Ziziphi Iindlela Nolungelelwano?

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isekelwe kulawulo-siseko lwezolawulo-siseko. Isasaza igunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo . "ngemotheli, ulawulo, kunye nezomthetho" ukuze isebe ngalinye liwathintele amandla amanye. Oku kwahlula akuyonto nje eluncedo kwisakhiwo; yenzelwe ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekufumaneni ulawulo olungathintelwanga. Lo mgaqo uxhomekeke kwinkolelo yokuba amandla, xa egxininiswa, aba yingozi. Ngokufuna intsebenziswano nolawulo, ukuvavanya nokulinganisela, ukukhusela nokukhuthaza inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo olunetyala.

EUnited States, le nkqubo ifakwe kuMgaqo-siseko. Abalawuli, abaphenjelelwa sisithandi sobulumko sezobupolitika uMontesquieu kunye nomzekelo weBritane worhulumente oxubeneyo, badala isakhiwo apho isebe lemithetho yemithetho yesebe elilawulayo liyenza inyanzelise, kwaye isebe elilawulayo liyayichaza. Isebe ngalinye linamagunya nembopheleleko eyahlukeneyo, ukanti lisebenzisana ngeendlela ezivumela ulawulo. Umzekelo, umongameli uyakwazi ukuqhuba umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, ngoxa iBhunga linokuyidlulisa loo mthetho lisebenzisa isibini kwikota. Inkundla ephakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engahambisani nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na i-mthetho, kodwa umongameli umphetho-mthetho, kwaye iqinisekisa loo komiti.

Ukubaluleka Kokuxilonga Nokulungelelana

Iingqiniphotho nemilinganiselo ezilungeleleneyo aziyonjongo nje engekho ngqiqweni; zinemiphumo yokwenene kubemi suku ngalunye.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla: Ngokukhupha igunya, inkqubo yenza kube nzima naliphi na isebe elinye ukuba lisebenze lingakhange liphinde lisebenze. Umongameli akanakumisela imithetho yedwa; indlu yowiso-mthetho ayinakuyibulala. Oku kudala amanqaku amaninzi okuxhathisa nxamnye neqhayiya.
  • Ukukhuselwa kwaBantu ngabanye bamalungelo:[ Abami bangenelwa kwisakhiwo esibavumela ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente. Ijaji ingawisa imithetho echasene nenkululeko engokomGaqo-siseko, kwaye indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaphanda ngehambo engalunganga. Oku kunika ikhusi elisemthethweni kwiqela elincinane nakumazwi aphikisayo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukubekwa phambili koMgaqo: kuba amasebe awahlukeneyo kufuneka anxibelelane kwaye alalanise, iinkqubo ziqheleke ukuba zithambe kakhulu. Izicelo eziququzelelayo zijonge ubuso kwii-engile ezininzi, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungxama okanye izenzo ezicingisisiweyo.
  • Ukufumaneka koxanduva kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya: Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokubhenca nokulungisa iimpazamo zabanye. Iimvo zombutho-ndaba, iingxelo zonxibelelwano, kunye nemithetho yezomthetho izisa imisebenzi karhulumente kwimbonakalo kawonke-wonke, inyanzelisa amagosa ukuba athethelele izigqibo zawo.

Indlela Onokuwuhlola Nawonganyelwa Ngayo Umsebenzi

Isebe Elisemthethweni

IBhunga, njengesebe lowiso-mthetho, linegunya lokuyila imithetho. Lihlola isebe eliphetheyo ngobuchule obuninzi: lingawuphelisa okanye liwugatya ulawulo lomongameli, liqinisekise okanye liwagatye amagunya aphezulu kunye nezivumelwano, lize lisebenzise amandla alo okungagunyazi ukususa amagosa karhulumente. Indlu yabameli iqalisa iingcebiso, kwaye iqhuba ukuvavanywa. IBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, lilunike indawo ephezulu kwegunya eliphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, iikomiti zinganikela ubungqina kunye namaxwebhu, ziqhuba uphando lwezo kwizenzo zolawulo.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Umongameli, njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo, ungayimisela umthetho odluliselwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, nangona le ndawo ingenakufakelwa. Umongameli ukwanamandla okukhupha imiyalelo yegunya elawulayo elawulayo elawula indlela esetyenziswa ngayo, kodwa le miyalelo ingacelw'ucelw'ucelo-cango kwinkundla okanye ibekwe umda yiBhunga. Isebe elilawulayo limisela abagwebi bephondo, kuquka iiJaji eziPhakamileyo, ngesiqinisekiso seBhunga leNkulawula. Eli gunya likwasebenza njengoMphathi-judicarary (implayers) wemikhosi, kodwa kuphela iBhunga leNkulumbuso elino enokuthi livakalise imfazwe, libangele ingxubuso kwinyathelo lomkhosi.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Iinkundla zomanyano, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, yenza uhlolo logwebo oluphezulu, . "amandla okuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqweni." Eli gunya lamiselwa kwi-bury v. Madison (103] [183]) kwaye lihlala linguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumasebe owisomthetho kunye nolawulo oluphezulu. Iinkundla zichaza imithetho kwaye zinokuwisa inyathelo likarhulumente elichasene noMgaqo-siseko. Abagwebi bamiselwa ubomi, bakhuseleke kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, kodwa imithetho yabo isenokupheliswa ngokomgamgamgamgatho okanye, kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, zitshintshwa ngumthetho wenkundla.

Le nxulumano idala inkqubo esebenzayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iKhomishini ikhupha umthetho ovala inkululeko yokuthetha, isebe eliphetheyo lingakhetha ukunganyanzelisi ukuba inyanzeliswe ngamandla, okanye iinkundla zingayilawula ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukuba umongameli usebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukugqitha kwiBhunga, abenzi bemithetho bangazithoba iinkqubo ezithile okanye badlulise imithetho emitsha elinganisela loo miyalelo. Amanyathelo ejaji alawulayo ukucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwamasebe, ukuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso lomgaqo-siseko ayagcinwa.

Imbali Ebonisa Ulungelelwano

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya idala, ivela kurhulumente abaxubeneyo beRoma kunye neencwadi zika-Aristotle. Noko ke, ukwenziwa kwale nkqubo kwale mihla kubhekiswe ngqo kuMontesquieu, osebenza ngo1748 Umoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuba inkululeko ikhuseleke ngcono xa uwiso-mthetho, umphathi-gcuma, kunye nemisebenzi yezomthetho ibekwe kwimizimba eyahlukileyo. Abaseki beMelika, abaphicotheneyo, kwii-1780, abazimisele ukuphepha ubuzwilakhe phantsi kolawulo lobuBritane. Bazenza umGaqo-siseko owenziwe ngabom nxamnye namandla achasene namandla. UJames Madison, Fadlist.[51], umbhali odumileyo: “umthetho onegunya lobulumko kufuneka ulwelo lobuzwelo lwezinzo.

Imizekelo Ebalaseleyo Yembali

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): [ Le tyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yamisa uhlolo lwenkundla. Xa uMongameli Thomas Jefferson wala ukudlulisela ikomfa yolu gunya lukaWilliam Marbury njengobulungisa boxolo, iJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall yavakalisa ukuba umthetho ofuna ukunikezelwa okunjalo akunanto iqumrhu. Isigqibo saqinisekisa igunya leNkulawula iNkundla ukutolika umGaqo-siseko, isenza uvavanyo olusisigxilo kwamanye amasebe.
  • IWatergate Scampal (197-1974): uMongameli Richard Nixon ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya `kuquka ukuqhekezwa kwe-premocratic Committee National joint" kunye nesigqubuthelo esilandelayo {nup] sabhencwa ngokuchotshelwa kwentlanganiso kunye neenkqubo zokugweba. INkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uNixon ukuba akhulule iikhasethi zendlu ezimhlophe, kwaye ijongene nento ethile engathi iyachasa, warhoxa. Esi siganeko sabonisa indlela i-witrotion kunye namasebe ejaji ajonge ngayo kwanomphathi onamandla.
  • Ukuqulunqwa kooMongameli: Indlu iqalisile oomongameli abathathu: uAndrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), kunye noDonald Trump (209 no-2021). INdlu yeNtlanga yabakhulula bonke, kodwa inkqubo ngokwayo inyanzelisa uphando lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuphendula. Ukungavumela kuka- Johnson kuvela kwimfazwe neBhunga kwiinkqubo zombutho kuquluko loguqulelo; Clinton ibandakanye nento equkiwe kwi-perjury kunye ne-getting; Trump isiseko sokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kunye nokuxhokonyelwa kwegunya. Imeko nganye yavavanya ulawulo lolawulo nolawulo.
  • i-New Decrap Era Justice Conflict: Kwiminyaka yee-1930, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Declaret yazimisela iinkqubo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezathi zabetha umthetho ongundoqo. Roosevelt yacebisa ukuba “ikhosting à builcedo, intshukumo ebonwa ngokuba yinzame yokunciphisa inkululeko yokulawula. Nangona icebo lasilela, labangela ukuba iNkundla ibonise amandla achubileyo phakathi kwamasebe.

Iinkqubo zale mihla Zokukhangela Nongqinelwano

Isixokelelwano sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisasebenza kwimithetho elawulayo. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kukho imizekelo ebalulekileyo ebonisa indlela amasebe asebenza ngayo ngexesha lexesha elidlulileyo:

  • Imiyalelo eSebenzileyo kunye neNjinganiso yezeeJaji: Abameli basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya ekuqhubeleni phambili inkqubo ngaphandle kweKhomishini. Umzekelo, ngo-2017, uMongameli Trump wakhupha uMthetho weSigqeba 13769 (uluthintelo lokuhamba-phambili”), owathintela ukungena okuvela kumazwe amaninzi. Iinkundla zomkhosi zakhawuleza zakhupha imimiselo, yaye ekugqibeleni iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa uguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo. Olu landelelwano lubonise ukuba ubuchule bejajiji bobugqesho kwimithetho kunye nokuthobela umthetho.
  • Ukulawula Ukuvakala koMphathiswa woMkhosi woLawulo oluPhakathi: Isebe lemithetho liye laqinisa ukusebenzisa kwalo ukusebenzisa ii-'passeans' kunye nokuva ukuphengulula imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. I House encotsheni ye-Trump ngo-2019 yaxhomekeka kakhulu kubungqina obukhoyo kunye nezicelo zoxwebhu. Kutshanje, iKomiti yokuKhetha iHouse iphengulula umhla kaJanuwari 6, 2021 Capitol ifumene iindlebe zikawonke-wonke ezithi zityhile ubungqina obunokwenzeka bolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi zimphulandlela zibonisa indlela iBhunga lokulawula iNtlanganiso kwana xa iqela lilawula iNdlukwano emhlophe.
  • IVetoes kunye nezenzo ezingalawulekiyo: Phakathi koomongameli uGeorge W. Bush noJoe Biden, ivetoes zisetyenzisiwe ukuvala umthetho, kodwa iBhunga alifane lihlanganise intengiso enkulu efunekayo ukulawuleka. Sekunjalo, isisongelo seveto siphembelela ukuba iindleko zifikelele kwidesika kamongameli. Le nkonzo isemva (epul 76and) iqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo zifuna umvano lwamandla.
  • Isenzo sokuqinisekisa abagwebi borhulumente sisiba nengxabano eqhubekayo. Amandla eNdlu yeNtsimbi okucebisa nokuvuma ukugwetywa kwemithetho asebenza njengovavanyo kubuchule bomphathi olawulayo bokubumba ijaji. Umzekelo, ukungamkeli kweBhunga ukujonga uMongameli u-Obama uMphathi uMerick Garland ngo-2016, kunye noqinisekiso olukhawulezileyo lukaMongameli u-Trump no-Amy Conney Barrett ngo-2020, kubonisa indlela amandla anokuba negalelo ngayo kumandla ka-Ogciok.

Ukugxekwa Nemilinganiselo

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ikho ngaphandle kokuphoxeka. Abahlalutyi bakhomba kwimibandela emininzi enokuthintela ulawulo olusebenzayo:

  • Gridlock: Xa amasebe ahlukeneyo elawulwa ngamaqela aphikisanayo, inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ingama. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ifuna ulalaniso, kodwa udityaniso lwendawo lunciphisa ukuvuma ukudibana. Le ntambo yegridi ingashiya iingxaki ezibalulekileyo . ezinje ngohlaziyo okanye uphahla lwetyala lunyuka ````Ayinyanzeliswa amatyala' iminyaka emininzi.
  • [[NTLA] Umlinganiselo ongaphaya komthetho: Abanye baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla ziye zanamandla kakhulu, zisenza izigqibo ezimele zishiyelwe kuomameli abanyuliweyo. Imithetho yelizwe yokukhupha isisu, umtshato ofanayo wokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini, kunye nonyango lwempilo iye yagxekwa njengesenzo sokulawula. Ngoxa uhlolo lwezomthetho lukhusela amalungelo, lungabonwa njengesiphelo esihamba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impumelelo yobhaqo olugqithisileyo: Ngamanye amaxesha oomongameli basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo kunye nezenzo ezingekho mgaqo-siseko ukuze banwebe igunya labo ngaphaya koko kucetyiwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Ulwandiso lwesebe lolawulo lunike isebe eliphetheyo amandla amakhulu e-grand, athe iBhunga lazama ukulawula. Umgca phakathi kokunyanzelwa okusemthethweni nesenzo somthetho womthetho ungafinyeza.
  • Isenzo sokuxhaphaza: amaqela ezobupolitika afunde ukwenza izixhobo zomGaqo-siseko ukuze kungenelwe abaphambukeli. Inkqubo yokungakhuthazi, eyakhe yagcinelwa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamangcwaba, iye yasetyenziselwa iziphelo ezitsha. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi iye yaba yindawo yedabi, ngokulibazisa nokuphazamisa okusetyenziswa ukunqanda ii-mine ngenxa yokungavisisani kwengqiqo.

Ezi zithintelo zisemngciphekweni olungiselelwe ukuba zingasebenzi. Abaseki bamisela inkululeko engaphezulu kakhulu. Ucelomngeni lwabemi bale mihla kukulungelelanisa imfuneko yorhulumente osebenzayo nezixhobo zokhuseleko ezinika uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso. Iziguqu eziqhubekayo . "ezifana nokucacisa imida yomyalelo wempatho elawulayo, ukubekwa kwemithetho elawulayo, nokuphucula imithetho elandelwayo yequmrhu--scrinis" zixabana njengendlela zokucombulula ezi ngxaki ngaphandle kokulahla ingcamango engundoqo.

Indima Yabemi Ekulondolozeni Iindlela Nokulungelelana

Inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko isebenza kuphela xa abemi betshate. Iingqiniwo nolungelelwano azizenzekeli; zixhomekeke kukhetho olunolwazi olufuna ukuba isebe ngalinye liphendule. Abami banokuba nenxaxheba ngeendlela ezininzi:

Ukugqabaza Kukhetho Lonke

Ukuncoma yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuphembelela ulungelelwano lwamandla. Umongameli, umbutho, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni lumisela ukuba ngubani onegunya. Ngovota, abemi bangawavuza okanye bohlwaye amagosa anyulweyo ngenxa yokuxhasa kwawo imigaqo engokomGaqo-siseko. Umvumi ophantsi, ingakumbi kunyulo lwaphakathi, unika intshukumisa encinane yokuhlonela iimvavanyo nolungelelwano. Xa abemi bevota ngokungaguquguquki, baphawula loo mibandela yokuvelela.

Ukuzibandakanya Nobugqwirha

Abami bangadibanisa amaqela e-advocacy ajonga izenzo zikarhulumente kwaye atyhalela ukubonakala. Iintlangano ezifana ne-American Civil Liberties Union ([[FLT: 0]] ALU) kunye neBrennan Center for Justice ([ Brennan Center [) zisebenza ukukhusela inkululeko yabemi nokukhuthaza ulawulo olunetyala. Ukubhalela abameli, ukuhlanganisa iiholo zedolophu, nokuthatha inxaxheba emfazweni yoxolo zintlobo zonke ze-Dicet jovsss amagosa anyanzela ukubambelela kwimiqathango yomthetho.

Ukuhlala Usazi Ngokusuka Kwimithombo Enokuthenjwa

Ukuqonda indlela uvavanyo nolungelelwano olusebenza ngayo kumsebenzi kudinga ufikelelo kulwazi oluchanekileyo. Abami kufuneka bafune izinto zemfundo ezingekho ```````partistan''''. IZiko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe' [ linikela izixhobo ezisebenzisanayo kunye namanqaku achaza isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko. Ithala leencwadi leKhompala ( iLibrary of Congress Congress[[[FLT]]]]) linikezela amaxwebhu aphambili kunye nohlalutyo lwembali. Emva kokukhupha iindaba ezidumileyo ezigquma iBhunga iKhonk, i-Precity, i-Pucersties, kunye neenkundla zinceda abemi banini ukuba bafumane iimeko zomzila apho amasebe ajonga enye enye.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kurhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano lukhona nakumazwe nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Amabhunga ezixeko, iibhodi zephondo, kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zahlulelene ngokufanayo. Ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ukusebenza kwiibhodi zezentlalo, okanye ukufunda nje uqingqo-mali lukamasipala kunika abemi imbono ebanzi ngendlela abasebenza ngayo ubuveleli. Ukuganana kwasekuhlaleni kwakha namasiko okuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi nto leyo eguqulela ekubeni baqonde isizwe.

Ukuxhasa Imfundo Yesityalo

Abantu abafundileyo bayakwazi ukuqwalasela ingcinezelo. Abami bangaxhasa imibutho efundisa amaqumrhu ezikolo nakwimimandla. Ngokuzithandela banikele iintetho ngomGaqo-siseko, banikele kwiinkqubo zemfundo, okanye baxubushe iziganeko zangoku ngeliso le-checks kunye nolungelelwano kwintsapho nabahlobo. Okukhona abantu beyiqonda le nkqubo, kokukhona kuba nzima naliphi na isebe ukudlula.

Isiphelo

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano asiyongcamango engekho mgaqweni; zizinto ezisebenza imihla ngemihla ezikhusela abemi kumandla azimeleyo. Ngokwahlula igunya phakathi kowiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye namasebe eejaji, kwaye ngokunika iliso ngalinye ukulinganisela ezinye, inkqubo yenza isiseko esiqinileyo sokulawula. Imizekelo yembali ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa kwamaxesha anamhlanje ibonisa indlela ezi nkqubo eziye zathintela ngayo ukuxhatshazwa, ukuxhaswa kwamalungelo, nokunyanzelwa ukuba balalane. Noko ke, inkqubo ayifezekanga.

Abami bangamangenelo aphezulu kunye nabagcini abapheleleyo benkqubo. Ngovota, ukubhalisa, imfundo, nokuba nenxaxheba kwasekuhlaleni, abantu bangaqinisekisa ukuba uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso luhlala lusebenza. Ubuchule bomgaqo-siseko buxhomekeke kumagama angekho nje kwisikhumba, kodwa kumanyano olusebenzayo lwabantu. Ukuqonda nokukhusela esi sakhiwo luxanduva olungenamsebenzi kuzo zonke izizukulwana. Kwihlabathi apho imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi inokuthi ithobe, uqheliselo lwee-echeke kunye nolungelelwano lungaphezulu luxhomekeke kumagama akwisikhumba sesikhumba, kodwa kunesibambiso sabantu. Ngokuhlala benolwazi kwaye bebandakanye, abemi bomeleza isiseko sabo nenkululeko yabo.