Ukwazisa: ICalculus Yezobupolitika Esemva KweNkqubela Yecovid YaseJapan Yowe - 19

Isifo se-COVID-19 esinyanzelisa oorhulumente emhlabeni wonke ukuba benze izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo, eziphezulu phantsi kokungaqiniseki okugqithisileyo. Indlela yeJapan yabonakala ingekuko ukubeka imiqathango enzima okanye ukuvavanya ubuninzi, kodwa ukuthembela ekudibaniseni umanyano lokuzithandela, ulawulo olusemthethweni, kwaye baqhuba ngenyameko unxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke. Eli cebo lalingelobuchule bobugcisa boluntu olusuka kuluntu oluncinci, kwaye lalingeyondlela yokukhetha uluntu olunzulu, kwaye lalizizonyango lwezopolitiko. Eli nqaku lihlola isigqibo solawulo olunesidima, izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho, imicimbi yezoqoqosho, kunye nokuxhobisa uluntu ngeminyaka engamashumi angamashumi eempukulungiselwe. Ukuqonda iindlela zezo zezo zezopolitiki eziphakathi kweJapan ezibonisa indlela olungonakala ngokutshona kwempilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusinda kwezobupolitika kwelizwe. Eli nqaku lihlola isigqibo selixando lobupolitiko lokusebenzisa ulawulo lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokusebenzisa i-Gejoyidiod .

Ukuphendula kwasekuqaleni nokwakhiwa kukarhulumente: Ukhokelo olusembindini,

ISisakhelo Sasemthethweni Sempendulo

Impendulo yokuqala yeJapan kwi-COVID-19 yakhiwa ngo-2012 ngemilinganiselo Ekhethekileyo yemithetho yePandemic Influenza neNew Infective Diseases. Lo mthetho wanikela isiseko esisemthethweni sokuvakalisa ulawulo longxamiseko, kodwa awunikanga urhulumente amandla okunyanzela ukubopha izitshixo okanye ukunyanzelisa imiyalelo esemthethweni esemthethweni yemithetho elawula ikhaya. Endaweni yoko, umthetho wavumela umphathiswa wecawa-nkulu ukuba avakalise imeko yexesha likaxakeka, apho emva koko abalawuli bephondo babenokukwazi “ukuquququzelela amashishini ahlala ekhaya, ahlale khona. Ezi zizicelo zazinganyanzelekanga ngokusemthethweni; zazingagcinwa ngokokuzithandela. Oku kwasemthethweni kwaboniswa ukulawulwa kokuthanda kwesizwe sawo sokulawula nokulawula ukulawulwa kwe-conga kwegunya-o-mthetho kwigunya-siseko solawulo lwe-mthetho.

IGosa eliPhakathi-Autonomy

Urhulumente osembindini, okhokelwa yiNkulumbuso uShinzo Abe de kube nguSeptemba 2020 kwaye nguYoshihihide Suga, wakhupha imigaqo-siseko yesizwe sokunxiba isigqubuthelo, ukujika-jika kwentlalo kunye nokuvavanya imithetho elandelwayo. Noko ke, uzalisekiso lokwenene lwanikezelwa kwimikhosi yamashumi amane anesine emikhosi. I-Profeta nganye yamisa imikhosi yayo, yamisela imiqathango yasekuhlaleni yokuvakalisa amaphondo kaxakeka, kwaye yasebenzisa imigaqo-siseko ephakathi kwiimeko zengingqi. Esi sakhiwo somgangatho obekekileyo savumela ukutshintsha umzekelo, iTokyo yakwazi ukuqinisa imiqathango yoxokelelwano xa i Hokkaido ithe yaza imiqathango yoxokelelwano. Izikhulu ezahlukeneyo zamkela imigaqo eyahlukeneyo, ikhokelela kwimiqathango ethekisiweyo kwiziganeko ezixeliweyo.

Indlela Esekelwe Kwingqukuva

Kunokuba avavanywe kakhulu, ubuchule bokuqala beJapan obabekele ingqalelo ekuboneni nasekuqulatheni amaqoqo osuleleko. Urhulumente wakhokela amaziko ezempilo kawonke-wonke (hokenzo ) ukulandela amatyathanga okudlulisela usasazo kunye nokukhetha amaqela akwingozi enkulu. Le ndlela yayinomtsalane ngokwezobupolitika ngenxa yokuba yayiphepha ukukhutshwa kwenkqubo yezonyango ngokuvavanya okunzima, okwakunzima kwaye kubiza imali eninzi. Noko ke, abagxeki bephikisa ukuba icebo leqela lakhokelela ekubaleni phantsi kwemibalo nokungabonwa kwebutho loluntu. Izibalo zezobupolitika zazicacile: ukuphatha amanani, urhulumente unakho ukuvalwa kokulawula ngelingwa kwezoqoqosho ngelixa kusetyenziswa kwemali efudukileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamandla Exesha Lentlekele: Iipolitiki Zegunya Elingenazintloni

Imigaqo-nkqubo yoMgaqo-siseko kunye nokuSebenza ngokuzithandela

Umgaqo-siseko waseJapan awuqulathanga binzana likaxakeka jikelele, kwaye urhulumente akanawo amandla asemthethweni okunyanzela ukuba abemi bahlale bodwa kuzo zonke izixeko okanye banyanzeleke ukuba baqhubeke. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente waseJapan waxhomekeka phantse kwizicelo ezingabophekiyo kuphela (]yōsei[))) ukuvala izikolo, ukuvala iziganeko, nokucela ukuba abemi bahlale ekhaya. Le ndlela yayingeyomfuneko nje esemthethweni esemthethweni, kwaye yayiyiyo inkqubo enyanzelekayo yezobupolitika. Ngokuphepha imigaqo enyanzelekileyo, urhulumente wazama ukugcina ukuthemba uluntu nokuphepha imingeni esemthethweni enokulonakalisa igunya lalo. Ukugxininisa ekugxininisweni “ukuzithinteleni ngokomthetho ozenzekelayo" yaphendula iziphumo zezifo zentla kunokuba ibe yiyo ephezulu ye-customfo.

Imeko Yezindululo Zexesha Lentlekele

IJapan yavakalisa amatyala ongxamiseko izihlandlo ezine ngexesha lobhubhani: ngoAprili 2020 (amaza okuqala), ngoJanuwari 2021 (amaza esibini), uApril 2021 (amaza amathathu), kunye noJulayi 2021 (wesithathu amaza, idiza, edityaniswe nee-Tokyo Olympics). Isindululo ngasinye savumela abalawuli ukuba “baphinde balungise” ishishini kunye nemiqathango yokuhamba, kodwa ngaphandle kwemiqathango yezomthetho ekhoyo, kodwa ngaphandle kwemiqathango yezopoliti yayingumqondiso oqwalaselwe kakuhle ngaphandle kwexabiso lemali enzima yokuvala phantsi kwe-yo. Urhulumente wagxininisa ukuba ezi zinto“ zaziyimiqathazo yexesha likaxakeka kwamazinyo” ngenxa yokuthotyelelwa ngamandla kawonke, kodwa ngezoqobo, ukuthotyelelwa koongoko, kunye nokuthuthwa kweendawo zokutyela kwahlala kuvulekile. Uvavanyo lwezopolitiki lwaluqhubeka ngethuba lokuzinyonyo lokhuseleko.

Izakhono zezorhwebo: Impilo-ntle

Kuyo yonke le ngxaki, urhulumente waseJapan wajamelana noxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi komlinganiselo wempilo kawonke-wonke kunye nozinzo lwezoqoqosho. ILDP (Liberal Democratic Party) yayixhomekeke ngokwesithethe kwinkxaso evela kumashishini amancinane nakwicandelo lomsebenzi, eyathi yabethwa nzima yimiqathango. Imeko zezobupolitika zazimathimba amanyathelo azakuqhubela la mashishini ekuweni kwemali. Isiphumo yaba lungcelele lwezihlolo ezisigxina zexesha likaxakeka, ukrwelo olusikelweyo, kunye nokuxhomekeka okunzima kwimiqathango yendlela yokuziphatha kunokuba kunyanzelelwe. Le mithetho yezobupolitika yabangela ukuba iingcali zezonyango zicebise amanyathelo angqongqo ngaphambili kwisifo.

Iindlela Nenkxaso Kwizoqoqosho: AmaStimulus Anjengendlela Yokusinda Kwezobupolitika

Impahla yemifanekiso exhotyisiweyo

IJapan yaqengqeleka iimpahla ezininzi zezixhobo ezinkulu zokuphembelela kwilizwe ngokunxulumene noqoqosho lwayo. Ipakethi yokuqala, eyabhengezwa ngoApril 2020, iphelele i-0181 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi (malunga nezigidi ezili-R1,1), ilandelwa zimpahla ezongezelelekileyo ngowama-202020 kunye no-2021. Ezi zinto ziquka iimpahla ezithe ngqo zemali ezinikwa i-SS9100,000 (malunga ne-R150) kumntu ngamnye, imali exhasa amashishini okugcina abasebenzi, imali ebolekisiweyo, imali emali emalini encinane neyandisiweyo yezonyango. Ezobupolitika, ezi zicetyelele ukukhusela inkxaso kawonke ye-LDP nokunqanda ukudilikana kwemali. Isandla semali esithengwa ngu-okanye, ngokukhethekileyodwa yimali esetyenziswayo esetyenziswayo ekufumaneni kwezindlu eziphantsi zezindlu zezindlu zemali, yandalamgadiswayo yonke indawo emva kokungxolo-wonke-wonke, ukuqhathoza inkculo-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke, ukubonakalisa ukugxeka kwe

Impikiswano Ngephulo Lokuhamba

Enye yeenkqubo zezoqoqosho ezaphikisana kakhulu yayiyi “Iphulo lokuhamba-hamba”, elaqaliswa ngoJulayi 2020. Inkqubo yabangela ukuba ukhenketho lwasekhaya lube lunzima, igqubuthela isiqingatha sexabiso lemali yokuhlala ehotele kunye nezothutho. Urhulumente waphikisa ukuba iza kuvuselela ushishino lokuhamba nokukhuthaza uqoqosho lwezoqoqosho lwengingqi. Noko ke, iphulo laqaliswa njengoko iintsholongwane zazinyuka, yaye iingcali zempilo yalumkisa ukuba iza kwandisa intsholongwane. Ngenene, uphando lwathi kamva lwadibanisa iphulo lokunyuka kwemali kwiimeko ezithile. Ngopolitiki, iphulo laliqhutywa nguhambo noomatilo-lundwendwe, olunonxulumano olunamandla ne-LDP. Urhulumente ekuqaleni lwalwamxelwa unxulumano lokuyimisa, qhamrhumo kuphela ngoDisemba 2020 emva kwemaza amakhulu ezibhedlelenezo.

Inkxaso Kushishino Nakumakhaya

Ngaphezu kwephulo lohambo, iJapan yasungula inkxaso-mali eninzi ukuze igcine amashishini edada. Ulungiso lokulungisa iSubsidy lwagquma ukuya kuma-80% emivuzo yabasebenzi abahlawulwayo, lukhuthaza iifemu zokuphepha ukurhoxa. Le nkqubo ikhusela amanani emisebenzi kodwa yenza ukhuthuzo oluzinzileyo olugqume kakhulu lwezoqoqosho oluzinzileyo, oluninzi lwamashishini amancinane agcinwa ephila kuphela ngenxa yetyala. Ngokwembono yezobupolitika, ukugcina ukungasebenzi okuphantsi komfanekiso weqela lolawulo lwezoqoqosho. Kwakhona urhulumente wanikezela ngenkxaso ehlawulwa kwemali yezoshishino kunye nemiqatha yerhafu ehla. La manyathelo ayesoloko egxekwa ngokucotha abamkeli, kodwa anceda ukuvaniswa kwezopolitiko.

Unxibelelwano Lwasekuhlaleni Nemiyalezo Yezobupolitika: Ukuququzelela Umanyano Ngaphandle Kongquzulwano

I-“3Cs” kunye nobomi obutsha

Icebo lonxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke lwakhiwa kwimigaqo elula, engenakulibaleki. Urhulumente wasasaza “ii-3Cs” (izithuba ezivaliweyo, iindawo ezixineneyo, izicwangciso ezisondeleleneyo) njengesiseko sokuphepha ukwasulelwa. Esi sigidimi sasiqiniswa ngemifanekiso, iintengiso zikamabonwakude, kwaye kwanendlela yokuzithethelela. “New Lifestyle” iphulo lokusebenza ekhaya, ukunxiba izigqubuthelo, nokugcina umgama obonakalayo. Le miyalezo yayikhuthaza imigaqo yezentlalo, itsala izithethe zembopheleleko neqela labantu. Ngopolitiki, le ndlela ivumela urhulumente ukuba atshintshe eminye imithwalo yomthwalo kubantu ngabanye, ikhuthaza ukusebenza ekhaya, isebenza njengomsebenzi woluntu kunokuba iwugcine urhulumente.

Ukusetyenziswa kweengcali neeNgqungquthela Zomsebenzi

UMphathiswa wePrime-Abe kunye noSuga kamva waqhuba iingqungquthela zomsebenzi wemaphephandaba ezazisoloko zikhatshwa ziingcali zokulawula, ngokuphawulekayo uGqr. Shigerau Omi, intloko yekomiti engaphantsi karhulumente kwi-CHOVID-19. Ezi mpawu zanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenzululwazi kwizigqibo zikarhulumente kwaye zathi zagxeka. Iingcali zadla ngokwenza indima ephindwe kabini: zazinika icebiso lobugcisa kodwa zikwasebenza njengekhakaliso lezopolitiko, ziqwalasela ityala lomzekelo, xa urhulumente wayecotha ukunquma ukumisa iphulo lokuhamba, iingcali zijongene nxamnye noluntu emva kwephulo lokuhamba, ngoxa abezobupolitika babesoloko bechanaze ngokunyelelwa ngobuchule obuthe ngqo ekugxekweni.

Ukuqhuba IiOlimpiki: Ukungcakaza Kwezobupolitika

Isigqibo sokuqhuba i-Olimpiki yaseTokyo 2020 ehlotyeni ngowama-2021 mhlawumbi yayiyeyona nto idibeneyo kwezopolitiko. Urhulumente wanyanzelisa ukuba le midlalo “ikhuseleke kwaye ikhuseleke,” njengokuba uphando lwabonisa uninzi lwezichasi zikawonke-wonke ezizibambe ngexesha lesifo esingubhubhani. Iinkokeli zezobupolitika, ingakumbi uMphathi wemikhosi yephondo iSuga, zafaka umngeni ekuthembekeni kwayo kwesi siganeko, zathi iOliphicotha ukuphucula ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwamaJapan. Iziphumo zemidlalo ye-Olimpikis zangenze zabangela ukuqhambuka okukhulu, yaye zanikela inkxaso kwimali karhulumente yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Inkqulukwano karhulumente yanikela i-Suparkistries ekuthini kwe-octives, kwaye yagxininisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-okis. I-Olistyuids.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa: Apho Icebo Lezobupolitika Lisilela Khona

Ukuvavanywa Nokutshintshatshintsha Kwezithethe

Ukungathandi kweJapan ukuvavanya kwangoko kwagxekwa kakhulu. Urhulumente obekelwe umda wokuvavanya iPCR kwabo baneempawu okanye abanxibelelane ngokusondeleyo, echaza ukunqanda amandla nomnqweno wokuphepha ukukhutshwa kwezibhedlele ezinamandla. Kodwa abaphandi abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yokuvavanya elinganiselweyo yayiqhutywa kwezobupolitika, amanani aphantsi okugcina athintela ukuba ityala lasemthethweni linyuke kakhulu, nto leyo eyayiya kunyanzelela ukunyanzeleka utyekelo oluqatha nokonakalisa ukuziphatha kwabantu. Umphumo waba lithuba elide lokungaqiniseki ngomlinganiselo wokoqobo wobhubhani. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiziphumo ezithethsileyo kamva lwacebisa ukuba inani elipheleleyo losuleleko lwaseburhulumente likhulu kunokuba kuxelwe ingxelo.

Iinkosana Zedayimani Zezikhephe Eziziinkozo

Ukuphatha inqanawa yeDaiman Princess ejikelezayo ngoFebruwari 2020, apho abakhweli abangaphezu kwama-700 basulelwayo, yayisisilumkiso sokuqala sokusilela kwentsebenziswano. Isigqibo sikarhulumente sokuyifihla inqanawa ngecala iintsuku eziyi-14 kunokuba abakhweli bahlalwe enqanaweni sagxekwa ngokuba sisigqibo sobundlobongela esangahoyi imigaqo yolawulo lwezifo. Ngobupolitika, esi siganeko sonakele udumo lwezizwe ngeJapan kwaye sabalaselisa iingxaki zesigqibo esahlukeneyo phakathi kwesizwe nabaphathi bezonyango basekuhlaleni. Kamva urhulumente wavuma iimpazamo kodwa esi siganeko savuma isithunzi eside sokuthembeka kwesifo.

Intamo Ezisongwayo Zebhotile

Iphulo lokugonya laseJapan, ekuqaleni elicothayo ngenxa yemiqobo ye-bhureaucrates, ukunqongophala kweenaliti, kunye nenkqubo yokuvunywa ngobulumko, laba yimbopheleleko enkulu kwezobupolitika. NgoMeyi 2021, ngaphantsi kwesihlanu ekhulwini labantu babefumene isithonga esinye, bebeka iJapan phambili kwamanye amazwe aphucukileyo. Urhulumente wajamelana nenkcaso ekrakrazayo kuluntu ngokubanzi, ingxinano yezopolitiko yabangela ingxaki kuMphathiswa-mikhosi we-Suga, owayefake i-Olimpiki ezikhuselekileyo. Ekugqibeleni wanyusa iphulo ngokuthumela imikhosi ye-User-Defenesesss kwimimandla exhobisayo, eyathisela phambili kwihlobo lama-201. Isethiliyezopolitis ibonisa indlela ingcinezelo yezobupolitika enokuthi ibangele ngayo ukuqhutyelwa kwe-bhulauaucance, kodwa kwano oluneyokuqala ngendlela eyingozi.

Ukugxekwa kokwenziwa kwesigqibo esiphambili

Phezu kwako nje ukuthotywa kwesakhiwo esifanelekileyo, izigqibo ezininzi zaziye zamiselwa ngokunempumelelo eTokyo. Iirhuluneli zobupolisa zazidla ngokuvakalisa ukudimazeka okukhawulezileyo ngenxa yokuhamba-hamba kwenkcazelo kunye nemali evela kurhulumente ophakathi. Ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika lwakwanendima ephambili: iirhuluneli zamaqela aphikisayo (umz., iYuriko Koike yaseTokyo, owayezimele geqe) maxa wambi zathatha izigqibo eziqatha ngakumbi kunenkokeli ye-LDP kwinkundla yoluntu. Ezi zenzo zabangela ukuba kubekho ukhuphicotha lwezopolitiko apho iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni zazinokuthiya impumelelo ngoxa zityhola urhulumente omkhulu ngokungaphumeleli kwakhe.

Impembelelo Kwezobupolitika: Ukutshintsha Kwegunya Nokuthembana Kubantu

Ukuqalisa Kwama - Abe Nendawo Efutshane KaSuga

IShinzo Abe, inkulumbuso yephondo laseJapan ehlala ixesha elide, yarhoxa ngoSeptemba 2020 ikhankanye iimbambano zempilo, kodwa ukuphatha kwakhe le ngxaki kwakusele konakalise imilinganiselo yakhe yokuvunyelwa. Ilandela lakhe, uYoshihide Suga Suga, wathatha isikhundla ngesithembiso sokubeka i-CHOVID-19. Noko ke, irejista yogunya likaSuga ihla njengoko iphulo lokugoma lithe mbendeka kwaye iphunyezwe iphulo lokugoma. Ukuphatha kukarhulumente wakhe iOlimpiki kunye nemeko yesine yengozi ehlotyeni ngo-2021 kwangqina ukuba kufile.Nkanga 2021 wavakalisa ukuba akafuni ukuphinda afune unyulo njengomongameli we-LDP. Isifo esinguqulu qhaphulukelele i-Sugaga-mrhu elincinane kwaye sabonisa iziphumo ezithelweyo.

Ukwanda Nokuhlengahlengiswa Kwenkqubo KaKisida

UFumio Kisida, owathatha inxaxheba kuSuga ngo-Oktobha 2021, ekuqaleni wamkela indlela yobulumko, eqinisa ulawulo lomda kunye nokwandisa amandla ezonyango. Wathembisa kwakhona ukomeleza isiseko esisemthethweni sempendulo yesifo esimandundu, kuquka ingxubusho malunga nokutshintsha umgaqo-siseko ukuze anike amagunya ongxamiseko olulinganiselweyo . /a Imbambano enzima yezobupolitika eJapan. Ngelixesha urhulumente kaKisida ekugqibeleni walawula utshintsho “ekuphileni ne-COVOID” ngendlela ekhawulezayo eqhubekayo emalunga notshintsho lwemithetho-graficity nolawulo.

Ukuthenjwa Kukawonke - wonke Notshintsho Olukhoyo

Le ngxaki yaphelisa ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kubuchule be-LDP bokulawula iimeko, njengokuba amaqela abachasi ezama ukuveza enye indlela ethembekileyo. Uhlolisiso lwabonisa ukuba ukuvunywa kwentsabelo yezifo ezimandundu zikarhulumente kwakusoloko kusezantsi, nangona i-LDP yalondoloza ukulawula kwayo kunyuso ngenxa yobuthathaka benkcaso. Le meko yabalaselisa imiqobo kwisiseko sempilo kawonke-wonke saseJapan, ikhuthaza iinguqu ezifana nokusekwa kwe- IZiko loMbutho we-IPRIOFTIOTY [] iziko zokulawula amanqamlezo-mali nokuhlaziswe kwemithetho yezifo. Ngobupolitiki, ezi ziziphumo zolwando zaziyimveliso yezifundo ezifundwe phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Elingapheliyo Lezobupolitika Lokusabela Kobuhlwempu EJapan

Ukusabela kwe-Covid-19 yeyokuphuma kwiziphumo zezopolitiko kunye nezinto eziphambili. Ukuthembela kukarhulumente kwizicelo ezingadibaniyo, iindlela ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nokukhuthaza okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kwabonisa isenzo sokulinganisela ngokucokisekileyo phakathi kokukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, ukulondoloza uzinzo lwezoqoqosho, nokugcina ikomkhulu lezobupolitika. Ngoxa iJapan yaphepha inani eliyintlekele labafayo elibonwa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu okanye eUnited States, indlela yayo yokufumana iindleko yayingenamali engundoqo, ukuvavanywa okudityanisiweyo, inkqubo echaphazekileyo, kunye nephulo lokugoma lokuhlasela elaqala ngokucothayo. Isifo esibhebhebhethekileyo esibhebhethelwe kwisakhiwo solawulo saseJapan, ingakumbi ungquzukiswano phakathi kokwenza izigqibo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-egosakhelo-mthetho, kunye nokungabikho kwezixhobo ezisemthethweni zokulungisa iziphumo-yo ze-AD, ukutshintsha kolawulo-ogromast, ukutshintsha kwemeko, kunye nokumisela i-ogcuntluvo yalo-og.

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