Table of Contents

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soMkhosi-neNkxaso

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente baseUnited States lunamandla yaye ludla ngokuphikisana. Ulungelelwano lwamandla luyingo esoloko ikho, ingakumbi xa amaphondo ekhetha ukucel ’ umngeni imithetho karhulumente. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa oko kwenzekayo xa amagunya awo egunya achasene nemiyalelo karhulumente, isiseko somthetho esibandakanyekileyo, nemizekelo ephawulekayo yembali esuka kwiNullification Crisis ukuya kwiimpikiswano zamaxesha okufuduka, ukuchanabeka kwempilo, kunye nenkqubo yemekobume.

Ukuqonda ezi mpikiswano kufuna uluvo oluqinileyo lomgaqo-siseko. Abaququzeleli badala ngabom inkqubo yorhulumente eyahlula-hlula ulawulo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente, kodwa bashiya iinkcukacha ezininzi zididane. Oko kudida okuye kwabangela ungquzulwano oluphindaphindiweyo apho igunya lorhulumente liphela khona kwaye kuqalisa khona. Ezi ngxabano azibangelwa nje yimfundo yolwazi olunzulu; zivelisa amadabi okwenyaniso alawula ubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla, umgangatho wolawulo lorhulumente, kunye nentsingiselo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika ngokwayo.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela inkqubo karhulumente karhulumente, yahlula amagunya phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente. Utshintsho olungundoqo kunye namabinzana zinendima ebalulekileyo kulo lwalamano, kwaye ukutolikwa kwawo kuye kwavela ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

UClaus Oneengcungela

Inqaku le-6, iGatya lesi-2 loMgaqo-siseko uthi umthetho karhulumente uthatha indawo yokuqala kumthetho wesizwe. Waziwa njengoSupremacy Claus, unika imvume yokuba umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente ewenzileyo ingumthetho omkhulu welizwe, isalathisi esibophayo phezu kwayo yonke into echasene nomgaqo-siseko okanye imithetho. Lo mthetho uqulunqelo lusisixhobo esiphambili sikarhulumente xa urhulumente echasa imithetho karhulumente. Noko ke, ulawulo olungundoqo lwe-qualifier libinzana "umphant" lomgaqo-siseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba ukuba ukuba umthetho weBhunga lorhulumente ubalase amagunya, awungowona mlinganiselo ophezulu kwaye unokuthi uxhamke. Oku kudala ukuqikelelwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho womthetho-orhulumente wonke okuxhomekeke kumthetho olawulwa ngokuchana.

UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo

Oku kulungiswa kwamagunya okugcina okungathunyelwanga kurhulumente karhulumente karhulumente okanye kubantu. Kwabekwa ngo1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, uMphengululo weshumi elinesiThathu wawuyinto yokumiselwa ngexesha lokumkelwa kwawo. Kwimbali enkulu yeMelika, kwakunqabile ukuba kubhenwe njengegunya elinzulu kurhulumente. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawuvuselela njengomlinganiselo onenjongo kuma 1990 nama 2000, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezifana New York v. United States ngoku ingumba-1992 kunye [FLT] ne-Pregz. United States v[FLT].[FLT]

Urhwebo LweClaus

Inqaku I, Icandelo 8 linika iNkundla yamaBhunga amandla okulawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwana. Kwiminyaka engamashumi, uMbutho worhwebo uClaus waba sisiseko esisisiseko somgaqo-siseko sokwandisa amandla karhulumente, ukusuka kwiNew Deal kwi-Great Society. INkundla ePhakamileyo yanika iKhongozelo-ngquthela isibanzi phantsi kwale ngxelo, ngokubhekiselele kwizigwebo zesizwe malunga noko kuchaphazelekayo kwezorhwebo lwamazwe. Kodwa United States v. [[FLT]] izigqibo ezithiweyo [2] [iiiiiiiiiiimeko ezibambe imidangangeno], imisela imida entsha, ibambe ukuba unxulumano olungelulo olungenayo urhwebo oluphezulu kwi-othematiko. Ezi zigqiyo zimisela le mithetho yemithetho ye-ognomentene.

Imali kaClaus kunye neeNgxelo ezinemiqathango

Enye ingqwalaselo enzima ibandakanya amandla eBhunga phantsi kweGatya I, ICandelo lesi-8 lokuchitha imali kwintlalo-ntle jikelele. Urhulumente wengingqi usoloko esebenzisa izibonelelo eziziimfaneleyo ukuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente, ukudibanisa iimeko kwimali karhulumente ekufuneka yamkele ukuba ifuna imali. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba iimeko ezinjalo mazicace, zinxulumene nomdla worhulumente kwinkqubo yokuchitha imali, kwaye zingasebenzisi imali ekhoyo. Intlalo ye-Intengiso ye-Intependentssion v. USebelius[FLT:] [2010], iNkuvolu yafumanisa ukuba iAfford Carect inguance I-Act inqandalide ukunqanda imali ekhoyo engekho ngqiqweqweni ephumayo kwiMidicayidiyo, elungileyo kumazwe azimeleyo, angamenywanga kwemiqatha.

Imeko yembali: Isiseko esinzulu seFederal\-Statem Conflict

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, amatyala aye acel ’ umngeni igunya likarhulumente kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda le mingeni kunika uluvo kwingxoxo eqhubekayo yamalungelo karhulumente nxamnye namandla karhulumente. Umzekelo uyangqinelana: urhulumente wesizwe ukwandisa ukufikelela kwakhe ukucombulula ingxaki yesizwe, uthetha ukuba uxhathise kwimiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko nakwezobupolitika, iinkundla ziphikisana nempikiswano, kunye nemizekelo elandelayo iphinde ibangele ukuhambelana koburhulumente.

Ingxaki Yokungadibanisi Izinto

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, kwavela iNqanawa yeNkulumbuso yeNtlalo yoLawulo eMkhosikazi weCarolina xa kwazama ukuphelisa umkhosi wesizwe. Iphondo lathi umkhosi wango1828 nowewaka linamakhulu asibhozo anamashumi amabini anamashumi amabini anamashumi asixhenxe anesine nonyaka onyaka onesiXanduva wawungagunyaziswanga ngokomthetho yaye wawuyingozi kwizoqoqosho zawo, kwaye zathi azizange ziphele kwaye zingabikho nto phantsi kwemida karhulumente. Umongameli Andrew Jackson waphendula ngemikhosi yomkhosi, wamisa ulawulo lwaseburhulumenteni, yaye iBhunga lomkhosi lomkhosi wasekuhlaleni lawugunyazisa ngemikhosi yemfazwe karhulumente ka-1833. Ingxaki yapheliswa ngokulala kwemiqatha, kodwa umbanoxandulo ephantsi komgaqo-mthetho-siseko wesizwe.

Ukubhukuqwa Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

Ucelomngeni olupheleleyo lwelizwe kwigunya likarhulumente lwafika ngo1860 nango1861, xa amazwe asemazantsi alishumi elinanye athe ahlukana ne-Union, eqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawungumanyano phakathi koorhulumente abanokoyiswa. Imfazwe yamakhaya yayalela ngokuqinileyo le ngcamango. Imfazwe yemfazwe yemfazwe yamakhaya yaqhubeka ichasa imigaqo-nkqubo yeSindululo se-Phondo (Propublic Reconfligist). /iNguqulotionon, ishumi elineshumi elineshumi elinesine nesihlanu lamawaka, kunye ne-8.8.Forda ngengqondo yaguqula ulungelelamsko ngokunika iBhunganiso amagunya amatsha ukunyanzela amalungelo asekuhlaleni ngokuchasene nomthetho. Kwanasemva koAppometox, ithelela ukuxhathisa igunya lesizwe, ingakumbi ngenkqubo ye-Jim Crow yesizwe eyaqhubeka ngenkulungwane enye.

Imbambano Entsha: Ubuhlanga namalungelo asekuhlaleni

I-Civil Rights Movement yabona ukuba amatyala achasene nemithetho karhulumente ejoliswe ekupheliseni intsebenziswano. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, iRhuluneli yase-Alabama uGeorge Wallace yaduma kumnyango wesikolo ukuthintela ukubhaliswa kwabafundi base-Afrika kwiYunivesithi yase-Alabama ngo 1963, ukujongela phantsi umthetho karhulumente kunye nomyalelo wenkundla karhulumente. UMongameli John F.Kennedy wagunyazisa i-Alabama National Guards ajongene nomthetho wenkundla. Oku kwenzeka eMississississippi, eArkansa, nakwezinye iindawo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ye-Afrika Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo yesizwe (1954) yavakalisa ukuba izikolo zinganyanze umgaqo-mthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho olawula urhulumente woluntu, kodwa kwakufuneka ukuba ulwenze ulawulo oluphezulu.

IXesha LikaReagan Nomanyano Olutsha

UMongameli uRonald Reagan waxhasa "Umkhosi Omtsha Ozimeleyo" owawufuna ukubuyisela igunya kumazwe, ephikisa ngelithi urhulumente worhulumente ukhule kakhulu kwaye ungenaluvo. Olu tshintsho lwezopolitiko lwahambelana nokutshintsha kwemfundiso kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, eyaqalisa ukuthatha imbono enzulu ngakumbi ngolawulo lukarhulumente. Inkundla yeRehnquinst ukusuka phakathi konyaka ka19990 ukuya phambili yakhupha uthotho lwezigqibo ezilawulayo phantsi koMkhosi kaClassiaste Claus, uMnyuselo we-149th, kunye noMphengululo we-Andesi, inika izixhobo ezintsha ezisemthethweni zokuchasa izigunyazo zikarhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Kwigunya Lesizwe

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe amaninzi aye acel ’ umngeni imithetho karhulumente equka ukufuduka nokunyamekela impilo nemekobume. Le mingeni yanamhlanje idla ngokubonisa ukwahlukana okugqithisileyo kwezobupolitika neengcamango, yaye amazwe abambelele kulawulo lwedemokhrasi acel ’ umngeni ulawulo lweDemocratic kunye namazwe ahambela phambili acel ’ umngeni ulawulo lweRiphabliki.

Ulawulo

Amazwe anjenge-Arizona neTexas aye amisela imithetho yawo yokufuduka, eqinisekisa ilungelo lawo lokunyanzelisa iinkqubo zokufuduka akholelwa ukuba ziyimfuneko kukhuseleko noqoqosho lwawo. I-SB 1070 ye-Arizona ngo-2010 yayingumzekelo obalaseleyo, efuna amagosa omthetho karhulumente ukuba ahlole ukuba ngabahlali abamisiweyo okanye abavale ukuba babe norhano olusengqiqweni lokuba umntu usezweni ngokungekho mthethweni. Urhulumente wesizwe umangalele ukuba, umangalela ukuba ukunyaniswa koluntu ngumthetho worhulumente woburhulumente. umele ukuba amagosa omthetho ajonge ukufuduka abe ngumzekelo ophezulu wokuqinisekisa ukuba ngabasebenzi belizwe abasebenzi belizwe abasebenzi belizwe okanye abakhweli. [[FLT] v. United States[FLTY] [11] [202], iNkuquluko oluPhaka-mthetho luye lwabethayokugqibekileyo lomthetho, ekubamba ukuba bahlulwe umthetho, ekubanjwe ngumthetho, kodwa awise ekufuneni kwemeko olusemthethweni wokurhoxinze urhulumente

Kutshanje, iTexas namanye amazwe acel ’ umngeni imithetho yengingqi yokufuduka phantsi kolawulo lweBiden, kuquka iSebe loKhuseleko loLokhuseleko lwaseHomeland kunye nokupheliswa komgaqo-nkqubo "Qhubeka eMexico". Le mingeni idla ngokubiza iNkxaso ka-Celas weQumrhu II, iphikisa into yokuba isebe elilawulayo aliyiphumeleli ngokuthembeka imithetho yokufuduka edluliswa yiBhunga.

Imithetho yezonyango

Amazwe akwaye ahlehlisela emva imithetho yezonyango yesizwe, ingakumbi i-Affordble Care ACA. Amanye amaphondo awavumayo ukwandisa iMedicaid phantsi kwe-ACA, ephikisa ukuba iphazamisa amalungelo awo kwaye ibeka imithwalo engafanelekanga yemali. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2012 sisesona sidityanisiweyo NFIB v. Sebelius yenza uMdicaid yandisa ngokungacetyo kumazwe, kwaye njengango-2024, amalunga neshumi aye angekayandisanga zinkqubo zawo. Oku kubangele umsebenzi osisicatshulwayo ngaphaya kwelizwe, ngezigidi zabantu abadala abangengomalungu aphantsi kumazwe awenziwe kwimidangangoo-expart.

Amazwe avavanye nezinye iinkalo ze-ACA, kuquka umyalelo womntu ngamnye, umqeshi, kunye neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zolawulo. California v. Texas (2021], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalugatya ucelomngeni lwamatyala afuna ukuphelisa zonke ii-ACA emva kweBhunga inciphisa isohlwayo somthetho ngamnye. Inkundla yathi abalawuli abangenako ukuma ngenxa yokuba bengenakubonisa ukulimala okukoqobo okuvela kumyalelo ongathwalisohlwayo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo iye yenye yezona ndawo ziphambili zongquzulwano lwephondo. Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, iKhalifoniya, namanye amazwe aqhubela phambili atyholwa ukuvala imiqathango yemekobume yelizwe, kuquka imithetho yokukhutshwa kwezithuthi, umphunga wemethane, kunye nongcoliso lwamanzi. Ngexesha lolawulo lweBiden, amaphondo axhotyiswe ngamaRiphabliki afake ityala lokuthintela imithetho entsha yokusingqongileyo, kuquka neCec Power Plan Plan Pravice 2.0 kunye nemichiza ye-methemichine.

IClangare Air Act kunye noMthetho we-Comelar Water Act zombini zimisela imigangatho esezantsi karhulumente ngeli lixa zivumela oorhulumente ukuba bamkele iimfuno ezithe vetshe. Le mizekelo yentsebenziswano ye-operal iye yavelisa amashumi eminyaka okuzinzisa phezu kolawulo lwegunya lorhulumente kunye nemida yokulawula kukarhulumente. Umthetho womoya ococekileyo unika igunya le-EPA ukumisela umgangatho womgangatho womoya ophezulu, kodwa amatyala kufuneka aphuhlise iplani yokuphumeza imilinganiselo yokufikelela loo migangatho, inkqubo ephindaphindiwe kulawulo lwe-orhulumente.

Imithetho Yemipu Nohlaziyo Lwesibini

Amazwe akwacel ’ umngeni imithetho yemipu karhulumente, eminye imithetho emiswayo etyhola ukupheliswa kwemiqathango yemipu. UMthetho wesibini weSigqibo soLondolozo lweMissouri, owiswe ngo-2021, umisela imithetho yemipu karhulumente engenasiseko kwiSecond Confection ukuba ingasebenzeli kwaye ithintele ukunyanzeliswa komthetho karhulumente ukuba ungawunyanzeli. Urhulumente wamazwe wamangalela ukuba umthetho uwephula umthetho iSupremacy Classiaska. United States v. Missouri[FLD:] [20023], inkundla yesithiliti yorhulumente yawisa umthetho ityala isongeno-mthetho wokungawunyanzeli.

Ngokuchaseneyo, amaphondo anemithetho engqongqo yemipu aye acel ’ umngeni imithetho karhulumente yokuba aphikisane nokukwazi kwawo ukulawula imipu. UKhuselo loMsebenzi Womthetho kwi-Act (PLCAA) yowama-2005 lunika abenzi bemipu ukhuseleko olubanzi kwityala lamakhaya, kwaye amanye amazwe aye afuna ukuphepha olu khuseleko lwamagunya kumthetho-mthetho.

Ukwenziwa komthetho okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuQhubeka kuSindululo

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo unzima wemfazwe karhulumente kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje ubandakanya inkqubo yomjumba. Kusukela ngo-2024, 24 amaphondo aye agunyazisa ulonwabo lwembanje, kwaye ama-38 amazwe aye agunyazisa umya wezonyango. Kodwa umyayi uhlala uyiShedyuli Ndilawula phantsi komthetho karhulumente, kwaye ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunokuthiwa kunyanzele abantu kunye namashishini asebenza ngokuthobela umthetho karhulumente. ISebe leJaji phantsi kolawulo lwe-Obama lamkela inkqubo yokunganyanzeli-mfatho nge-Cole Memores, kodwa ulawulo lweTrump luyirhoxisile loo mthetho. Ulawulo lweBhiden luye lwagcina inkqubo yokungangeni mithetho-omatilo-o-onke ngoxa lufuna inkqubo yokubuyiselwa kombanje phantsi komthetho karhulumente.

Le ngxabano ibangele imibuzo entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni malunga nobukhulu bamandla karhulumente okugunyazisa ihambo ekwalelwa ngumthetho karhulumente, amandla amashishini agunyazisayo ekufikeleleni kwiinkonzo zebhanki, kunye neziphumo zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo ayikhange ithethe ngqo ngomthetho-mgaqo-siseko wokugunyazisa umya, kodwa uxinezeleko phakathi korhulumente nomthetho karhulumente luhlala lungalungiswa. Umthetho we-SAFERNING BHAUMLER [ kunye neminye imigudu yolungiso yemithetho yomthetho elawulayo ibonisa ukuzama ukusombulula le ngxaki.

AmaLungelo okukhupha isisu kunye nempendulo yeRhulumente ku [[FLT: 0] AmaDobbs[[FLT: 1]

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sitshintshe ngokuphawulekayo isimo solawulo lwe-Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], ewiswe ngumthetho Roev. [Ukwahlula]. , ngokuphawulekayo, kwayisusa ummandla wesizwe kumongomo wokuqhomfa. Ngamaxesha omthetho-siseko arhoxisiwe, athe amisela uludwe olubanzi lwemithetho-nkqubo, ukusuka kumazwe aphantse noludityaniso olukhoyo lokukhusela ukuphuma komphunga kwamanye amazwe. Iingxabano eziphumayo ziye zabangela imibuzo esemthethweni yokuba ngaba iimeko zinokuba zingaba zingakwazi na ukuva abantu abahamba besiya kwamanye amazwe ukuqhomfa, nokuba ngaba iimeko zinokubeka ityala kubaguli abasebenza ngaphandle kwe-tempse-tein, nokuba ngaba zisebenzisa umgaqo-Active-Active-Activedmictine (EActives)) e-Activedmictine (Emotion))

Inkqubo Esemthethweni: Indlela Urhulumente Azinzisa Ngayo Iingxaki

Xa oorhulumente becel ’ umngeni imithetho karhulumente, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inokuba nzima kwaye ibe mide. Indlela esuka ekuxhathiseni kwesizwe ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi kunye nokhetho olucwangcisiweyo.

Ucelomngeni lonyanzelo lwangaphambili kunye nokungaSebenzi kobuNcedo

Kunokulinda ukuba agwetywe ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho wesizwe, uchaza ngokufuthi ukuba kucelwe ucelomngeni phambi kokunyanzelwa kwemithetho efuna ugwebo lokuba umthetho awumelani nomthetho okanye awusebenzi kurhulumente. Ezi ngxaki zisenokuphikisa ngelithi umthetho wesizwe ungaphaya kwamandla adwelisweyo eBhunga, ukuba awubuhloneli ulawulo phantsi koMphetho-Mpanziso-mthetho weshumi, okanye ungquzulanisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho ngokufakela i-Celasko ngokugqithisa okungeyo kwimiqathango yomthetho.

Imfundiso Yokungahambelani Kwamagunya

Kwakhona amaziko asenokucela imfundiso yokuthintelwa koorhulumente, ethi urhulumente wesizwe akanakubeka umthwalo othile kurhulumente. Le mfundiso iye yasetyenziselwa ukukhusela ulawulo lukarhulumente kwimimandla efana nolawulo lwabasebenzi bakarhulumente nemisebenzi yezixhobo zikarhulumente.

Umthetho kunye neeNkundla zoManyano

Amazwe afuna umyalelo wokuqala wokuvala umthetho ocetyiswayo ngeli xesha iziphumo. Amatyala asenokubelwa abagwebi abaneembono ezithile kwiqumrhu lorhulumente, kwaye ukhetho lokubekwa kwendawo lungaba lubalulekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lwemiba lusebenza, la matyala asoloko eviwa kwinkundla yephondo, kungekhona kwinkundla yorhulumente.

Indima Yendoda Eqhelekileyo Efundisa Ngoncwadi Lweziko

Xa urhulumente wesizwe eliqela, iSolicitor General yaseUnited States imele indawo karhulumente. I-United States imelwa ngamagqwetha ayo, asoloko enxibelelana namagqwetha jikelele kwamanye amazwe. Kwimeko eziphezulu ze-profile, uninzi lwamazwe lungafaka ifayile ye-amicus shfish kwelinye icala okanye elinye. I-National Association of Attorney General idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-statigation.

Ukubandakanyeka kweNkundla Ephakamileyo

Amatyala amaninzi ekugqibeleni afikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, enesiphelo kwimicimbi yomgaqo-siseko. INkundla ingathatha ityala lokubhenela kwinkundla yesibheno yesizwe okanye ingasiva isenzo santlandlolo phantsi kolawulo lwayo lwantlandlolo kwiimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe. Inkqubo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha ukuba ikhetha amatyala okuwaphulaphula, kwaye ithatha amatyala abangela imibuzo ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko okanye ukungqubana phakathi kweenkundla zesiphaluka.

Isicwangciso Sedefault

Izindululo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zimisela imizekelo ebumba ikamva lolwalamano lwephondo. Xa iNkundla iphakamisa umthetho karhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linamandla okulawula kuloo ndawo, kwaye amaphondo abotshelelwe ngokwaloo sigqibo. Xa iNkundla iwisa umthetho karhulumente, inyanzelisa umqathango olawula onke amagunya karhulumente amiselwe yiMidicane. NFIB v. USebelius, umzekelo, umisela umda omtsha wokusetyenziswa kwemali ngokubamba ukuba kutha nako ukusongela ukukhupha lonke ulawulo lweMidimedi ekhoyo. [FLT]

Iingxaki Zezobupolitika Nezokwenene Zemeko Karhulumente

Iingxaki zikarhulumente ngemithetho karhulumente zibaluleke kakhulu yaye zichaphazela nangakumbi ngaphandle kweembambano ezingokwasemthethweni ezikhoyo.

Ulwahlulo lwangaphambili lwasemthethweni nolwamacandelo aguquguqukayo

Izigqibo zenkundla zinokulungisa ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente norhulumente. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yoLawulo ePhakamileyo kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edluleyo ziye zayila imekobume esemthethweni apho kukho izixhobo ezininzi zokuxhathisa igunya likarhulumente kunalezo ezasetyenziswa phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini. Oku kutshintsha kuye kwakhuthaza urhulumente ukuba acel ’ umngeni imithetho yesizwe, esazi ukuba iNkundla isenokuvuma iimpikiswano zabo.

Umahluko womgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke neNkinga yomsebenzi

Imithetho eyahlukeneyo kwimimandla eqengqelekayo ekwimithetho echaphazela ubomi babemi. Oku kuyabonakala kakhulu kwiindawo ezifana nenkqubo yomya, apho into esemthethweni e-Oregon ingahlala ingumntu entolongweni eOklahoma. Utshintsho kwimigaqo yezonyango, umgaqo wemeko-bume, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu oludala ukungalingani kokwenyaniso kumalungelo kunye nezibophelelo zabemi ezisekelwe kwindawo abahlala kuyo. Abaxhasi be-rhulumente baphikisa ukuba olu hlanga luvumela ukusebenza njengeekhothamfaza zedemokhrasi, ukuzama iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi zikwazi ukwazisa inkqubo yesizwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba yenza ukungabikho bulungisa nokungagqibeki, kwaye amalungelo asisiseko amele axhomekeke kwimigca karhulumente.

Ukuthotywa Kweentshulukwano Zezobupolitika Nemiphumo Ebuhlungu

Ucelomngeni lwemeko-bume kwimithetho yezopolitiko lungakhuthaza imibutho yezobupolitika kunye nonyulo. Urhulumente ocetyiweyo walulucelomngeni olubanzi kwi-ACA, umzekelo, lwaluyinxalenye yokuchasa umthetho, kwaye uluvo lwanceda ekulondolozeni inkqubela yezopolitiko ukwenzela imigudu yokuzinzisa. Ngokufanayo, ucelomngeni lweKhalifoniya kwimigaqo-siseko solawulo lweTrump lwanika amandla abaxhasi abahambela phambili kwaye waba ngumxholo oyintloko kwiDemocratic alwa nolawulo.

Ukungaqiniseki Nokuthwaliswa Kwemithwalo

Ngoxa kuseza kuhlala imingeni, ukungaqiniseki okungqongileyo kubangela iindleko zokwenene kumazwe, kumashishini, nakumntu ngamnye. Amazwana angafaka izibonelelo ekulungiseleleni ukuzalisekisa umthetho karhulumente othe kamva waphelelwa lixabiso, okanye asenokulibazisa ukuzalisekisa iziphumo ezilindele iziphumo zelixa elingaphambili, ukwenza izithuba zokubophelela okanye ukuqinisekisa. Ukuzalisekisa kwe-ACA kwachaphazeleka ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yokungaqiniseki okwabangelwa lucelomngeni lwango-2012, njengoko amazwanawo anqumayo enoba aya kumisela i-inshorensi okanye ayandisa uMdifidi de kwawiswa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Umlinganiselo woxhathiso lukaRhulumente: Ukunganikezeli kunye nokungabi nalukhundla

Imeko-bume ivavanya imigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo. Amanye amazwana abandakanyeka ekuhlawulweni ngeli xesha ehambisana nomthetho wesizwe olindele isiphumo. Amanye abandakanyeka kwiintlobo ezinamandla zokuxhathisa, kuquka ukwala ukunyanzelisa umthetho wesizwe, ukumisela imithetho enokuthi iphelise imigaqo karhulumente, okanye kwanokuyithintela ngokukhutheleyo imigudu yokunyanzelisa ulawulo. Ngoxa ukuchaswa ngokupheleleyo kwemithetho yenkundla ngokuqhubekayo, amaphondo anenkululeko engakumbi ekulaleni ukunyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente, njengoko uLawulo lweSindululo lweshumi leSinyuko lungavumelangavumelangagunya-mthetho wegunya likarhulumente olawula urhulumente.

Imikhwa Yangoku Nekamva LobuFederalism

Intsingiselo yemfazwe yetyala lombuso ayibonisi zimpawu zokulwa. Izinto eziliqela zokwakha zibonisa ukuba ezi mfazwe ziza kuqhubekeka kwaye ziqhubekeke.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokuhlaziywa Kobuzwe Kwezobupolitika

Njengoko amaqela amabini amakhulu ezobupolitika eye ahlukahluka ngokweengcamango yaye agxininisa kakhulu, oorhulumente belizwe baye baba zizithuthi zokuchasa abanqolobi kwiqela elilawula urhulumente wesizwe. Xa elinye iqela lilawula iWhite House kunye neBhunga, amagosa esizwe asoloko esebenzisa ukucalucalulwa njengesixhobo senkcaso. Lo mgaqo usoloko ukho kangangokuba kulindeleke ukuba inyathelo elikhulu lorhulumente licelw'ucelw'ucelw'e enkundleni lilawulwa liqela eliphikisanayo.

Indima Yezaphuli-mthetho Nenkundla KaRoberts

INkundla ePhakamileyo phantsi kweJaji eliPhakamileyo uJohn Roberts ikhuphe izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zolawulo lorhulumente ezithi zombini zibeke umda kwaye ziphakamise igunya lesizwe phantsi kolawulo lorhwebo lukaClaus noMalike Claus, kodwa ixhase igunya elibanzi lesizwe kwiindawo ezifana nokufuduka, ukuvota, namalungelo okuvota, kunye nokukhutshwa kwenkundla yesizwe. Ukuqulunqwa kweNkundla okuya kuqina okuqhubekayo kunokwenza ukuba ivuleke ngakumbi kwiingxaki zikarhulumente, kodwa ulwalathiso lomthetho lungaqinisekwa ngokupheleleyo.

Imida Emitsha Kwindawo Yomanyano

Imimandla edityanisiweyo yomthetho ingenza imilo emitsha yephondo. Umthetho wobuchule bokwenza ubuchule, ugcino-lwazi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nolawulo lweqonga lwe-intanethi zindawo zonke apho amazwe asebenza khona xa kungekho mthetho wesizwe obanzi, edala amathuba okucinezelwa kwemingeni. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yesizwe ebandakanya ukuqhomfa, ukugqithisa amalungelo omntu, kunye nenkqubo yemipu ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuvelisa unyuso oludayo lwentengiso nolupheleleyo lwenkolo kunye nemibuzo yetyala.

Isiphelo: Ingxaki Engapheliyo

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kwamagunya karhulumente norhulumente luphawu oluchazayo lolawulo lwamaMelika. Ukungaqondani kwangabom komGaqo-siseko malunga nomgca ocacileyo phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelorhulumente kuqinisekisa ukuba olu xinezeleko luya kuqhubeka logama iriphabliki iqhubeka. Njengoko amazwe eqhubeka evavanya imithetho karhulumente, iziphumo zale mfazwe esemthethweni ziza kubumba ikamva lolawulo lwamagunya eUnited States. Ukuqonda le mpembelelo ibalulekile kubafundisi, kubafundi, nakubemi ngokufanayo, njengoko ibonisa imixholo ebanzi yamandla, amalungelo, kunye nolawulo.

Inkqubo ethi ngayo icel ’ umngeni imithetho yesizwe, ukupheliswa kwezobupolitika, kunye nokungathobeli okuthe ngqo, ngamanye amaxesha kutyhila amandla nobuthathaka benkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ityhila ukumelana kwenkqubo, njengoko iimpikiswano zisiwa kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezivelisa izigqibo ezinegunya. Kodwa ikwabonisa ukungavumelani kwenkqubo, njengokungavumelani okusisiseko okungokobume be-Union eqhubekekayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokuba umGaqo-siseko wamkelekile. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi korhulumente norhulumente norhulumente ayiyongxaki yokusombulula kodwa imbonakalo enegunya elinegunya elinegunya elinegunya, ukuqukuqelelana intsingiselo ye-urhulumente ngokwayo.

Abo bafuna ukulandela ezi nkqubela-phambili, i-website yeNkundla ePhakamileyo inikezela ngeembono kwiimeko ezinkulu ze-constitution. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures[ ichaza umgangatho wesicombululo kulawulo lwezwe, kunye iZiko lobuzwe loPhuhliso lwemfundo kawonke-Melikanbon's inika iingcaciso ezifikelelekayo zemigaqo esemthethweni exhotyisiweyo. Njengoko ilizwe liqhubeka lithetha ngomgangatho ofanelekileyo wesizwe namandla orhulumente kunye nolawulo, ezi zinto zinganceda abemi balapho balapho banokuqonda oko kuthenjiweyo kwingqungquthelana entsha.