Inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ingumthombo osisiseko wenkqubo yobulungisa, obaluleke kakhulu kunaseUnited States. Iquka umgaqo wokuba umntu otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka agwetywe liqela loontanga bakhe, elikhutshwe ekuhlaleni. Le nkqubo ayikhuthazi nje okusesikweni nokungakhethi kodwa ikwasebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola amandla karhulumente, ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukugqiba ukuba urhulumente umele ahlulele. Ukuqonda indlela abagwebi abakhethwa ngayo, indima abayenzayo, kunye neengxaki ezikhoyo kwinkqubo zibalulekile kuyelela nabani na ofuna ukuqonda iimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kwenkqubo Yokugcina Inzala

Embilinini wayo, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala izalisekisa imisebenzi emininzi enzima kwisiseko esibanzi sokusesikweni. Okokuqala, ifaka imilinganiselo yoluntu kunye nengqiqo eqhelekileyo kwiinkundla zomthetho. Kunokuba ishiye ishwangusha lommangalelwa ezandleni zomgwebi omnye okanye iqela le-braucrat, inkundla yokuchophela ityala izisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo ekuqwalaseni. Olu mgwebo wontanga unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zibonisa imbonakalo yebutho apho ulwaphulo-mthetho belubekwe khona.

Okwesibini, abachopheli-tyala basebenza njengesithinteli sokuthintela ukuphangwa okanye ukuziphatha okubi koorhulumente. Ngokugcina isigqibo esipheleleyo sokuziva unetyala okanye umsulwa kubemi abaqhelekileyo, le nkqubo ibangela ulwaleko lokuphendula ngoko bangenakukwazi ukukunikela ngabagwebi kuphela. Lo msebenzi wokukhusela usekelwe ngokunzulu kwisithethe somthetho sase-Anglo - America kwaye ubhiyozelwa njengokhuseleko lwenkululeko.

Okwesithathu, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ikhulisa ukufaneleka kwesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho. Xa iqela elhlukeneyo labemi abangakhethi buso lifikelela kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo okanye esikufuphi ne-SarauImplation, uluntu lunokuvuma iziphumo, nokuba abavumelani naso. Eli lungelo libalulekile ukuze kuhlale kuthenjiwe inkqubo yokusesikweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abagwetyiweyo bakujonga oko kuba bakwenzayo njengokusesikweni.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Imvelaphi yenkundla yabachopheli-tyala ibuyela emva kwiGrisi naseRoma yamandulo, apho amacandelo abemi maxa wambi aye agqiba imicimbi engokwasemthethweni. Noko ke, uhlobo lwangoku lwetyala lavela eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi. IMagna Carta yewaka elinamakhulu ali-1215, ngoxa ingamisanga ngokucacileyo iinkundla zabachopheli-tyala njengoko siwazi namhlanje, yachaza ilungelo lokugweba ngoontanga, umgaqo owathi kamva waphembelela umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, ilungelo lokuchophela icala kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lamiselwa ngokuqinileyo kumthetho wamaNgesi yaye wasiwa kumathangalaseMerika. IsiHlanu sokuHlulela kweSithandathu ukuya kuMgantwini-mthetho waseU.. uMgaqo-siseko obhekeneyo waqinisekisa oku kugunyaziswa kwelungelo, uqinisekisa ukuba “zonke izigebetho, izigebenga, izityholo, ezityholo ziya kunandipha ilungelo lokuqhuba esithe nakuququluo-chotho esithelela uwonke.

Le ndaleko igxininisa isizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala bahlale besembindini: ayiyonto nje eluncedo kodwa sisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko esenziwe ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka iguquka, iqhelanisa nocelomngeni olutsha ngoxa ibambelele kwinjongo yayo engundoqo.

Indlela Ezikhethwa Ngayo Iinjiko: Inkqubo Ye Voir Dire

Inkqubo yokukhetha iavaleji ibizwa ngokuba i-odar, ibinzana elisuka kwintsingiselo endala yesiFrentshi “ukuthetha inyaniso.” Eliqonga libalulekileyo ligqiba ukuba ngubani oza kuhlala ekugwetyweni kommangalelwa kwaye angaphembelela kakhulu iziphumo zokuchotshelwa. I-conotic nevoir epheleleyo inceda ukuqinisekisa ijaji engakhethiyo, ngelixesha inkqubo ekhawulezayo okanye egqwethekileyo ingenza buthathaka yonke inkqubo eqhubekayo.

IChibi Le Jury Nokwenziwa Kwesishwankathelo

Ukhetho lwe Jury luqala ngokudalwa kwequmrhu labachopheli. Iinkundla zifumana amagama kuluhlu oluchaziweyo lobhaliso lwabavoti, iirekhodi zelayisensi yomqhubi, okanye ezinye ii-database zikawonke-wonke. Olu khetho lungakhethwanga lucetyelwe ukuvelisa ummeli onqamlezileyo kapazukileyo wengingqi. Aba basebenzi bejaji bafumana izicelo ezifuna ukuba bavele kwindlu yenkundla yomthetho kumhla ochaziweyo. Imithetho emininzi ikwacela abaququzeleli bejaji abazamkela i-jaji ukuba bagqibe imfuno esisiseko, imvelaphi, kunye nayiphi na amava angaphambili kwinkqubo esemthethweni. La maxwebhu anceda abagwebi nabagwebi bachaze amatyala angaphambili kwinkqubo.

Ucelomngeni Neengxaki

Xa iqula lidityanisiwe, uvavanyo olubi luqalisa. Ii-attorney zombini ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kunye nejaji, ziyabuza abaza kuba ngabagwebi. Injongo kukutyhila nayiphi na ikhethe, iingcamango ezicingwe kwangaphambili, okanye ungquzulwano lwemdla olunokuthi luthintele umgwebi ekubeni angakhethi buso nongakhethi buso.

Ukubuza kusenokuquka imibandela emininzi, kuquka ulwazi lomntu osebenza kwijaji (ingakumbi ukuba ifumene ingqalelo kumajelo eendaba), isimo sengqondo ngokugcinwa komthetho, amava abo olwaphulo-mthetho, kwaneenkolelo zabo ngokohlwaywa. AmaAttorney asenokubuza nangeemeko zengqondo, njengokukwazi ukulandela imiyalelo yomgwebi engomthetho nokuba wona akavumelani noko.

Ngokusekelwe kwiimpendulo, amagqwetha anokuvavanya indawo yokuhlala yejaji ngeendlela ezimbini:

  • Ityala lineembono eziqinileyo ngesizathu. Ezi azinasiphelo kwinani kwaye zinikwa xa ijaji ibonisa ikhethe lokwenene okanye ukungagqibeki okusemthethweni, umzekelo, ukuba ijaji inxulumene nexhoba, sele ivelise uluvo oluqinileyo malunga netyala, okanye ayinakuba namkhethe ngenxa yohlanga, unqulo, okanye ezinye izinto. Ijaji igqiba ukuba ixhasa na olu celomngeni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imingeni. Icala ngalinye linikwa inani elisikelweyo lemiqobo ekhululayo, elibavumelayo ukuba bagxothe ijat-eheader ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Noko ke, olu celomngeni alunakusetyenziswa ukucalula ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ubuhlanga, okanye ubufana. Umba oPhakamileyo weNkundla ye-U.S. Umba oPhakamileyo Batson v. Kentucky [1986] waqinisekisa ukuba abatshutshisi abanakusebenzisa imingeni yokuzicingela ngaphandle kwentloko, ubuhlanga, okanye ubufana nohlanga.

Ngale nkqubo iphambili yokuncinwa nokuvavanywa, igqibi lokugqibela liyabekwa kwindawo yokuhlala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkundla yokuchophela amatyala yamalungu ali-12, nangona amanye amazwe evumela ukuba amatyala amancinane abekwe kumatyala amancinane. Abachopheli abahlukeneyo bakhethwa ukuba bahlale ecaleni xa umgwebi osoloko engakwazi ukusebenza.

Indima Yomgwebi

Ijaji ijonge inyathelo ngalinye elibi, iqinisekisa ukuba ukubuza kuhlala kufanelekile kwaye kunentlonelo, nokuba akukho nalinye icala elibandakanyeka kumaqhinga angafanelekanga. Ijaji ikwalawula kwiingxaki zesizathu inika imiyalelo yokuqalisa kwijaji ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ukuchotshelwa. Emva kokuba abachopheli-tyala behleli, ijaji iza kubayala ngomthetho abamele bawusebenzise, umthwalo wokuqinisekisa, nehambo efanelekileyo elindelekileyo ngexesha lokucalucalula. Ubundi bomgwebi bubalulekile; nayiphi na indlela yokukhetha ityala ingakhokelela kwisenzo esiphosakeleyo okanye isibheno.

Ukubaluleka Kokubeka Ingqalelo Kwimijukujelwa

Umqulunqi wejaji ```ejajini') ohlala kwibhokisi ```ignome'' unokuba nempembelelo enzulu kwiziphumo zetyala. Inkundla egwebayo ebonisa iinguqu zengingqi idla ngokujongwa njengefanelekileyo kwaye iyakwazi ukuqwalasela ubungqina obusuka kwiimbono ezininzi. Ngokuchaseneyo, ijaji ekhohlakeleyo okanye eshiya amaqela athile angaphakamisa imibuzo ngokusesikweni.

Izinto Ezichaphazela Isimo Sengqondo

Abathunywa beli tyala baliqela abaphembelela iqumrhu labachopheli - tyala:

  • umahluko wobuzwe: Iminyaka yobudala, uhlanga, ubufanasini, ubuhlanga, kunye nemeko yentlalo yentlalo, zonke imbonakalo abantu abazigqala ngayo ubungqina, ukuthembeka, kunye nobungqini beingcali. Uphando lubonise ukuba iijaji ezingafaniyo zeentlanga zihlala ixesha elide, zixubusha izibakala ezingakumbi, kwaye zenze iimpazamo ezimbalwa kunezo zonke izivingconi ezimhlophe xa ziqwalasela amatyala abandakanya abamangalelwa abambalwa.
  • Amava obomi: Imbali yobuqu yejaji (ngokomzekelo, nokuba ibilixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho, iintsapho zisebenza ngomthetho, okanye ijongene nocalulo----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0] u-------------------------------------------------------------
  • Izinto ezikwindawo ebanzi nezolwazi: izilawuli ziyahluka kwindlela ezijonga ngayo igunya, amandla azo okuphatha ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo, kunye notyekelo lwazo lokuxhomekeka kwiimvakalelo zomzamo ngokuchasene nohlalutyo olunocoselelo. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa i-voir eshwangusha ukuvavanya ezi mpawu, nangona uqheliselo lusakhuphiswana.

Impembelelo Yemihawu

Baas() enokuba uyaqonda okanye ungazi nokuba ucinga okanye ungazi nto) imela esinye sezisongelo ezikhulu ekungakhethi buso. Ikhethe elipheleleyo elisekelwe kuhlanga, kwiklasi, kwisini, okanye ukubonakala linokuyiphembelela ngokufihlakeleyo indlela ijaji ehlola ngayo isiqinisekiso sommangalelwa okanye ukuthembeka kwamangqina. Umzekelo, uphando lufumanise ukuba abagxeli-jaji abagculelayo banokummangalela ummangalelwa omnyama xa ityala libandakanya ixhoba elimhlophe, kwanaxa ubungqina bufana.

Ngexesha lobubi, amagqwetha azama ukuchaza nokuthetha ngeembono ezinokubakho ngokuvavanywa ngenyameko. Noko ke, kunzima ukutyhila iimbono ezininzi ngenxa yokuba abantu besenokungazazi okanye basenokuba madolw ’ anzima ukuzivuma. Utshintsho, olufana nokuqeqeshwa okucacileyo kwabagwebi namagqwetha, luye lwasetyenziswa kwezinye iinkundla ukuthomalalisa le miphumo.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nenkqubo Yanamhlanje Yokubulala Amadlozi

Ngoxa inkqubo yokuchophela ityala isahlala iqinile, ijamelana neengxaki eziliqela zanamhlanje ezivavanya ukusebenza kwayo nengqibelelo yayo.

Ukuziphatha Okubi Ngexesha Lamanani

Ukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kweefowuni, i-intanethi, i-intanethi yokuphanda kunye ne-intanethi kukwenze kwabalula ngabagwebi ukuba bafumane amatyala ophando olungafanelekanga okanye banxibelelane ngawo ngaphandle kwenkundla. Nangona imiyalelo ecacileyo evela kubagwebi yokungaqhubeli uphando oluzimeleyo, abanye abagwebi babandakanyeka “ekuquleni” ummangalelwa, ixhoba, okanye imithetho esemthethweni. Bangaphinda bathumele amatyala kuFacebook, kuTwitter, okanye kwamanye amaqonga, bephula umthetho wokuthetha ngetyala nomntu wonke.

Ezo ndlela zokuziphatha zinokukhokelela ekugwetyweni ngempazamo, ekuphendulweni kwesigwebo, nasekugxekweni. Iinkundla zithetha ngokuqhubekayo ngale ngxaki ngokusebenzisa iifowuni zejaji ezisebenzisana netyala, zisebenzisa iziluleko ezinamandla, kwanezigwebo ezikwityala eliphezulu. Noko ke, ukulingwa kokufuna inkcazelo ngaphandle kuseyingxaki enkulu.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Kwiimeko ezitsala ingqalelo yosasazo-ndaba, kunokuba nzima ukufumana abachopheli bejaji abangakhange bachanabeke kusasazo lwangaphambili loshicilelo. Izihloko zezihloko ezingoolwazi, i-dendercam yequmrhu lamapolisa, kunye nengcangca yolwazelelelo lwentloko-mntini zingadala ukubonakala kwetyala okanye ukungabi natyala ngaphambi kokuba kunikezelwe nabuphi na ubungqina. Ii-Attorney zingazama ukulwa oku ngesixhobo esikhulu esidaliweyo, ukutshintsha indawo (ukushenxiba ukuvavanya kwindawo eyahlukileyo), okanye ngokucela abachopheli bejaji abakhe bakhethwa. Noko ke, ngexesha lemijingameli bezigidi ezingama-24/7 kunye nezingeni zokuqulathwe ngu-rheveyingi ezikungenalu

Ukuntsonkotha Nobunzima Bezinto EziseJury

Ukuvavanywa kwezaphuli-mthetho kwale mihla kudla ngokubandakanya ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo benzululwazi, iingxelo zemali, imiyalelo enzima engokwasemthethweni. Abaququzeleli, abangezoingcali zomthetho, basenokuzama ukuqonda nokusebenzisa le nkcazelo ngokuchanekileyo. Uphando lubonise ukuba imiyalelo yabachopheli-mthetho ebhalwe ngokuntsonkothileyo ayiqondwa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisigqibo esisenokungavumelani nomthetho. Imigudu yokwenza ukuba kubekho imiyalelo ebhalwe kakuhle, ukuvumela ukubhalwa kwencwadi, nokuvunyelwa kwemibuzo yejajir engqini ukuba ibonise isiqinisekiso sokuphuculwa kolwazi. Sekunjalo, le nto isengummandla wokuphicokiswa nokuguquka okuqhubekayo.

Ukuguqula Inkqubo Yonqulo LwaseJury

Ngenxa yezi ngxaki, amaziko amaninzi aye avelisa utshintsho olujolise ekuqiniseni inkqubo yabachopheli - tyala ngaphandle kokuyilahla imigaqo yayo esisiseko.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuqonda Okuninzi

Enye indawo engundoqo yotshintsho igxininisa ekuxhobiseni abachopheli abangcono ekwenzeni imisebenzi yabo. Imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • Icala lezakhono: Ukunika ingcaciso ecacileyo yeenkqubo zenkundla, umthwalo wobungqina, nendima yabagwebi, amagqwetha, namangqina.
  • Imiyalelo ye-Plain 769lage translage command: Ithatha indawo yamabinzana asemthethweni athetha ukudala ngolwimi olucacileyo olunokuqondwa ngabemi abaqhelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuthatha nokubuza: Abavumele abachopheli bomthetho ukuba bathathe amaphetshana ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwetyala baze banikezele imibuzo ebhaliweyo kumangqina (ngokubhekiselele kwimpinda yokugweba).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalelo yetrimtrial ishwankathela: iziphetho ezifutshane zomthetho kwimiqathango egxekayo ukunceda abachopheli bomthetho bacwangcise ubungqina njengoko bunikezelwa.

Utshintsho Olumanyumnyezi

Ezinye iinguqu zijolise kwinkqubo yokukhetha ngokwayo. Umzekelo, amanye amagunya anciphisa inani lemingeni ekhoyo kwicala ngalinye, alinganisela amandla okufumba ijaji ekhetha iqela elinye. Ezinye zinyuse ubungakanani bequmrhu labachopheli bejaji ukuze zandise ukumela okanye zisebenzise “de ­ iindlela zokulungisa” ngexesha lodaniso. Ukongeza, kukho iminxeba yokuphelisa iingxaki ezikhoyo ngokupheleleyo, njengoko zisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha abachopheli bejaji besekelwe kuhlanga okanye kubufana naxa begoci bobuhlanga okanye ubufana.

Olunye utshintsho olubalulekileyo lusetyenziswa “amaxwebhu agwebayo” okanye“ amatyala agqibileyo” kwiimeko ezinzima, nangona ezi zinqabile. Izindululo zifuna izigwebo ezidibeneyo kuzo zonke iimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunokuvumela i-on 76upaupartion izigqibo kwamanye amazwe, kwaye kwafunyanwa iziphumo, ukulandela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Ramos v. Louisiana (2020), eyayikholelwa ukuba uGawulayo lweSithandathu lufuna ukungaphicothanyiselwa kwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho anzulu kwinkundla zombini.

Ekugqibeleni, imigudu yokwandisa imbuyekezo yejaji nokuhlisa umthwalo wenkonzo (umz., ukunikela ucwangciso olubhetyebhetye, iinkqubo zeli candelo 76onyona rematrium) ijolise ekwenzeni umsebenzi wetyala ube ngowomdla ngakumbi nokukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba okubanzi kuzo zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala isoloko iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yogwebo lolwaphulo-mthetho, inika inkqubo yokubandakanyeka koluntu ngokusesikweni, ukuphendula ityala, kunye nokuthemba abantu. Ukusuka ekukhethweni ngocoselelo kweejaji ngemiqathango entsonkothileyo ukuya kuqikelelo elandelayo, lonke iqondo lenkqubo linobunzima. Ngoxa inkqubo ingenazo iimpazamo ````````ibhias''', ukunganyaniseki, kunye nobunzima obuqhubekayo, buyaqhubeka bomeleza amandla ayo okukhupha isigwebo ngokungakhethi. Ilungu lejaji eqesha abachopheli-mthetho, eliqulungela abahla ityala nabanolwazi, lelona siqinisekiso sinamandla lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni kwibutho ledemo-demokhrasi.