratory. Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinofanira kudzokororwa panhambo nenhambo kuti zvibatanidze miitiro yakanakisisa nekero yekero. Kushandira pamwe chete kwemarudzi ose, zvakadai sebumbiro renyika yose, rakadai kupfurikidza ne International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Irective [FLT]] uye [FLT] ACEANZILK[F]

Chivimbo chavanhu ndiwo mwero mukuru webudiriro yapamutemo. Kunyange mitemo ine udzame zvikurusa haigoni kuvimbisa kutendeseka kana ruzhinji ruchikurangarira sekwakaipa kana kuti kudzorwa zvisina kufanira. Naizvozvo, kuvaka chivimbo kunoda kwete bedzi ururami hwepamutemo asi kupfuurirawo, kunzvera kwakarerekera, uye mabasa anojeka. Idiviro, nzanga, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvakasununguka zvose zvinoita mabasa anokosha. Pakupedzisira, dare rinova rakasimba bedzi somusengwa wavagari vemo navatungamiriri kuti vakutsigire.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa huoma hwomutemo wesarudzo(its] hwaro, dziviriro dzawo, uye utera hwawo (*) zvinogona kuva zviri nani kuraira nokudzivirira nokuona ruramisiro nokuona pachena izvo democracy inoda. Nokuda kwokuravazve pagadziriro dzakasarudzwa dzinoenzaniswa nezvirongwa uye nhano dzokuvandudza, bvunza zviwanikwa kubva Brennan Center for Justice, [FLT]] OfficeSCOS for Democratic Institutions neRights of Human Rights , uye [FLT:] International for Elctoral Systems[FFF]]]