Imithetho Yomanyano: ISisakhelo Sesizwe

Imithetho yomanyano yemithetho yeBhunga laseUnited States kwaye ityikitywe nguMongameli, okanye idluliswe kwi-veto. Isebenza ngokufanayo kuwo onke amaphondo angamashumi amahlanu, amaphondo ase-U.S., kunye neSithili saseColumbia. Le mithetho ifumana igunya layo kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.S., onika urhulumente othe ngqo wahlulelwa urhulumente, njengamandla okulawula ushishino lwamazwe, imali yengqekelelwane, ibhengeza imfazwe, kunye nokuseka iiofisi zeposi. SSrememacyree [ woMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko (owesi-6, Clauslee]) omisela ukuba umthetho karhulumente ngu"mthetho welizwe owenyukileyo, othetha ukuba uthathe nakuwuphi naluphi naluphi naluphi na ulawulo oluphikisanayo.

Imithetho yesizwe iquka imibandela emininzi echaphazela wonke umntu waseMerika.

  • ICivil Amalungelo: UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi we-Politiki ka-1964, uMthetho wamaLungelo, kunye namaMelika aneziphene Awulwamkeli ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, imibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ukukhubazeka, nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Le mithetho ibumba umsebenzi, indlu, imfundo, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imithetho yezemali yangaphakathi ilawula irhafu yengeniso karhulumente, irhafu yequmrhu, irhafu yerhafu, kunye nerhafu yezindlu. INkonzo yeNyonga (IRS) inyanzelisa le mithetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ulwahlulo kunye nokwendalo: umthetho woManyano kuphela olawulayo onokuthi ungene kweli lizwe, ufumane iimvume zokufumana, ube ngummi osisigxina osemthethweni, okanye uthatyathwe. UMthetho wokwahlulwa kohlanga noMgaqo-siseko ngumthetho oyintloko.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukhuseleko lwezengqondo: Imithetho efana noMthetho ococekileyo womoya, uGatya amanzi, kunye noMthetho weSizwe weNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yokuHlaziya uLungiselelo lweMigangatho yeMgangatho-nkqubo yeSizwe ecwangcisiwe kulo lonke ilizwe ukwenzela ulawulo longcoliso, ulondolozo lwemali, kunye nohlolo-goso lwemekobume.
  • I-Health Care: Umthetho we-Affordble Care ACA) wazisa imimiselo karhulumente ye-inshorensi yempilo, ulwandiso lweMedicaid, kunye nemiyalelo yabantu ngabanye. IMedicare kunye ne-Medicaid ziinkqubo ezimiselwe ngurhulumente.
  • Urhwebo lwe-Interstate: I-Classical ivumela iKhomyutha yezoshishino ezinqamleza iilayini zikarhulumente. Oku kugquma yonke into ukusuka kwimithetho echasene nokholo ukuya kukhuseleko lokutya neziyobisi (FDA) kunye nokhuseleko lwabathengi (CPSC).

Imithetho karhulumente inyanzeliswa ngamasebe karhulumente (umz., iSebe Lezobulungisa, iArhente Yokukhusela Imekobume, i-Aumeter Opportunity Commissioner) yaye ityunjwe kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kuquka iinkundla zesithili, iinkundla zesiphakamiso zesibheno, neNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States.

Imithetho kaRhulumente: Imigaqo Yoluntu

Imithetho karhulumente imiselwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente (futhi maxa wambi ngabavoti ngqo ngeenyathelo zokuvota) kwaye ityikitywa yirhuluneli. Isebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida yelo lizwe. ULawulo lweshumi eliLandliselo kumazwe agcine umGaqo-siseko kuwo onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente, okanye angavunyelwanga kumazwe. Oku kunikwa igunya elibanzi kuvumela iimeko ukulawula imicimbi emininzi yemini ukuya kutsho kumhla ochaphazela ngokuthe ngqo abemi.

Imithetho karhulumente iyahluka-hluka. Okusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe kusenokuba akuvumelekanga kweminye imimandla.

  • Imfundo: Imithetho imisela izifundo zesikolo, izithili zesikolo, ukulawula isiqinisekiso sokufundisa, kwaye ibonelela ngemali kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke (ngokufuthi kunxulumene noorhulumente basekuhlaleni).
  • [[NTL:0] Unikezelo: lwase-United States lwamaphepha-mvume okuqhuba, izithuthi ezibhalisayo, icwangcisa imithetho yetrafiki, kunye nokugcina umendo wesantya phakathi kwemida yazo. Imida yesantya, imida ye-DUI, kunye nemithetho yesihlalo esibekyo yahluka ngokwemeko.
  • Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ongowona mba: uninzi lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuhlasela, ukubulala, amatyala eziyobisi, `ichazwe kwaye zohlwaywe phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Kuphela bulwaphulo-mthetho obukhethekileyo bezwe (umz., ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, ukuphangwa kwebhanki, ubuxoki) obuwa phantsi kolawulo lwezwe.
  • UMthetho woNtsapho:, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nolwalamano lwasekhaya yimibandela ephambili yesizwe. Ama-odoli achaza iimfuno zomtshato kunye nezizathu zoqhawulo-mtshato.
  • Iprojekthi kunye neMathematiloshe: uthengiso lwefama, ulwalamano lwendawo, ulawulo kunye neendawo, kunye nezivumelwano zeshishini zilawulwa yimimiselo yombuso nomthetho oqhelekileyo.
  • I-ICIINS kunye nogunyaziso lwamaGcisa: lwama-pareji ase-United States oogqirha, amagqwetha, abameli bezindlu, oorhulumente, oorhulumente, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi. Bakwalawula imisebenzi yokuququzelela kunye noshishino phakathi kwesizwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Inuricence kunye nempilo: Ama-States alawula iinkampani ze-inshorensi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo (ikhaya, impilo) ngesebe le-inshorensi. Amanye amazwana athe andisa iMedicaid ngaphezu kweemfuno zikarhulumente.

Imithetho karhulumente inyanzelwa ngabameli beli lizwe, amapolisa karhulumente, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni.

Indlela Imithetho Karhulumente Enokuba Yinkuselo Engakumbi Ngayo

Incam engundoqo yeyokuba izinto zingathi qho ukhuseleko olungaphezulu koko kufunwa ngumthetho wesizwe, logama nje zingaphikisani nemimiselo yorhulumente. Umzekelo:

  • Nangona umvuzo ophantsi karhulumente uxabisa ii-R2,25 ngeyure (ngowama-2025), amazwe amaninzi aye amisela umvuzo omncinci. Ezinye izixeko zinemivuzo ephezulu.
  • Imithetho echasene nezocalucalulo ekhoyo inika isiseko, kodwa iimeko zinokudibanisa iindidi ezikhuselweyo ezifana nembonakalo yesondo, ubuni, okanye imeko yomtshato.
  • Imimiselo yemekobume: IKhalifoniya inemilinganiselo engqongqo yezithuthi ezikhupha ukhuphiswano kunemithetho karhulumente, evumela iEPA ukuba isetyenziswe ziziphazamiso.
  • Intsapho ehlala ephoswayo: Akukho nkqubo yekhefu ehlawulwayo yentsapho, kodwa amazwe aliqela (umz., eKhalifoniya, eNew York, eMassachusetts) aye amisela eyawo imithetho yekhefu ehlawulwayo.

Xa umthetho karhulumente ukhusela ngakumbi kunomthetho wesizwe, usoloko ukhona. Noko ke, ukuba umthetho karhulumente ungqubana nomthetho karhulumente (umz., urhulumente uzama ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni into eyalelweyo ngurhulumente njengomyayi), urhulumente wesizwe usenokuwunyanzela umthetho karhulumente, nangona izinto eziphambili ekugcinwa komthetho zisenokuhluka.

Indlela Umanyano Lwemithetho Karhulumente Nentsebenziswano: Ulwalamano Oluntsonkothileyo

Ukudibana komthetho karhulumente norhulumente akusoloko kucacile. Imigaqo engundoqo yomgaqo - siseko neemfundiso zilawula ixesha nendlela ezidibana ngayo okanye ezingquzulana ngayo.

UNondyebo Nokukhululwa

Njengoko kuchaziwe, iSupremacy Claus inika umthetho ophezulu. Oku kukhokelela kwimfundiso ye ukukhulula. Xa iNgqungquthela ifuna ukuhlala kwibala ngokupheleleyo, umthetho karhulumente ukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, umthetho wesizwe ulawula kuphela iziko lamandla enyukliya; amazwe akanakumisela eyawo imilinganiselo yokhuseleko kubasebenzi. Kwezinye iimeko, iBhunga linokubeka umgangatho, livumele amazwe ongezelele iimfuno ezingqongqo (njengomvuzo omncinci).

Ukuhlangulwa kusenokuchazwa (umthetho karhulumente uthi ngokucacileyo iimeko azinakuthabatha inyathelo kuloo ndawo) okanye zivakaliswe (icebo likarhulumente libanzi kangangokuba alikuvumeli ukuthabatha inyathelo likarhulumente).

Amandla akhoyo: Apho Zombini Iindlela Zomsebenzi

Kwimimandla emininzi, zombini urhulumente worhulumente wengingqi kunye norhulumente banegunya. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ngamandla akhoyo. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Urhwebo: [ Bobabini bafaka iirhafu zengeniso, nangona umyinge worhulumente jikelele uphezulu.
  • Ummiselo we- Ummiselo wesiseko: I-EPA imisela imigangatho yesizwe, kodwa amazwe angazalisekisa kwaye anyanzelise loo milinganiselo (umz., ngokusebenzisa uzalisekiso lorhulumente phantsi koMthetho wococotho-moya).
  • Bhankiptic: umthetho woMasipala ulawula imicimbi yokuwa kwemali, kodwa uchaza ukuba ngabaphi abanatyala kwimpahla abanokukhulula.
  • Unikezelo:[[FT:1] umvuzo wexesha kunye nemithetho yeyure iyasebenza, kodwa iimeko zingadibanisa ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo (umz., uphumlo lwesidlo, imithetho eyongezelelweyo).

Xa zombini ezi nqanaba zilawula umsebenzi omnye, umntu ngamnye namashishini kufuneka avumelane neemfuno zombini, ngaphandle kokuba ziyangqubana.

Ukholo Olupheleleyo Noclaus

Inqaku le-IV lomGaqo-siseko lifuna ukuba kuhlonelwe iimeko "izenzo zikawonke-wonke, iirekhodi, kunye neenkundla zomthetho" zamagunya athile. Oku kuthetha ukuba umtshato owenziwe ngokusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe kufuneka uqwalaselwe ngokuqhelekileyo kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye umgwebo wenkundla ovela kwelinye ilizwe unakho ukunyanzeliswa kwelinye. Noko ke, eli binzana alithinteli iimeko ekubeni zibe nemithetho eyahlukileyo (umz., omnye urhulumente akanayo irhafu yorhwebo; omnye unayo).

Umanyano nolongamo lukaRhulumente

Umanyano lululwahlulo lomgaqo-siseko lwamandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe. Ama-odonga agcina ulawulo olumandundu, kuquka amandla okulungelelanisa oorhulumente bawo, ukumisela imithetho yawo, nokusebenzisa igunya lamapolisa (igunya eliqhelekileyo lokukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha). INkundla ePhakamileyo iye ngamanye amaxesha yabetha imithetho karhulumente ephazamisa kakhulu ulawulo lukarhulumente phantsi koMphengululo weSihla-mthetho weshumi (umz., New York v. United States, iSpeding.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo: Indlela Le Mithetho Ekuchaphazela Ngayo Yonke Imihla

Ukuqonda ukudityaniswa komthetho worhulumente noworhulumente akuyonto ifundiswayo, imiphumo yokwenene yamalungelo akho, iimbopheleleko zakho nezigqibo zakho zemihla ngemihla.

Amalungelo Omsebenzi

Amalungelo akho emsebenzini abunjwe yiyo yomibini imithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente. Kodwa umthetho womanyano umisela isiseko somqathango womvuzo omncinci, ikhefu elithe kratya (Umthetho weMigangatho Yemisebenzi), ukhuseleko lwemisebenzi (OSHA), uthintelo lwezithintelo (isiHloko VII), kunye nekhefu lonyango lentsapho (FMLA). Kodwa umthetho karhulumente ungakunika amalungelo awongezelelekileyo: ikhefu eliphezulu, ukugula, ikhefu elandisiweyo, ikhefu lentsapho, inkxaso engqongqo echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neengenelo zokungaqeshwa. Xa umthetho wakho unika umthetho wesizwe ongaphezulu kunomthetho womthetho osemthethweni. Ukuba umthetho karhulumente unemigangatho nomthetho olawulayo, umgaqo othe wandisiweyo uyasebenza ngokuqhelekileyo.

Abanikazi bamashishini kunye nabasebenzi

Ukuba uqalisa ishishini, kufuneka uthobele yomibini imimiselo yesizwe (umz., umqeshi Identification Namba, irhafu karhulumente, ukubopha, ukukhusela imekobume, imimiselo yezoshishino kunye nemithetho karhulumente (umz., ukubhalisa ishishini, irhafu karhulumente, irhafu, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa kwabasebenzi). Eminye imizini . //ukubhalisa, ukuhambisa, ukuhambisa, ukukhupha irhafutheli elinzima kwezwe. Eminye/ii-/interstauauaunt, interventi, ukwakhiwa, ukulawulwa ngokuyintloko kwemeko-mouse. Ukungahoxinzeli okanye ilayisensi.

Izindlu Nezakhiwo Zokwenene

Umthetho womanyano walela ukuhlaliswa kocalulo (uMthetho weNdlu yeNdawo). Umthetho wesizwe ungadibanisa iiklasi ezikhuselweyo nezibonelela iinkqubo ezinamandla zokunyanzelisa. Ulwalamano lwelond-omatiloshe luphantse lulawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, kuquka imida yokhuseleko, iinkqubo zokugxotha, imilinganiselo yokuhlala, kunye nokulawula (apho kuvunyelwe ngumthetho wesizwe). Umthetho weSizwe uyakwazi ukuchaphazela ukuhlalisa izindlu ngemimiselo yezindlu zokwenzelwa imo yemali (Umthetho we-Truth kwi-linder Act), iimfuno ze-inshorensidensi, kunye neetyala zezindlu ezifumana imali ephantsi.

Amalungelo Obuqu Asemthethweni Nokhuseleko

Amalungelo akho njengabathengi akhuselwa ngamanqanaba omabini. Umthetho womanyano ugquma ukhuseleko lwemveliso (Conssumer Product Safety Commission), ukutya nokhuseleko lweziyobisi (FDA), inyaniso ekubolekeni, nakubucala (umz., iHIPAA ukuze ufumane ulwazi lwezempilo, iGram-Leliley nganye yemali). Umthetho karhulumente unika ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo: imithetho ye-remoni yezenzo zezithuthi ezinesiphene, izenzo zokuthengiselwano, iimfuno, iirekhosties, kunye nexabiso lemiqathango.

Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho: Unokubekwa Ityala Kabini?

Phantsi kwemfundiso yolawulo olubini, oorhulumente besizwe kunye norhulumente bangakumangalela ngehambo efanayo ukuba ichasene nomthetho worhulumente nowaserhulumente. IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sokwaphula umthetho sithintela ukubekwa kwamatyala kabini kuphela kumlawuli omnye. Ngaloo ndlela, umntu ophanga ibhanki ekhutshelweyo esemthethweni angabekwa ityala ngorhulumente kwaye ngurhulumente ngenxa yokuphanga.

Imibandela Yentsapho Neyobuqu

Umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nelifa zizinto zelizwe. Noko ke, umthetho wesizwe ungachaphazela iingenelo zikarhulumente ezinxulumene nesikhundla somtshato (umz., iingenelo zokhuseleko loluntu olusindileyo, ukuxhaswa kwezezoshishino). IDefense of Marriage Act (DOMA) yapheliswa ngandlel'okanye, kwaye ngoku imitshato efanayo igqalwa ngokwemigaqo-mthetho ibotshwa yi-Obergefell v. Hodges (20), ekwakholelwa ukuba amagunya kufuneka igunyaze iphinde ivume kwaye iqaphele imitshato enjalo.

Ukuhlala Usazi: Apho Unokufumana Khona Inkcazelo Enokuthenjwa

Xa kuqwalaselwa ukuntsonkotha, kububulumko ukuhlala unolwazi. Nantsi imithombo enegunya:

Uqukumbela: Ukusebenzisa iDal System

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika ingumthetho olungelelanisiweyo nolungelelwaniso lwemithetho karhulumente neyoburhulumente. Ngelixesha umthetho wesizwe umisela imigangatho yesizwe kwaye uthatha inyathelo, umthetho wesizwe unika umahluko obalulekileyo kwindawo ohlala kuyo kwaye usoloko unikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo sibini kukunika amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo akho, uzalisekise iimfuno zakho, kwaye uphephe imiqobo esemthethweni. Nokuba ngaba uqalisa ishishini, ukuthenga ikhaya, ukusingatha umbango wemisebenzi, okanye ukumelana nempikiswano engokwasemthethweni, ukuqaphela iimaleko zombini ezisemthethweni kuyimfuneko. Ngenxa yokuba imithetho itshintsha rhoqo ngomthetho, ulawulo, kunye nezigqibi zenkundla (*) nezigqibo ezifanelekileyo ziyindlela engcono yokuhlala ngoku. Olu khokelo lungangeni ncam, ololulwimi luqala, alukhokelelwa kwicebiso lomthetho olusemthethweni olulungiselelwe kwimeko ethile.