Table of Contents

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwamagunya karhulumente karhulumente norhulumente lubunjwe phantse phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ukusuka kwindlela esihamba ngayo ukuya kwizikolo abantwana bethu abaya kuzo. Ukuqonda indlela la magunya ahlukene ngayo, abelana, yaye maxa wambi akhuphiswano kunceda abemi balapha baqonde isakhiwo esintsonkothileyo sikarhulumente esilawula iUnited States. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo entsonkothileyo yamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente, luhlolisisa indlela le nkqubo yolawulo oluchaphazela ngayo izigqibo zemihla ngemihla nemigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente.

Yintoni Imilinganiselo Yomanyano Yaye Kutheni Kubalulekile?

Umanyano lubhekisela kulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Lo mgaqo-siseko wolawulo lwamaMelika wavela kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, xa abaQaphi bafuna ukuyila urhulumente wesizwe onamandla kunalowo wawukho phantsi kweMigaqo yoMgaqo-siseko ngoxa ulondoloza ulawulo olubalulekileyo kumazwe ngamanye.

Inkqubo karhulumente ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, enyanzeliswayo, netolikwayo kulo lonke ilizwe. Xa uhlawula iirhafu, ubhalisa ukuvota, ufumana ilayisensi yokuqhuba, okanye uthumela abantwana bakho esikolweni, unxulumana nala macandelo amagunya. Le nkqubo idala uxinezeleko olunamandla oluye lwaguquka ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, lulungelelanisa ukutshintsha iimfuno zesizwe ngoxa uzama ukulondoloza ulawulo lukarhulumente.

Amagunya okubuyisela oorhulumente bamazwe anceda ukugcina ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwabo norhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Kwakhona ivumela inkululeko yokuzama iingcamango neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Maxa wambi amazwe abizwa ngokuba yi "oomantlola bedemokhrasi" ngenxa yesi sizathu. Le ndlela yovavanyo yenza ukuba iimeko ezahlukeneyo zivavanye izisombululo zenkqubo, kunye namanyathelo aphumelelayo anokumkelwa ngamanye amazwe okanye kwanakumgangatho wolawulo.

Ukuqonda Amandla Karhulumente Oorhulumente

Urhulumente wesizwe usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yamagunya alinganiselweyo, adweliswe. Amagunya amiselweyo ngawamandla akhethekileyo anikwe urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, kwaye ngokukodwa iBhunga, phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe amaninzi apho urhulumente osembindini unegunya elibanzi, eliqhelekileyo, umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States udwelisa ngokuthe ngqo oko urhulumente wesizwe anokukwenza.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya oManyano

Amagunya amaninzi adweliswe kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8, aquka igunya lokuqokelela iirhafu nokuqokelela iirhafu, imisebenzi, ii-amension, kunye nee-opensile; ukuhlawula amatyala; ukulungiselela ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo kunye nentlalo-ntle-ntle jikelele; ukulawula urhwebo namazwe asemzini naphakathi kwelizwe; ukuseka iinkundla ezisezantsi zemali; ukunyusa nokuxhasa imikhosi exhobileyo; ukuvakalisa imfazwe; nokugcina inkqubo yeposi.

La mandla adwelisweyo akha isiseko sombhalo walo lonke igunya lesizwe. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko ngabom bakhetha ukukhankanya amagunya orhulumente kunokuba banike igunya elibanzi, elingacaciweyo. Le ndlela yabonisa inkxalabo yabo ngokudala urhulumente onamandla agqithiseleyo onokuthi asongele inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nolawulo lorhulumente.

Amandla Angundoqo Aqheliselwayo

Ukhuselo lwesizwe neMicimbi yoMkhosi: urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elipheleleyo kukhuselo lwesizwe, kuquka amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukugcina imikhosi yaselwandle, nokulawula umkhosi. Eli gunya lomkhosi lisembindini liqinisekisa ukuququzelela inkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nothintelo lwamazwe ngamanye ekuqhubeni imisebenzi yawo yomkhosi wamazwe angaphandle.

Iinformations kunye noHlaziyo: Yonke imicimbi enxulumene nenkqubo yamanye amazwe, izivumelwano, kunye nobudlelwane bomanywiswano iyehla phantsi kolawulo lwezwe lorhulumente. Imizekelo yamandla alishumi elinesibhozo adweliswe apho iquka amandla okulawula ukufuduka nokuzinza, imali kunye nokulawula imali, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, nokunika ababhali kunye namaphepha asemthethweni ukukhuthaza inzululwazi kunye nobugcisa. Olu lawulo lwesizwe olupheleleyo luqinisekisa i-United States ukuba ithetha ngelizwi elinye kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

ICurrency and Interstate Communist: urhulumente wezwe unegunya lokuxhasa imali nokulawula ixabiso layo, uqinisekisa imali yesizwe efanayo. IChwebo lorhwebo lukaCelas luye lwaba ngomnye wezona mithombo zibalulekileyo zamandla karhulumente, uvumela iBhunga ukuba lilawule umsebenzi wezoqoqosho onqamleza imigca yesizwe.

[[FLT: 0] Ipropati Engaqwalaselwanga: UmGaqo-siseko unika iNgqungquthela amandla okukhuthaza inzululwazi kunye nobugcisa ngokukhusela imvume kunye namalungelo asemthethweni. Oku kwenza inkqubo yesizwe efanayo ukukhusela amalungelo empahla yesizwe, ukusungula ulwakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wokudala ukunqumla imida yorhulumente.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Omanyano Ngokutolika

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ubala amagunya athile orhulumente, umlinganiselo wala magunya uye wanda ngokuphawulekayo ngokutolikwa kwesigwebo nangokusetyenziswa kwamabinzana athile omGaqo-siseko.

[[NTL:0] Okufunekayo nokufanelekileyo Claus: IBhunga elifunekayo neLifanelekileyo linika iBhunga uBhunga loMhlebo ugunyaziso lokwenza imithetho efunekayo ukuze kuphumezwe amandla alo adwelisweyo. Eli binzana liqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linendlela yokuzalisekisa amandla achazwe kumGaqo-siseko, ukuqinisekisa umlinganiselo woluhlu oludweliswe ngokwezibalo.

KwiMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba phantsi kweNkundla kaClaus ePhakamileyo yanegunya lokumisela ibhanki yesizwe lokufeza amandla ayo okuqokelela iirhafu, ukuhlawula amatyala, nokuboleka imali. Esi sigqibo singqinela ukuba amagunya karhulumente aquke kungekuphela nje adweliswe ngokucacileyo kodwa kwanalawo achazwe ngokufanelekileyo ekuphumezeni amagunya adweliswe ngokwemibango.

IChwetheza u-Claus: KwiGibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawamkela amandla amakhulu eNkundla ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe. Kulo mzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi umthetho onika umthetho wesikhitshana esisebenza ngemiphunga, emisela ukuba urhwebo lwaselunxwemeni luthathe indawo yokuqala. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba urhwebo lukaClausceskolu lunike igunya le Congresskorrea hayi kuphela ekutshintshiseni izinto ezilungileyo kodwa nakweminye imisebenzi ekwakuqhutyelwa kwemiqatha, imisela ngokuqinileyo umgaqo wesigqeqesholo lwezo mithetho yezoshishino.

Ukucaciswa kweChwetheza uClaus kuvele ngendlela ephawulekayo ngexesha elidlulileyo. Amandla eNgqungquthela okulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokufanayo angqineka eyindlela yokwenza ukuba iNgqungquthela ikwazi ukulawula phantse nantoni na. Amandla okulawula ushishino lwamazwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iquke amandla okulawula izinto "iindawo ephakathi kwezorhwebo, kunye phantse yonke into, ijika, ichaphazela urhwebo lwamazwe.

Ukunika kunye nokusebenzisa Amandla okuthenga: Amandla erhafu, umzekelo, anika iNgqungquthela amandla okunyusa phantse imali engenakulinganiswa kwaye ilawule ngokuphumelelayo ubuncwane bohlanga. IBhunga linokusebenzisa le mali, ngendlela yemiqathango kumazwe, ukuphembelela urhulumente ukuba amisele imithetho yokuba iBhunga aligunyaziswanga ukuzenzela ngokwalo.

Umzekelo osebenzayo wala mandla abandakanya isizukulwana sokusela sesizwe. Ngokomzekelo, ngokucacileyo, iBhunga alinawo amandla okulawula ubudala obuncinci bokuthenga okanye ukusela iziselo ezinxilisayo. Noko ke, iBhunga lizimisele ngokunempumelelo i-commentation yesizwe eneminyaka encinane yokusela ekwi-21. Lakwazi ukwenza oku ngokusuka nje likwenze imeko yokunikwa kwemali yendlela kumaphondo ukuba amazwe asebenzise amandla awo ukumisela iminyaka yokusela enqwenelwa yiBhunga.

Imida Yakutshanje Kumandla Omanyano

Phezu kwako nje ukwanda jikelele kwegunya likarhulumente, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamanye amaxesha iye yabeka imida kumandla karhulumente. Ityala le-United States v. Lopez ngo1995 lawugcina uwiso-mthetho weGun Free School Zone Act ngenxa yokuba yawugqitha amandla eCongress ukuya "kuqululisa urhwebo... phakathi kwamazwe amaninzi". IJaji ePhakathi uWilliam Rehnquinst yabhala, "Siqala ngemigaqo yokuqala. UmGaqo-siseko uyila uRhulumente wamagunya azimeleyo." Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba xa kudalwa umgaqo womthetho womthetho, iBhunga lomthetho wadlula amandla anikwe nguMphathi-Commercebral William Rehnquinst Claus.

Esi sigqibo sabonisa ukuba kusekho imida esengqiqweni kwigunya lorhulumente, kwanaphantsi kwamalungiselelo acacileyo omgaqo-siseko njengoClaus worhwebo.

Amagunya Karhulumente Negunya Eligciniweyo

Ngeli xesha urhulumente wengingqi esebenza phantsi kwamagunya adwelisiweyo, oorhulumente belizwe basebenza ngokwahlukileyo. Amazwe anamandla abizwa ngokuba "ngurhulumente wamapolisa""--"igunya elilawula impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabemi bawo, phantsi kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko.

UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo Namandla Agciniweyo

Amandla angekho eUnited States anikwe ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavumelekanga ngawo eUnited States, agcinelwe iUnited States ngokulandelelana, okanye abantu. La mazwi alula, aziwa ngokuba nguMgaqo-siseko wokuLandlisela, abumba isiseko segunya likarhulumente.

ISinyusi seshumi elinamashumi asixhenxe esiMilisekileyo sicebisa ukuba urhulumente urhulumente abe nalawo mandla agunyaziswa nguMgaqo-siseko kuphela, nokuba onke amanye amagunya angalelwanga nguMgaqo-siseko agcinelwe iphondo ngalinye, okanye abantu. Injongo yale njongo kukuqinisekisa imigaqo yolawulo nokuqinisekisa ingcamango karhulumente ohlala elinganiselwe, ebekwe kumandla aqingqiweyo.

Ngokusisiseko, igcinela amazwe (okanye abantu) nawuphi na umGaqo-siseko ongawaniki urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, ngaphandle kwangamagunya umGaqo-siseko ngokungqalileyo awuwaxeleli kumazwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba igunya lorhulumente alibalwanga kodwa liphinde lisetyenziswe.

Amagunya Karhulumente Neembopheleleko

Imfundo: Amazwe anegunya eliphambili kwinkqubo yemfundo, kuquka imigangatho yokufundisa, isiqinisekiso sokufundisa, imigaqo yenkxaso-mali yesikolo, kunye neemfuno zokuphumelela kwesikolo. Ngelixesha urhulumente wengingqi elungiselela inkxaso-mali kwaye emisela iimfuno ezithile (ngokubhekiselele kumalungelo abantu kunye nabafundi abakhubazekileyo), amaphondo kunye namaphondo emfundo enza izigqibo ezininzi zemfundo. Oku kucacisa isizathu sokuba iinkqubo zemfundo zahluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe ngokwemigangatho yemali, imigangatho yemfundo, kunye nesakhiwo sentlangano.

Ukhuseleko Lomthetho lwePublic kunye nolweSigebengu: Amazwe anegunya elibanzi lokuchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukusungula izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, nokugcina amaqumrhu okunya. Inkoliso yamatyala enziwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente phantsi komthetho wezwe. Ama-United States agqiba ukuba yiyiphi ihambo ebumba ulwaphulo-mthetho (ngaphandle kwamacala kazwelonke), amisela imigaqo yokugweba, aqhuba iinkqubo zentolongo, kunye nemithetho yamapolisa yasekuhlaleni. Yiyo le nto imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho inokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu phakathi kwamazwe.

UMthetho woLutsha: Umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa, kunye nokulifa zizinto eziphambili ezimele umthetho karhulumente. Ama-United States amisela iimfuno zelayisensi zomtshato, izizathu zoqhawulo-mtshato, imilinganiselo yeesigqibo sokugcina umntwana, kwaye alawula ukwabiwa kwempahla xa umntu esifa. Olu lawulo luchaza isizathu sokuba umtshato noqhawulo-mtshato lwahluka kwiintambo zorhulumente.

[[NTLA] Iprojekthi kunye noMthetho weNkqutyana: Amazwe amisela imithetho yolawulo lomnini womhlaba, ukuthengiselwana kwempahla, ulwalamano lwendawo kunye nokugcinwa kwesivumelwano. Iinkundla zelizwe zisingatha iimpikiswano ezininzi ezibandakanya amalungelo empahla kunye nokwaphulwa kwesivumelwano. Eli gunya livumela iimeko ukutshintsha indawo kunye nokudibanisa umthetho kwiimeko kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo.

I-Licensing: Amazwe alawula kunye noochwepheshe belayisensi kuquka oogqirha, amagqwetha, abongikazi, ootitshala, abameli, abasebenzi bezamasimi, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi. Urhulumente ngamnye umisela eyakhe imilinganiselo yobuchule, iinhlolo, kunye neingcali zezemfundo ezichasene nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye yemithetho. Oku kungenxa yoko amalayisensi angothunyelelwa ngokuzenzekelayo phakathi kwamazwe.

Isakhiwo sonikezelo: Ngelixesha urhulumente wengingqi enika inkxaso-mali ebalulekileyo kwiindlela zenqanawa zelinye iliso kwaye emisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko, amaphondo anembopheleleko ephambili yokwakha nokugcina iindlela, ukukhupha iilayisensi zomqhubi, ukubhalisa iimoto, nokumisela imithetho yesantya kweendlela ezininzi, ukumisela iimfuno zohlolo, kunye nokuseka imithetho yemfundo yabaqhubi.

Impilo yePublic: Amazwe anegunya elibanzi lokukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, kuquka ukulawula iivenkile zokutyela kunye nokutya, iziko lonyango, ukulawula izifo ezisulelanayo, kunye nokulawula iingozi zempilo yoluntu. Ama-odolo anokunyanzela ukwahlukaniswa, ukugonya okugunyazisiweyo (ngokuthobela imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko), kunye nokulawula iingozi zemekobume.

Ulawulo lokhetho: Ama- States anoxanduva lokuqala lokuqhuba unyulo, kwanakwii-ofisi zikarhulumente. Amazwe amisela iinkqubo zokuvota, ukuseka iindawo zokuvota, ukuyila iivota, nobalo lwevoti. Olu lawulo lwezwe lukhokelele kwiinguqu eziphawulekayo kwiinkqubo zokuvota kulo lonke ilizwe, kuquka ukwahluka kobukho bemvume, imithetho yokuvota, kunye neemfuno zomvoti.

Imida yomGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Ngoxa amaphondo enamagunya amaninzi avulekileyo, ajongene nemiqathango emininzi ebalulekileyo. Amazwe akanawo amandla umGaqo-siseko awunika urhulumente wesizwe, njengokukhokha imali okanye ukuqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe. Kwakhona amazwe akanakulwaphula amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-United States, kuquka lawo akwiBhili yamaLungelo (ngokuya kusetyenziswa kumagunya akwiSindululo seshumi elinesine) namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ukongezelela, urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe onokuthi umisele imiqathango eyongezelelekileyo kumandla karhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente usoloko unikela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kumalungelo omntu ngamnye kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, kwaye unokuthi umisele igunya lowiso-mthetho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Amandla ahambelanayo: Xa Igunya Lesizwe Nelaseburhulumenteni Lisilela Kakhulu

Amanye amagunya karhulumente ahambelana, okuthetha ukuba oorhulumente besizwe naborhulumente banokuwasebenzisa ngaxeshanye. Eli gunya labelanayo lidala unxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente yaye maxa wambi lunokukhokelela kwiimbambano okanye kucelomngeni lokusebenzisana.

Irhafu

Oorhulumente besizwe ne-orhulumente banegunya lokuhlawula irhafu yerhafu. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uqokelela irhafu yengeniso, irhafu eqengqelekayo, irhafu yefama, neerhafu ezahlukeneyo. Ama-orhulumente anokunyanzela irhafu yengeniso yengeniso, irhafu yempahla, irhafu yempahla (ngokufuthi inikwe oorhulumente basekuhlaleni), kunye nezinye irhafu. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu ngabanye nabezoshishino bahlawula irhafu kumgangatho ongaphezulu karhulumente kwingeniso enye okanye kwintengiselwano.

Amandla okuhlawula avumela umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente ukuba unyuse ingeniso yemisebenzi yawo. Noko ke, kwakhona kuthetha ukuba ababhatala bajongene nemisebenzi entsonkothileyo yeembopheleleko zerhafu kwaye kufuneka bathobele imithetho emininzi yerhafu. Amanye amaphondo akanayo irhafu yengeniso, ngoxa amanye emisela imilinganiselo ephezulu, ebonisa ukhetho lwemigaqo eyahlukeneyo malunga nendlela yokuxhasa iinkonzo zikarhulumente.

Ukunyanzelwa Komthetho

Oorhulumente besizwe nabarhulumente bagcina amasebe agunyazisa umthetho kwaye banokumangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Amasebe ajongene nolawulo afana neFBI, iDEA, neATF anyanzelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente, ngoxa imigaqo karhulumente neyoburhulumente inyanzeliswa ngamapolisa asekuhlaleni. Ihambo ethile isenokuphula umthetho karhulumente nokarhulumente, mhlawumbi inokuba ibekel ’ ityala abantu ngabanye abasemagunyeni omabini (nakuba oku kunqabile ukusetyenziswa).

Eli gunya lisebenzisana livumela ukugcinwa kolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile olukhethekileyo lwamaqumrhu (njengokuthengiswa kweziyobisi, ubugrogrisi, nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo) ngoxa livumela amazwe ukuba athwale uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Amaziko alungelelanisiweyo nawamazwe asoloko esebenzisana ngemikhosi yomthetho kunye nolwabelano ngenkcazelo, nangona maxa wambi kusenokuphakama imibuzo elawulayo.

Ukwakha Izibonelelo

Omabini amanqanaba karhulumente anokulwakha aze agcine izibonelelo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni wakha aze agcine iindlela ezithile (iiindlela eziphakathi kwemimandla), izakhiwo zikarhulumente, ufako lomkhosi, nezinye iindawo. Amazwe akhe iindlela zikarhulumente, iibhulorho, izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, nezinye izibonelelo. Ngokufuthi, iprojekthi yesiseko sezakhiwo zibandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente norhulumente, kunye nenkxaso yemali exhasa imisebenzi yokwakha urhulumente.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Ukhuseleko lwemekobume lubandakanya igunya lorhulumente norhulumente. Imithetho yoManyano yeSizwe enjenge-Cec Air Act ne-Cupera Water Act imisela imigangatho yesizwe kwaye ilawula izinto ezithile ezingcolisayo, ngoxa amazwe ngokufuthi ephumeza kwaye enyanzelisa le migaqo karhulumente kwaye enokumisela imigaqo eyongezelelekileyo, engqongqo ngakumbi. Amazwe akwalawula nemicimbi yemekobume engaqukwanga ngumthetho wesizwe.

Eli gunya likhoyo livumela imigangatho encinane yesizwe ngeli xesha livumela amazwe ukuba alungiselele ukhuseleko olungakumbi lwemeko-bume ukuba akhetha. Noko ke, likwanokudala ukuntsonkotha kwezinto ezilawulwayo ezimele zihambelane neemfuno zorhulumente.

Ukulondolozwa kwemali nokulondolozwa

Umgaqo wecandelo lemali ojongene nomthetho wamagunya orhulumente nelorhulumente. Iibhanki zeSizwe ziqeshwa kwaye zilawulwa ngokuyintloko ngamasebe karhulumente, lo gama iibhanki ezijongene nomgaqo karhulumente (kunye nolawulo oluthile lukarhulumente). I-inshorensi ilawulwa ngokuyintloko kumgangatho karhulumente, ngoxa ityala lilawulwa ngurhulumente. Ukhuseleko lwemali lubandakanya amaqumrhu orhulumente namagqwetha jikelele.

Impikiswano Engalawulekiyo KaClaus: Xa Kungquzulwano Lwemithetho Kazwelonke Nemithetho Karhulumente

Xa kuqwalaselwa ukuntsonkotha kwamagunya orhulumente norhulumente, kuvela iingxabano ezingenakuphepheka. Lo mGaqo-siseko ukuxubusha oku ngoMgaqo-siseko ka-Supremacy Claus, ofumaneka kwiGatya le-V, elingqina ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano ngu-"Mthetho ophakamileyo weLizwe" oku kuthetha ukuba xa imithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente ingqubana, kumiswa umthetho karhulumente.

Imfundiso Yokucikideka

Ukukhulula okungumfuziselo kwenzeka xa umthetho wesizwe ususa okanye uthintela umthetho worhulumente kwindawo ethile. Ukukhulula kunokuboniswa (xa umthetho karhulumente uchaza ngokucacileyo umthetho worhulumente ukhulula umthetho wesizwe) okanye uchazwe (xa iinkundla zigqiba ukuba umthetho worhulumente ukhulula ngokupheleleyo umgaqo wesizwe).

Ukucinezelwa: Maxa wambi ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba umthetho worhulumente worhulumente ukhulula umthetho kummandla othile. Umzekelo, umthetho wezomoya wengingqi ulungela umgaqo wemeko yenqwelo-moya, iindlela, neenkonzo. Xa iBhunga lichaza ngokucacileyo injongo yalo yokukhulula umthetho wesizwe, iinkundla ziza kunyanzelisa oko kukhutshwa.

Ithuba lokukhululwa: Nangaphandle kolwimi olucacileyo, iinkundla zingafumana ukuba iKhombutho ecetyiweyo ifuna ukuthatha lonke ibala lolawulo, ingashiyi thuba lolawulo lukarhulumente. Oku kuqheleke kwenzeka kwiindawo zolawulo lwamagunya, ezifana nokufuduka okanye imicimbi yangaphandle.

Ukhukuliso lwe-Confulist: umthetho wesizwe uyakhululwa xa ungqubana ngqo nomthetho wesizwe, mhlawumbi ngokwenza kube nzima ukuhambisana nayo yomibini imithetho okanye ngokuma njengomqobo ekuphumezeni iinjongo zorhulumente. Umzekelo, ukuba umthetho wengingqi ufuna ihambo ethile nomthetho worhulumente uyawuthintela, umthetho worhulumente uyakhutshwa.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Yesihendo

Iimbambano zokucinezela zivela kwimo ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kwizibonelelo zentengiso, umthetho wengingqi wezonxibelelwano uphelisa imimiselo emininzi yemisebenzi karhulumente yemisebenzi engenantambo. Kwiinzuzo zabasebenzi, umthetho we-ERISA uphelisa inkoliso yemithetho karhulumente enxulumene nempilo ephilileyo kunye nezicwangciso zomhlala-phantsi. Kukhuseleko lweziyobisi, ukuvunywa kwe-FDA yorhulumente ngamayeza kuphelisa amanye (kodwa asiyiyo yonke) umthetho karhulumente othetha ngokuchasene nabenzi bezonyango.

Noko ke, umthetho wesizwe awusoloko ukhulula umthetho wombuso. Kwimimandla emininzi, umthetho worhulumente ubeka umgangatho wokukhusela ngeli xesha uvumela amaphondo ukuba anikeze ukhuseleko olungakumbi. Ngokufuthi umthetho wemekobume usebenza ngale ndlela, ngemilinganiselo karhulumente emisela iimfuno ezincinane zikarhulumente ezinokugqitha. Ngokufanayo, amaziko anganika ukhuseleko olungaphezulu okanye amalungelo omqeshwa kunaleyo afunwa ngumthetho worhulumente, logama nje engangqubani nemithetho karhulumente.

Ukuqalisa Kwenkqubo Yomanyano Kwimbali

Umanyano lwamandla ekuFunyanweni lungachazwa ngcono njenge-"Amandla aManyano amanani". Urhulumente wesizwe wathathwa njengowomnye wamandla alinganiselweyo nadwelisweyo. Amagunya karhulumente ayeyiyo yonke into eshiyekileyo emva koko kudweliswe. Noko ke, umlinganiselo phakathi kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente utshintshile ngokuphawulekayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

IRiphabliki Yamandulo: Amandla Alinganiselweyo

Kumashumi eminyaka angaphambili emva kokuqhathwa, urhulumente wesizwe wasebenzisa igunya elilinganiselweyo, ngokuyintloko ebhekisa ingqalelo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, nakulawulo lorhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Amazwe aphatha inkoliso yemigaqo-nkqubo yamakhaya, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe wayenolawulo oluncinane nobukho obulinganiselweyo kubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla.

IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wamisela imigaqo ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwamaqumrhu, kodwa umgangatho osebenzayo womsebenzi worhulumente wahlala uthozamile. Inkoliso yabantu baseMerika yayisebenzisana kakhulu norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kungekhona amagunya orhulumente.

Imfazwe yamakhaya nokwakhiwa kwakhona: Igunya lomanyano

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokubuyiselwa kwakhona kwemithetho (iMimiselo yeThiteyen, yeshumi elinesine neyeshumi elinesihlanu) yandisa ngokuphawulekayo igunya likarhulumente, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko yabantu. UMthetho wokuHlayishwa kweMinyaka Elishumi elinesine, ngokukodwa, ekugqibeleni waba sisiseko sokusebenzisa uninzi lwezikhuseli zamalungelo karhulumente, kungekhona urhulumente worhulumente kuphela.

Le migaqo yanika iNkundla amandla amatsha okunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu nokuthintela amazwe ukuba angaphuli imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, kangangamashumi amaninzi, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawachaza ngokuncinane la mandla, isithintela ukuba angabi nampembelelo.

Ixesha Eliqhubekayo Nomsebenzi Omtsha: Ulwando lolawulo lomanyano

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwasetyenziswa umthetho onyukayo wezoqoqosho, nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo maxa wambi yawisa imithetho karhulumente njengegunya elingaphaya kwegunya lombutho. Ixesha leNew Deal leminyaka yee-1930 laphawula ukukhutshwa kwamandla orhulumente.

Ekuqaleni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yazidiliza iinkqubo eziliqela zeNew Deal njengengaphaya kwegunya lesizwe. Kodwa emva ko1937, iNkundla yaqalisa ukuxhasa umthetho obanzi wezoqoqosho phantsi koMphathi-mikhosi kaClaus kunye namanye amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko. Oku kwenza ukuba kuveliswe iinkqubo ezithe kratya zokulawula unxulumano lwezicaka, ezolimo, ezokugcina imali, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi.

IXesha lamaLungelo aMasipala: Ukhuseleko loMntu ngamnye

Ngoo1950 nangoo1960 kwasetyenziswa kakhulu igunya likarhulumente ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, ngokukodwa ukulwa nocalucalulo lobuhlanga. Iinkundla zoManyano zayalela ukuba kuhlawulwe izikolo nezinye izibonelelo zikawonke wonke, iBhunga lidlulise umthetho wamalungelo abantu obalulekileyo, kunye namaqumrhu agunyazisa imithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kwamela ukunyanzeliswa okubalulekileyo kwegunya likarhulumente kwimicimbi eshiyelwe kumaphondo.

Imihla Yanamhlanje: Uxinezeleko Oluqhubekayo Nemida Engapheliyo

Ukususela ngo-1990 kuse phambili, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamanye amaxesha iye yabeka imida kumandla karhulumente, nangona igunya likarhulumente lihlala limkhulu. Izigqibo ezifana ne-United States v.Lopez ne-United States v. Morrison wafumanisa ukuba imithetho ethile karhulumente ingaphezulu kwegunya lombutho phantsi kwe-Claus Claus. INkundla ikwana namandla alinganiselweyo eBhunga ukuba lilawule oorhulumente ukuba baqhube iinkqubo zikarhulumente.

Phezu kwako nje oku kusikelwa umda, urhulumente wesizwe unegunya eligqithiseleyo kunalo kwiriphabliki yokuqala. Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano alawula yonke into ukususela kukhuseleko lomsebenzi ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume ukusa kwimveliso yabathengi, yaye iinkqubo zokuchitha inkqubo ziphembelela inkqubo karhulumente kwimimandla emininzi.

Indlela Umanyano Olubuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Ulwahlulo lwamandla orhulumente norhulumente lunempembelelo ecacileyo kumava emihla ngemihla, kwanaxa abemi bengazazi izakhiwo zikarhulumente ezisebenzayo.

Impilo

Ubuchule bempilo bubandakanya umxube ontsonkothileyo wolawulo lukarhulumente nolombuso. IMedicare kunye neMedicaid ziinkqubo zikarhulumente (amazwe anika iMedicaid ngobuchule obubalulekileyo). UMthetho we-Afford Care Care useke iimfuno zikarhulumente ze-inshorensi yempilo, kodwa urhulumente ugqiba enoba uza kusebenzisa iintengiso zawo zobunitshala be-inshorensi nokuba kusini na ukwandisa iMedicaid. Amasebe e-Medicaid amaziko e-arensigneze-inshorensi (ngaphandle kwezicwangciso zomqeshi-mqeshi ezidisiweyo ze-ERIS). I-FD ivumela iziyobisi kunye nezixhobo zezonyango kumgangatho worhulumente, ngoxa kulawula umgaqo we-Edicaid.

Umsebenzi

Abasebenzi bakhuselwa yimithetho yezemisebenzi yorhulumente neyesizwe. Umthetho womanyano umisela umvuzo omncinci (amazwe angamisela umgangatho ophezulu), ayaluthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo, lulawula ukhuseleko emsebenzini nge-OSHE, kwaye lulawula umanyano lokulungelelanisa nokudibanisa. Amazwe anganikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo, njengomvuzo omncinci, ikhefu yentsapho ehlawulwayo, okanye ukhuseleko olunzulu oluchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Amazwe akwaphatha iinkqubo zabasebenzi zemali kunye ne-inshorensi yokungasebenzi (ngemigangatho kunye nenkxaso yorhulumente).

Ukhuseleko lwabathengi

Ukhuseleko lwabathengi lubandakanya omabini amaqumrhu esizwe (njenge-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and Federal Trade Commission) namagqwetha esizwe kunye namaqumrhu akhusela abathengi. Umthetho wesizwe ulawula imveliso nemisebenzi ethile, ngoxa amaphondo ngokufuthi enemimiselo yawo yokukhusela abathengi. Xa uthenga imveliso, ubuyisela into ethile, okanye uphikisa ityala, usenokuba ubiza amalungelo phantsi komthetho wesizwe, okanye zombini.

Imfundo

Nangona imfundo ingumsebenzi oyintloko karhulumente nowasekuhlaleni, umthetho wesizwe kunye nempembelelo yenkxaso-mali yemfundo ibaluleke kakhulu. Imithetho yeSebe ikhusela abafundi ngesiphene (IDEA), iyalwalela ucalucalulo (isihloko se-IX kunye neminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu), kwaye imisela iimfuno zezikolo ezifumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Noko ke, amajelo agqiba imilinganiselo yokufundisa, iimfuno zokufundisa, imigangatho yemali yesikolo, kunye neemfuno zokuphumelela. Oku kuchaza isizathu sokuba umgangatho wemfundo kunye nobuncwane kwahluka kakhulu kuwo onke amazwe nakumazwe.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lumangalelwa phantsi komthetho karhulumente kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Noko ke, amatyala athile aphula umthetho karhulumente yaye abekwa ityala kwinkundla yorhulumente, kuquka ukuthuthwa kweziyobisi, ukufuduka, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwerhafu lukarhulumente, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kwimpahla karhulumente. Kwakhona urhulumente wephondo uphembelela urhulumente ukuba kumiselwe ubulungisa ngokuxhasa ngemali (Ngomzekelo, ukubonelela ngezixhobo zomthetho okanye iinkqubo) nangemfuno-mGaqo-siseko (ezithi zikhuselwe ukuphenjelelwa kokungaqiqinisiyo, kunye nelungelo lokucebisa).

Umtshato Nentsapho

Umthetho womtshato kunye nentsapho ngumthetho wesizwe ngokuyintloko, kodwa umthetho wesizwe unendima. Urhulumente unika inkxaso yomtshato kwaye umisela iimfuno zomtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana. Noko ke, umthetho wesizwe umisela ukuba imitshato efanayo na imele iqwalaselwe (ukulandela izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo), kwaye umthetho wesizwe ulawula iinkalo ezithile zokunyanzelisa abantwana. Umthetho werhafu kaManyane uphatha izibini ezitshatileyo ngokwahlukileyo kunabantu abatshatileyo, kwaye iinkqubo zentlalo ziyawuqaphela umtshato owenziwa phantsi komthetho wesizwe.

Ubunjani bokusingqongileyo

Umoya owuphefumlayo namanzi owaselayo ulawulwa ngamagunya asekuhlaleni nawaseburhulumenteni. Imithetho yoManyano enjenge-Celean Air Act ne-Ceane Water Act emisela imigangatho yesizwe, kodwa idla ngokumisela le migaqo kwaye isenokumisela iimfuno ezingqongqo. Amazwe alawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba nemithombo emininzi yongcoliso, ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe elawula ezinye. Xa ungcoliso lwemeko-bume lusenokwenzeka, ukucocwa kubandakanya umthetho we-Superfunding, imithetho yemekobume, okanye zombini.

Iingxoxo zaNgoku kunye neeNkcukacha kwiFederalism

Ukulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente kusoloko kuxhatshazwa ngokushushu, nokuqhubeka kweempikiswano kwimimandla eliqela.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Ingxabano phakathi komthetho-mali wokugunyaziswa komjumba nokwalelwa kwesizwe ibonisa ukungavisisani kwemithetho karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi aye abhalisa umya ukuze asebenzise ezonyango okanye ezokuzonwabisa, kodwa umya awuvumelekanga phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Urhulumente usoloko ekhetha ukungawachasi amashishini omya i-ogxaster, kodwa oku kuthetha ukunyanzelisa urhulumente kunokuba kutshintshwe umthetho. Le meko ibangela ukuba amashishini nabantu abasemagunyeni bangayiqondi nakufumana iingxaki ezisemthethweni.

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Umthetho wokuthambisa ungoworhulumente kuphela, kodwa amaphondo nemimandla idlala indima ekunyanzelweni komsebenzi. Iingxoxo ngaphezulu "kwezixeko ezisisigxina" ezilinganisela intsebenziswano namagunya okufuduka karhulumente, kunye nemithetho karhulumente ezama ukuphendula imicimbi yokufuduka, iphakamisa imibuzo ngeendima ezifanelekileyo zorhulumente worhulumente. Iinkundla zisoloko zibambe ukuba amazwe akanakuyila eyawo imithetho yokufuduka, kodwa imibuzo iyaqhubeka malunga nokuba maninzi kangakanani na amagunya amele ancede ukunyanzelelwa komthetho karhulumente.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango

UMthetho wokuLangulela oNciphisayo wavusa iingxoxo ezinkulu zoburhulumente, kunye neengxaki zokuphikisa ukuba izindululo zonyango lwamaqumrhu zingaphaya kwegunya loburhulumente. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa inkoliso yomthetho, yasikel' umda amandla karhulumente okunyanzela amaphondo ukuba andise iMedicaid. Iingxoxo ezithe zaqhubeka malunga nenkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu zisoloko zibandakanya imibuzo yokuba urhulumente okanye urhulumente urhulumente umele abe nembopheleleko ephambili kusini na.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokutshintsha Kwemekobume

Inkqubo yokutshintsha kwemozulu ibandakanya imibuzo yokuba urhulumente wesizwe ufanele amisele imilinganiselo efanayo yesizwe okanye enoba amazwe afanele abe bhetyebhetye ukuze amkele iindlela zawo. Amanye amazwe aye amkela iinkqubo zemozulu eziyingozi ngoxa amanye engakhange azenze, kwaye kuphakama imibuzo yokuba umthetho karhulumente ufanele ulwenzele amanyathelo emozulu okanye enoba amazwe afanele avunyelwe ukuba adlule kwimilinganiselo yorhulumente.

Umiselo lwemipu

Amalungelo emipu kunye nomthetho wesiZwe ubandakanya zombini umthetho wesiZwe nowesizwe. UMthetho wesibini woLawulo wesiZwe ubekelwe imida yorhulumente neyorhulumente, kodwa kumda womthetho wezombini, omabini amanqanaba karhulumente angalawula imipu. Umthetho woMasipala umisela iimfuno ezithile (njengeendlela zokuhlola imvelaphi yokuthengisa ngabahwebi), ngoxa amazwe ehluka kakhulu kwimithetho yemipu, ukusuka ekuyeni ngoovula ziphelel'ovula - zibhuqe. Ingxoxo ziyaqhubeka malunga nokuba umthetho karhulumente ufanele uyicime imiqathango yemipu okanye enoba amele abe negunya elibanzi lokulawula imipu.

Ukubonelela ngamalungelo nolawulo lokhetho

Ngeli xesha oorhulumente besamkela unyulo, umthetho karhulumente ukhusela amalungelo okuvota kwaye ulawula iinkalo ezithile zonyulo lukarhulumente. Iingxoxo ezingeyomfuneko yokuba umvoti, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota, nezinye iinkqubo zonyulo zidla ngokubandakanya imibuzo ephathelele urhulumente nolawulo lukarhulumente. ISivumelwano samagunya eSizwe sifuna amagunya athile amiselwe ngokwembali ukuze kufumaneke ugunya elithile phambi kokutshintsha iinkqubo zokuvota, nangona iNkundla Ephakamileyo yamisela le mfuneko ngo-2013, iqalisa impikiswano eqhubekayo ngolawulo lorhulumente lonyulo.

Indima yamaNkundla ekuLawuleni uManyano lweSizwe

Iinkundla, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, inendima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imida phakathi kwamandla orhulumente naworhulumente. Ngokucaciswa komgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zigqiba enoba imithetho karhulumente iyaligqitha kusini na igunya lombutho, enoba imithetho karhulumente iyangqubana nomthetho worhulumente, nendlela yokucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi komgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente.

Ingcebiso yezeejaji nomanyano

Amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo ohlalutyo logwebo, asungulwe kwi-Marbury v. Madison (1803), enza ukuba iinkundla zitshitshise imithetho karhulumente okanye yorhulumente echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lenza iinkundla zibe ngabaxhasi bokuphela kweempikiswano zorhulumente, ukugqiba ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente onegunya kwimimandla ekhuphisanayo.

Izigwebo zenkundla ezitolika iClaus yeChwethengiso, iMfanekiso neNkcubeko kaClaus, uHlomelo lweTenu, namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko zibumba ulungelelwaniso olusebenzisekayo lwamandla karhulumente norhulumente.

Imfundiso Echasene Nomyalelo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ithi urhulumente wesizwe akanako "umyaleli" oorhulumente bakarhulumente ngokunyanzela ukuba bazalisekise okanye banyanzelise iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Amazwe akanakucelwa ukuba amisele imithetho ethile okanye asebenzise amagosa karhulumente ukulungiselela iinkqubo zolawulo zikarhulumente. Lo mgaqo, omiselwe kwiimeko ezinjengeNew York v. United States (1997), ukhusela ulawulo lukarhulumente ngokuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bamiselwe ngokwamaqela olawulo lukarhulumente.

Noko ke, urhulumente wengingqi ungenza okufanayo ngokuhlawula imali eqingqiweyo, ukuze avume ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezithile. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente kwimimandla efana nokhuseleko, imfundo, kunye nokhuseleko lwempilo.

Iingenelo Neengenelo Zomanyano LwaseMerika

Inkqubo karhulumente iluncedo yaye ibangela iingxaki ezichaphazela indlela esebenza ngayo noorhulumente nabemi.

Iinzuzo Zomanyano

[[FLT: 0] Uvavanyo lobuPolitiki: Ama-odola eenkqubo zedemokhrasi, ukuvavanya inkqubo eyahlukeneyo. Ulwandiso lwemeko yempumelelo lungamkelwa ngamanye amazwe okanye urhulumente wezwe, ngelixesha lungaphumelelanga luchaphazela imo enye kuphela kunelizwe liphela. Olu vavanyo lukhokelele kwiinguqu kwiindawo ezifana nohlaliso lwentlalo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nolawulo lwempilo.

Izisombululo ezicacisiweyo: Ama- States angatshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni, izikhethelo, kunye neemfuno. Oko kusebenza kumazwe asedolophini ahlala abantu abaninzi kakhulu kusenokungafanelani namazwe asemaphandleni, kwaye urhulumente uvumela olu tshintsho. Ingingqi zingakhetha ukuphila kumazwe ahlukeneyo alawulwa yimigaqo evumelana neminqweno yawo, yenza uhlobo oluthile lokhuphiswano lwemithetho-ntlalo.

Incopho zonikezelo: UbuFederalism bunika iindawo ezininzi zokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kunye nenkqubo yokuphatha imigaqo-siseko. Abami bangabandakanyeka kurhulumente wongingqi, wesizwe, nowezwelonke, kunye namaqela angaphumeleliyo ukufikelela usukelo lwawo kumgangatho omnye angazama omnye. Oku kufikelela kwimimandla emininzi kunganyusa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi.

Izixhobo kuMandla: Amandla okudibanisa phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente abangela uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo ngokuchasene nengcinezelo. Akukho rhulumente omnye olawula zonke iinkalo zobomi babemi, kwaye amaphondo anokuxhathisa ukuphamba kwegunya (kwimida yesiseko). Olu lwahlulo lwamandla lukhusela inkululeko ngokuthintela ukuxinaniswa kakhulu kwegunya.

Izandiso zochazo lwengingqi: I-Federalism ivumela ulawulo lwemeko zobuzwe ezahlukileyo, izithethe, kunye ne-OKT. I-United States ingabonakalisa amaxabiso nokhetho lwabemi bayo ngeendlela apho inkqubo yesizwe efanayo ingenakukwazi.

Iingxaki Zomanyano

Ubungalingani: UbuFederal bungakhokelela kumahluko obalulekileyo kumalungelo, iinkonzo, kunye nokhuseleko kumazwe ngamazwe. Abahlali kwamanye amazwe banokufumana imfundo engcono, ukunyamekela impilo, okanye ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kunamanye amazwe. Olu lungalinganiyo lwelizwe lungabonakala lungalungi kwaye lungangqubana nemigaqo yobumi obulinganayo.

Icandelo lolawulo lorhulumente nolombuso lidala ubunkimbinkimbi obunokudida abemi kwaye lenze kube nzima ukwazi ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elinoxanduva loko. Ukubethana kwemithetho kungenza ukuba kukhutshwe, kukhutshwe iisithuba, okanye kudibane neemfuno.

I-ace kwiZantsi: Ukhuphiswano phakathi komazwe ngamanye amaxesha lungakhokelela ku "ugqatso ukuya ezantsi," apho imigangatho esezantsi (umzekelo, kukhuseleko lwemekobume okanye amalungelo omsebezeli) ukutsala amashishini. Le ntshukumo yokhuphiswano inganciphisa ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo.

Iingxaki zokwahlula: Iingxaki ezinqamleza imigca yemo yemeko-bume (njengokungcoliswa okanye izifo ezosulelayo) zinganzima ukuhlangabezana nazo xa igunya lahlulelene phakathi kwamazwe. Iingxaki zoqokelelo zisenokufuna ungenelelo lwamazwe, kodwa ukugqiba xa isenzo sorhulumente sifanelekile kungaba nengxabano.

Izahlulo kwiNqam: Uguqu-guquko kwimithetho yorhulumente lungenza imiqobo yokuhamba phakathi kwelizwe. Amalayisensi oogqirha angadluli phakathi kwamazwe, imigangatho yemfundo eyahlukileyo, kunye neemfuno ezingokwasemthethweni ezahlukeneyo zingenza kube nzima ukuba abantu bahambe banqamleze imigca yemo.

Icala elithe ngqo lengcinezelo: ngokwembali, amalungelo karhulumente maxa wambi aye acelwa ukukhusela izenzo ezicinezelayo, ubukhulu becala ubukhoboka kunye nocalucalulo lobuhlanga. Ngelixesha amandla karhulumente ekho kusenokuphathwa kakubi, ulawulo lwezikhundla maxa wambi luye lwenza ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olufuna ukungenelela kozwe ukuze lulungise.

Amacebiso asebenzisekayo kwiinkqubo zomanyano nombuso

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamandla orhulumente nowamagunya orhulumente kunokukunceda abemi bakwazi ukusebenzisa iindlela zikarhulumente baze bakhuthaze izilangazelelo zabo.

Yazi Iyiphi Imithetho Emele Idibane Norhulumente

Xa unengxaki okanye uthandabuza, ukwazi ukuba yinkupho karhulumente okanye karhulumente ekunceda uqhagamshelane namagosa afanelekileyo. Imibandela ebandakanya uKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle, iMedicare, ukufuduka, okanye irhafu karhulumente yimibandela karhulumente. Imibandela ebandakanya ilayisensi yokuqhuba, imicimbi yoogxalakhe, imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, imfundo, okanye irhafu karhulumente yimibandela karhulumente. Eminye imiba ebandakanya (njengeyokukhuselwa kokhuseleko okanye imekobume) ingabandakanya amanqanaba omabini.

Waqonde Amalungelo Akho Phantsi Komthetho Wesizwe NowasebuRhulumente

Amalungelo akho asenokukhuselwa ngumthetho wesizwe, umthetho wesizwe, okanye zombini. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nemithetho maxa wambi inikela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunomthetho karhulumente. Xa ujongene nomba womthetho, qwalasela imithombo yomthetho karhulumente kunye noworhulumente yamalungelo kunye nonyango.

Qaphela amathuba Okufunda kwimigangatho emininzi

Ukuba ufuna ukuphembelela inkqubo, qwalasela ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente onegunya kule mbambano. Eminye imiba ithetha bhetele kumgangatho wezwe okanye wommandla, ngoxa eminye ifuna isenzo solawulo lorhulumente. Ukuqonda ulwahlulo lwamandla kukunceda ukuba ujolise kwimigudu yobugcisa ngokunempumelelo.

Hlala Usazi Ngokutshintsha Kweenkqubo ZobuFrentshi

Ukuhlala wazi ngezi nguqu kunokukunceda uqonde indlela ezinokuwachaphazela ngayo amalungelo akho neembopheleleko zakho.

Ikamva Lomanyano LwamaMerika

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente luya kuqhubeka luguquka ngenxa yokuguquka kweemeko, impembelelo yezobupolitika, kunye neenkcazelo ezigwebayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nomanyano

Ubugcisa obudibanisayo buphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yoburhulumente. Ingaba kufuneka uphakamiso-magama lulawulwa ngokuyintloko ngamagunya orhulumente okanye urhulumente? Ulwazi-lwazi lwezobuqu lufanele lukhuselwe njani ngezantsi ngomthetho wesizwe, imithetho karhulumente, okanye zombini? Ingaba ubuchule obungeyoyamvelo bufanele buthotyelwe kwimigangatho efanayo yesizwe okanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zorhulumente? Le mibuzo iya kufuna ukuxoxwa okuqhubekayo kweendima zikarhulumente nezorhulumente.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Neengxaki Zemekobume

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nezinye iingxaki ezinokubangelwa kukunqumla imimandla yelizwe nelizwe zisenokufuna ukulungelelana okungakumbi, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba amazwe aqhubeke enendima ebalulekileyo ekusebenziseni izicombululo nakwimilinganiselo yesizwe engaphaya kweyomntu.

Unyango nomgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo

Iingxubusho eziphathelele impilo, imfundo, neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle ziya kuqhubeka zibandakanya imibuzo ephathelele iindima ezifanelekileyo zoorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente.

Ukulungelelaniswa Kwezoqoqosho Kwimeko Yezoqoqosho Ehlabathini Lonke

Njengoko umsebenzi wezoqoqosho usanda, kuphakama imibuzo yokuba ngaba umgaqo karhulumente ngomthetho uyasebenza okanye ukuba imigangatho karhulumente iyimfuneko. Amashishini adla ngokukhetha imithetho efanayo yesizwe kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente, kodwa amaphondo asenokufuna ukugcina ukulungelelaniswa komthetho.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okuninzi Ngemikhosi nangamagunya Karhulumente

Kubo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngolawulo nolwahlulo lwamagunya karhulumente, kukho ubuncwane obuninzi.

I- I-Anvocation Anutic, egcinwe yiThala leencwadi leeKhontrakthi, inika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwemiqathango yesiseko, kuquka ezo zinxulumene namagunya orhulumente norhulumente. Lo mnikelo uquka ukushwankathelwa kwezigqibo zezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nomo-mbali.

I-[[QULT:0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho elikwiSikolo soMthetho saseCornell linika iingcaciso ezifikelelekayo zomthetho-siseko, kuquka imigaqo yorhulumente kunye noqhagamshelwano kwiimeko ezinxulumeneyo nemimiselo.

Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente zinikela inkcazelo ngemithetho, imibutho neenkonzo zikarhulumente.

I-website USA isebenza njengendawo ekhuselekileyo yolwazi neenkonzo zikarhulumente, inceda abemi balapho baqonde ukuba ngawaphi amasebe karhulumente asingatha imibandela eyahlukeneyo.

Amaziko afundisayo kunye neengcamango eziphambili kulo lonke udidi lwezobupolitika zipapasha uphando nohlalutyo kwimibandela yorhulumente, zinikela iimbono ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo kwegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente.

Isiphelo: Ukuhlala noFederalism

Ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente norhulumente luphawu oluchazayo lolawulo lwaseMelika, oluchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke nobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngoxa le nkqubo idala ukuntsonkotha kwaye maxa wambi ikhokelela kwiimbambano, ikwanika iingenelo eziquka ukuvavanya inkqubo, izisombululo ezilungiselweyo, kunye nokuxilonga amandla karhulumente.

Ukuqonda indlela amagunya karhulumente norhulumente ahlukene ngayo, asebenzisana nawo, akhuphisanayo kunceda abemi basekuhlaleni balawule iinkqubo zikarhulumente, bakhuthaze ngokunempumelelo izilangazelelo zabo, baze babe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Njengoko ilizwe lijamelene neengxaki ezintsha namathuba, ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente norhulumente luya kuqhubeka luguquka, lufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nokuzibophelela okuvela kubemi, kubenzi bemithetho, nakwiinkundla.

Nokuba ngaba uqala ishishini, ufuna iinkonzo zikarhulumente, ukhuthaza utshintsho lwenkqubo, okanye uzama nje ukuqonda indlela imithetho echaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho, ulwazi loburhulumente lunika umongo obalulekileyo. Inkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika, kunye nazo zonke iindidi ezintsonkothileyo kunye neempikiswano zayo, ihlala ililingelo elikhaliphileyo lokwahlula nokubelana ngegunya likarhulumente .