Ukuqonda Imigangatho Esembindini Nephantsi

Oorhulumente balungelelanisa igunya labo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo kunye nolwahluko ukusuka kumbindi ophakathi ukuya kutsho kumgangatho ophezulu. Iinkqubo zobuKapa zigxininisa ngamandla kwikomkhulu lesizwe, namagunya ephondo kunye nasekuhlaleni asebenza njengezixhobo ezisembindini wemigaqo. Iinkqubo ezigunyaziweyo zisasaza igunya kwizinto ezikhoyo zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezantsi, amaphondo, okanye oomasipala----ukuzikhulula ngokuzilawula ngemiqathango yemithetho, ulwabeko, kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Ukhetho phakathi kwezimodeli lubumba zibumbane ngokuyintloko zibumba ubuchule bokusabela kwiingozi, kwintlekele zemvelo nezifo ezimandundundundu.

Ukuphendula okunzima kufuna uhlolo olukhawulezileyo, isenzo esilungelelanisiweyo, kunye nobuchule bokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo kwiimeko ezijikelezayo. Oorhulumente abaphakathi nabalungeleleneyo bazisa iingenelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezingalungelelananga kule mingeni. Kwiminyaka emibini edluleyo, iziganeko ezinkulu ezifana ne-2004 Ocean ye-tsunami, inyikima ye-Haiti yowama-2014, ukuqhambuka kwe-Ebola, kunye nendyikitya yokuhlasela kwe-COVOVID, nganye izisa iihirolatees zokwenene zomhlaba ukuthelekisa ezi ndlela zimbi ezimbini.

Ulawulo olusemgangathweni: inkcaza kunye nophawu

Kurhulumente ophakathi, isigqeba esilawulayo sesizwe sinegunya eliyintloko lokwenza izigqibo. /iyunithi zamazwe ngamazwe/ooorhulumente, amaphondo, okanye izithili) nokusebenza phantsi kwamandla anikezelweyo kwaye kufuneka kulandele imigaqo esembindini, imithetho, kunye nezigqibo zokwabiwa kwamathala eencwadi. Esi sakhiwo sineempawu ezidityanisiweyo zomthetho, iinkqubo ezilungeleleneyo, kunye nencopho enye yokuphendula kwimiba ephezulu. Amazwe anjengeFransi, iTshayina, neJapan abonisa ulawulo olusembindini.

Ukwenziwa kwemiqathango kunika iingenelo ezicacileyo kwimpendulo yamanqam: umenzi wesigqibo omnye angakhupha imiyalelo kulo lonke ilizwe, aqokelele oovimba kunye nokumisa imilinganiselo efanayo kuyo yonke imimandla. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, urhulumente osembindini waseTshayina umisela iilock zokophula umthetho, imiqathango yokuhamba, kunye nemithetho esesikweni yokuvavanya uluntu eyasetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amaphondo. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo yolawulo lwentlekele yaseJapan ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba alungelelanise inyikima netsunami ukuqhuba ngendlela elungelelanisa iipropati.

Ulawulo oluthe tye: inkcaza kunye nophawu

Oorhulumente abahlalisiweyo banika amagunya aqingqiweyo kwimibutho yengingqi okanye yasekuhlaleni. Ezi zinto zingaquka amaphondo kwinkqubo yesizwe, imimandla ezimeleyo, okanye oomasipala abanamagunya akhuselwe ngokomGaqo-siseko. Ukwenziwa kwemiqathango kunokuthatha iintlobo zemali (unyuso lwemali ekhoyo nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko), iindlela zolawulo (ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-siseko yesizwe ngengqiqo), okanye iindlela zezobupolitika (onyulwe ngokoqobo ngamagosa ayila iinkqubo zemigaqo-mthetho). IJamani, i-United States, kunye neIndiya zinkqubo eziphambili ezifanelekileyo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemeko kuzisa isigqibo kufutshane nabemi abachaphazelekayo. Amagosa ongingqi asoloko enolwazi olugqithisileyo loluntu olunxulumene nogcino-lwazi olululo, izithintelo zezibonelelo, kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko. Olu lwazi lwengingqi lungavelisa iimpendulo ezilungeleleneyo nezinempumelelo. Ngexesha leziganeko zenkanyamba eUnited States, urhulumente kunye namaqumrhu olawulo lwexesha likaxakeka athe ngqo, asasaza izibonelelo, kwaye aphumeze izicwangciso zokufihla imfumba yogcino-data yombindi, ngexesha le-CHOVAID-19, amaziko eJamani (Länder) aphuhlisa uvavanyo kunye nobuchule bokugoma bokulungisa ukutshintsha ukuhambela kwemimandla yawo kunye nenkqubo yempilo.

Imbali Nemizekelo

Indaleko yezakhiwo zolawulo ibonisa indlela yembali-93. Iinkqubo ezisembindini zisoloko zivela kwizithethe zomanyano, ukwakhiwa kwelizwe lasemva kwelizwe lobuthangala, okanye ulawulo lwedemokhrasi olugxininisa ulawulo oluphezulu. Iinkqubo ezinyanzelekileyo zavela kwimibutho yorhulumente, imimandla ekwimimandla, okanye imigudu yamabom ukukhuthaza ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. Umzekelo, iFederal Republic of Germany’s Presfreea World War II, umgaqo-siseko womthetho-siseko owasasaza ngabom ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kolawulo oluphezulu lwexesha elizayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ilifali ye-Napoleonthesss igxininisa ulawulo olusembindisiweyo.

Iimeko zanamhlanje zivavanye zombini iimodeli. I-H1N1 i-flue i-flue ibhenca ukungaphumeleli kwentsebenziswano kwiinkqubo zombini ezisembindini nezilungelelanisiweyo. Kutshanje, i-COVID-19 ibhubhani yesandisa uphando olukhulu lothelekiso. I-2022 uphando lwe-OECD echaphazelekayo kwiziphumo zelizwe kunye neempendulo zolawulo , igqiba kwelokuba akukho mfaniso enye esoloko isebenza enye ngaphandle kwenye; ixhomekeke kubuchule obukhoyo, unxulumano lwe-ogamplivect, kunye nemijelo yonxibelelwano.

Oorhulumente Abaseburhulumenteni Neengxaki: Amandla Nobuthathaka

Xa amanqam efuna ukuba kukhawuleze, ukuthatha inyathelo elifanayo kulo lonke uhlanga, izakhiwo ezisembindini zingaphumelela kakhulu. Kodwa kwale misebenzi inye eyenza izigqibo eziphezulu ezikhawulezileyo zinyuke zikwazi ukwenza ubungqongqo kunye namabala angabonakaliyo.

Amandla: Isantya, ukufana, nokulungelelana

Oorhulumente abakwizikhundla eziphakathi bangadlula kwizigqibo zomgangatho wesizwe ezithe ngqo neziphucukileyo. Ngexesha longxamiseko olumandundu, ikomiti esembindini yemeko yamanqam ingavakalisa imeko yongxamiseko, ikhuphe iimpahla zesizwe, kunye nempahla zomkhosi ezithe ngqo kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo kwiiyure ezimbalwa. Le santya sabonakala kwimpendulo yokuqala ye-CHOVID-19, apho urhulumente ophakathi waseka inkqubo yokuhlola ilizwe lonke kunye namaqela eqeshiweyo avela kumazwe angachaphazelelwanga kangako eWuhan ngeentsuku ezimbalwa.

Ukufana kuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bafumana imiyalelo engaguquguqukiyo yokuthumela imiyalezo, ukufikelela kwimithombo yobuncwane, kunye nokukhusela okusemthethweni. Kwinkqubo yoluntu olusembindini, igosa elinye loluntu limisela imigaqo yokuvavanya, unyango, kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngabanye, ukunciphisa ukudideka. Ngokomzekelo, ubulungiseleli bezonyango obusemgangathweni baseFransi balawula imiqathango yexesha elimisiweyo kunye nemiyalelo efanayo kwimimandla yaseParis nakwimimandla yasemaphandleni, ukwenza lula nokunyanzeleka komthetho nokuthobela abantu.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamacandelo ngamaqela , ukuphilisa, ezothutho, ezomthetho, ukhuseleko . IBhunga loLawulo lwentlekele eMbindi eJapan linokudibanisa ulwazi olusuka kumasebe emozulu, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye nemikhosi ye-Uziququzeleli ze-Dimense, ukunceda ukuthunyelwa kwamaqela okuhlangula kunye nokubonelela emva kwenyikima netsunami.

Ubuthathaka: I-bureacracy, Ukungabikho Kwezimo Zokutshintsha

Ngaphandle kwala mandla, iimpendulo ezisembindini zidla ngokuchaphazeleka zibangelwa yi-bureaucratic interentia. Iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisezantsi zisenokuba ziqinile, zenzelwe iimeko eziqhelekileyo kunokuba zibe neengxaki ezinamandla. Umaleko owenza iisigqibo ungacotha imvume ezizizo kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga ezibanjwe kwindawo ethile. Ngexesha leSiphepho uKatrina ngo-2005, urhulumente worhulumente (osebenza impendulo ephakathi phantsi koMthetho weStafford wentlekele enkulu) ujongene nogxeko olunzima lokulibala ukubekwa kwempahla nokusilela ukuqhela ukuqhelanisa nemisebenzi ephezulu yentla neyculo.

Ukungabikho kotshintsho lwasekuhlaleni kungabulala. Inkqubo enye yomlinganiselo wokulungisa ingakubetha ngoyaba ukwahluka kwengingqi kubunzima babemi, ukwakhiwa kwezoqoqosho, izibonelelo zempilo, okanye uqheliselo lwenkcubeko. Kubhubhani weCOVID-19, amazwe abekwe kwimiphakathi efakelwe iintambo ezimfutshane asoloko ebona umonakalo ongenakulinganiswa ngokwezoqoqosho kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko ophantsi, lo gama amaziko asezidolophini afumana anele ukuqulatha imilinganiselo efunekayo. Ingxelo yeBhanki Yehlabathi [[FLT: 0] ayizange ilwe loo ntshukumo zingxamisekileyo yokudibana neemfuno zasekuhlaleni , ingakumbi kumazwe anolawulo oluphantsi.

Ufundisiso Lomzekelo: Ukusabela Kwecovid - 19 ETshayina

Ukuphendula kweTshayina kubonisa amandla nobuthathaka bokubekwa phambili. Urhulumente osembindini wakhawuleza wabeka umvalo kwiphondo laseHubei nakwisixeko sase-Muhan, wakha izibhedlele zexesha elidlulileyo, kwaye wathunyelwa amaqela empilo kawonke-wonke elizwe lonke. Ezi zenzo zisenokuba zabangela isiqalo sokuqala. Noko ke, imiyalelo engundoqo yakhokelela ekunyanzeleni ulawulo olungqongqo kunye neengxelo zamagosa asekuhlaleni athintela ulwazi ukuze aphephe ukugxekwa. Umzekelo wasebenza kakuhle ekukhuthazeni oovimba kodwa ukunciphisa ukulondoloza ukuthemba nobuchule.

Ufundisiso Ngemeko: Inyikima Neetsunami EJapan

Inkqubo ephakathi yenkxwaleko yentlekele yaseJapan iphakathi kweyona ihambele phambili ehlabathini. Urhulumente wesizwe umisela ikhowudi yokwakha, ukugada kwemali, kunye neenkqubo zokulumkisa ezikhawulezayo. Ngexesha lenyikima netsunami yonyaka ka-2011, urhulumente osembindini osebenza ngokukhawuleza kwiMpazamo Yoncedo nenkqubo yeQumrhu lokuLawula i-Ulwe-Demperance esindisa abantu abangenakubalwa. Noko ke, inkqubo ephakathi ijongene nokugxekwa ngenxa yokungabukeli umngcipheko we-tsunami nokusilela ngokwaneleyo ukwabelana ngokufanelekileyo ulwazi oluyingozi lwe-probabilisssss kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni.

Oorhulumente Abalungeleleneyo Neengxaki: Amandla Nobuthathaka

Ulawulo olulungelelanisiweyo lunika amandla akhawulezayo nokubaluleka kwasekuhlaleni, kodwa lunokuvelisa ukwahlukana nomgudu.

Amandla: Ukuthamba, Ulwazi Lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kweZibonelelo

Abaphathi bongingqi abakwinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo bangavumela imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe ivumelane nemeko yayo ekhethekileyo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amazwana aseJamani asebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvala isikolo, uvulelo lweenkqubo, kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya ezisekelwe kumlinganiselo wokwasulelwa kwengingqi kunye nezibonelelo zesikolo. Oku kuguquka kuvumela iindawo ezinoxanduva oluphantsi ukuphepha uphazamiseko olungeyomfuneko xa amachaphaza eqinisa imiqathango.

Ulwazi lwengingqi luphucula ukuphaphela kweemeko. Abaphathi bezixeko, amagosa ezempilo, izikhululo zoluntu ziyayiqonda i-intanethi, iindawo zokuminxeka, kunye nabemi abachanabeke kwimimandla yabo. Kwinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, banokusungula iindawo zokuvavanya abamelwane, basebenzisa amashishini asekuhlaleni ukubonelela ngeminikelo, kwaye basebenzise unomathotholo woluntu ukusasaza imiyalezo yempilo ngeelwimi zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuqokelelwa kwezixhobo zobugcisa kusoloko kukhawuleza kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente bakaMasipala bangalulungisa kwakhona uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwasekuhlaleni, batyelele amatsha - ntliziyo asekuhlaleni, baze basebenzise iinkampani zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokulinda imvume esembindini. Ngexesha leSitshingitshane iSandy ngo-2012, oorhulumente beSixeko saseNew York neNew Jersey bakhuthaza amaziko abo ongxamiseko, izinto ezilungiselelwe urhulumente, kunye nokufuduswa koonxweme ngaphambi kokuba kufike uncedo lukarhulumente.

Ubuthathaka: Ucelomngeni Lokungaguquguquki Nokuvumelana

Iinkqubo ezitshintsha-tshintshayo kwimimandla eqengqelekayo zingadala udideko nokungagqibeki. Ukuba amazwe angommelwane amkela imithetho engqubanayo yokuhlalisa abanye okanye izigunyaziso zokugquma amasigqubuthelo, abemi bangahamba benqamleze imida bezama ukuphepha imiqathango, becutha imigudu yempilo yoluntu. Ngeenyanga zokuqala ze-COVID ye-U.S., intsabelo yombuso yokwahluka-hlukene ngokomgaqo ekuvavanyeni ubukho nokuhlala kwimiyalelo yekhaya ebangele ukudideleka kwabantu kwaye mhlawumbi yanegalelo kwintsholongwane esasazekileyo.

Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente kunokuba nzima. Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zidla ngokuba negunya elinye lomyalelo; ukulungelelaniswa okuthe tyaba phakathi kwamazwana okanye ubalo lusenokuba luyinto yokuzithandela nebuthathaka. I-United States yajamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo ekusasazeni izinto zonyango kunye nemichiza yokugonya ngexesha lobhubhani kuba urhulumente wengingqi wayexhomekeke kwiinkqubo zokusasaza umgangatho karhulumente ezasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zokulwa.

Umahluko wezibonelelo phakathi kwemimandla yezityebi namahlwempu. Iinkqubo ezithe zandiswa kakhulu apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwingeniso yengeniso basoloko bebona ulawulo olutyebileyo lusabela ngokunempumelelo ngelixa abahlwempuzekileyo belwalwa. Uphando lwama-202020 olupapashwe ku iLancet [iiindlela ezinyuswe kakhulu] ezithi zicace kangakanani ii-fices ezifanelekileyo kwi-Italian zikhokelela kwimibangxube ecacileyo yengingqi [[ kubuchule bobugrafit, obuchaphazela iziphumo zemipulval.

Isifundo Setyala: Impendulo Yecawa YaseJamani

Inkqubo karhulumente waseJamani inika amaphondo ali-16 ukuzilawula okuqinileyo ngokwemilinganiselo yempilo kawonke-wonke. Oorhulumente bakarhulumente bamisela imiqobo etshixiweyo, iinkqubo zesikolo, kunye namaphulo okugoma. Oku kwavumela iBayern ukuba imisele ukuvalwa okungqongqo komda ngelixesha iSchlesiwig-Holstein isebenzisa uvavanyo olude. Indlela elungeleleneyo yokusebenzisa ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni elungelelanisiweyo kwaye igcine ulwamkelo lukawonke-wonke kwimimandla apho imiqathango yayibonwa njengeyahlula-hlula. Noko ke, umanyano lwaphazamisa: iinkokeli zikarhulumente zamazwe zinxibelelana nomphathi-ngqungquthelanano yevidiyo edla ngokuphixatyaniswa, kunye nemilinganiselo ekhokelela ekutyhalweni kwemithetho elungelelanisa umanyano yomanyano oluphezulu ngolwaniso ngolwambutho woluntu ngeBhunga lwesizwe lwe-Pandemic.

Uhlolisiso Oluphathelele Imeko: Ulawulo Lwentlekele Yemvelo Engalawulekiyo EUnited States

I-U.S. isondela kwiintlekele zokwemvelo kwinkqubo karhulumente: urhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowaseburhulumenteni ukhokela ekuphenduleni kokuqala, ngoncedo lwamazwe (FEMA) edibanisa imigudu yabo xa ubuncwane bukarhulumente boyiswa. Lo mzekelo usebenza kakuhle kwiziganeko zobulali: amasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni kunye nabaphathi beengingqi bengingqi bongxamiseko bayazi iindawo zabo. Noko ke, ngexesha lentlekele njengeSiphepho sikaMaria ePuerto Rico (2017), inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo elungeleleneyo. I-Puerto Rico yatsala nzima kwaye ingenamandla aneleyo aneleyo ashiye ixhomekeke ekunikezeleni uncedo olucothayo, ngoxa iingxaki zokulungelelanisa amanzi phakathi korhulumente besiqithi kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni, ukutya, kunye nokubonelela iinkonzo zezonyango kangangeeveki.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa: Xa inkqubo nganye yenze ngcono

Akukho modeli yolawulo iphezulu jikelele kwimpendulo yengxaki. Isakhiwo esilungileyo sixhomekeke kuhlobo lobunzima, isikali, isantya, kunye nombilini okhoyo ngaphambili.

Isantya vs. Ukulungelelaniswa

Inkqubo ezisembindini ziphumeza iimpendulo ezikhawulezileyo zomgangatho wesizwe. Isigqeba esinye singavakalisa izinto zongxamiseko, zivuselele iimpahla zomkhosi, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe lonke kwisithuba seeyure ezimbalwa. Le santya sibalulekile kwiimeko ezinzima ezibukhali, ezihamba ngokukhawuleza ezifana nokuchitheka kwemichiza, uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, okanye iziphumo zenyikima. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo zomgangatho ophezulu zingafuna ukudibana neenkokeli ezininzi zasekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokufikelela, ukulibazisa intshukumo yesizwe.

Noko ke, ukukwazi ukuqhekeka kuyinto ebalulekileyo kwiingxaki ezithabatha ixesha elide ezifana nezifo ezimandundu okanye iintlekele zemozulu apho iimeko zitshintsha ngaphezu kweeveki neenyanga. Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zingalungisa iindlela ezisetyenziswayo kwindawo ethile ngaphandle kokulinda utshintsho olusembindini lomgaqo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lengxaki ye-opioid eUnited States, amaphondo kunye nobalo olulingwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ``naloxone' usasazo olukhuselekileyo, iindawo zokujoliswe ngoonqakrazo olusemthethweni/ngaphandle kokuba lufuna ukuvunyelwa ngurhulumente, kwenza ukwazi ngokukhawuleza nokungenelela okulungelela.

Ukunqongophala komanyano

Oorhulumente abakwindawo ephakathi bahambele phambili ekulungelelaniseni iimpendulo kwimimandla emininzi nakumacandelo. Izibonelelo zomyalelo omanyeneyo ziqinisekisa ukuba impilo, ezothutho, kunye nokhuseleko zisebenza kwincwadi enye. Kwinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo, i-systrime division ifuna izivumelwano zokuzithandela, amabhunga orhulumente, okanye i-astrandada yokuqonda enokuphuncuka phantsi koxinzelelo. Inkqubo ye-OECD ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezifutshane [[FLT: 0] ezisebenzayo ezifuna umanyano olusembindini kunye negunya lasekuhlaleni , iphikisa ukuba ukuhlaziywa kombindi okanye ukutho okunyukileyo kusoloko kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezithe ngqo.

Noko ke, amandla asekuhlaleni anokunyusa ukuthembana nokuthobelana kwabantu. Izakhamuzi zidla ngokulandela imigaqo yempilo ekhutshwa ziinkokeli eziqhelekileyo zasekuhlaleni kunabaphathi-mikhosi besizwe abangaziwayo. Kwinkqubo ezizizo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayakwazi ukuthunyelelwa imiyalezo ukuze baphendule inkxalabo ethile, ukucutha ukuxhathisa.

Indima yolawulo

Ukusebenza kwemodeli nayiphi na imodeli kuxhomekeke kakhulu kubuchule bento ekhoyo ephumeza impendulo. Iinkqubo ezisembindini zifuna ulawulo lwesizwe olufanelekileyo olunenkqubo yogcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo kunye neenkqubo zobuchule. Iinkqubo ezithenjiweyo zifuna oorhulumente bongingqi ukuba babe nabaqeqeshiweyo, oovimba bemali, kunye nezibonelelo. Kumazwe apho ubuchule bomhlaba bubuthathaka, ukuzolasela bungakhokelela kwisiphithiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi. Ngokuchasene noko, apho amandla esizwe anokungqubana, ukwenziwa kwesizwe kungavelisa iingongoma enye yokungaphumeleli. A201 ufundo lweBhanki yehlabathi lufumanise ukuba impumelelo yotshintsho olufanelekileyo kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo luxhomekeke ekutyekeleni kwemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni phambi kokuba kufike iintlekele.

Iimodeli Zehybrid: Ngaba Zizezona Zibalaseleyo Kwezo Zombini Iihlabathi?

Amazwe amaninzi ahamba ukuya kwimodeli ezidityaniswe phakathi kwemibutho edityanisiweyo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Ezi nkqubo zijolise ekulondolozeni isantya kunye nokulingana kwesantya sobume obuphakathi ngoxa zisebenzisa ulwazi nobuchule basekuhlaleni.

Imizekelo yeenkqubo ezixutyiweyo

Amaqela azimeleyo aseSpeyin (amazwe) anamandla abalulekileyo empilo, imfundo, kunye nokhuseleko lwabemi, kodwa urhulumente osembindini unegunya elipheleleyo kwiimeko ezimanqamlezayo zesizwe kunye nezomanyano. Ngexesha lesifo seCOVID-19, iSpeyin yaqala ukwenza izigqibo phantsi kwe-alamu, kamva yavumela imimandla ukuba ilungise imiqathango. Le ndlela yokuzilungisa ivumela ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwelizwe lonke ngelinye ixesha xa kamva izama ukuqhela kwizifo zengingqi.

Inkqubo karhulumente wase-Indiya yohlula iimbopheleleko phakathi korhulumente womanyano kunye namazwe. INational Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) imisela iinkqubo zezemali ibonelele ngenkxaso, ngelixa amagunya olawulo lwentlekele karhulumente ephumeza iimpendulo zenkqwithela. Ngexesha lenkqhwithela, ingxubusho ephambili yeSebe leMeteorological, amaphondo alawula abahambi, kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni asingatha imicimbi yokukhusela inkanyamba. Le nkqubo idweli iphucule amanani okufa kwenkanyamba angaphezulu kakhulu kwiminyaka emibini edluleyo.

Ukulungelelanisa Icala elisembindini ne ngokuzenzekelayo

Imifuziselo esebenzayo ephumelel'ubuchule imisela imithetho ecacileyo yokuganana: urhulumente osembindini umisela iinjongo ezibanzi, imigangatho, kunye nolwabelo lweempahla, ngeli xesha oorhulumente basekuhlaleni begcina ubuchule obusebenzayo. Amajelo onxibelelwano kufuneka asebenze kwaye alungelelanise. Umzekelo, ebudeni bokuqhambuka kwe-Ebola yaseNtshona Afrika yonyaka ka-2014, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe eyanyanzeleka ukuba ixhathise amazwe ukuba asebenzise umanyano olusembindini. ELiberia, inkqubo ephakathi yokuLawulwa kwe-Icadeficate Desity System yaphucula, kodwa uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lwasebenzisa ukhuthatho lwentlalo, luthintele ukudibana noluqhagamshelwano.

Enye into engundoqo bububhetyebhetye. Iinkqubo ze-gbrid kufuneka zinikezele ngemali engundoqo yokuba amagunya asekuhlaleni angakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingxamisekileyo zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kwemvume egqithisileyo yezomsebenzi. Izipho ezisekelwe kumsebenzi kunye nemali exhotyisiweyo yexesha likaxakeka ziyakwazi ukunika amandla iindawo ngeli lixa kuhlala kuxa kumele kuthatyathwa

Oonobumba abaphambili abaqhubela phambili

Ngaphandle kokhetho lwesakhiwo, oothunywashe abaliqela babonisa enoba urhulumente unokukwazi kusini na ukusingatha iintlekele ngokunempumelelo kungakhathaliseki ukuba zikho kusini na.

Isantya esikhoyo

Ukwenziwa kwequmrhu okanye ukuthotyelwa komgangatho ophantsi kukodwa akunakulibuyisela kumaziko abuthathaka. Urhulumente ophakathi osebenza kakubi okanye ongaphantsi kwenkonzo yasekuhlaleni oza kusilela ukuzalisekisa kwanezona zicwangciso zilungileyo. Ngokufanayo, amagunya ahloniphekileyo angenabaphathi abaqeqeshiweyo bongxamiseko, iinkqubo zokuphatha imali, okanye iirabhoratori zezempilo zikawonke-wonke ziya kulwa nzima. Ukuveliswa kwemiqathango engundoqo kuyimfuneko nakweyiphi na imodeli yokulawula ukuze aphumelele kwiingxaki.

Unxibelelwano nolwazi lwabelana

Ulwabelano logcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene phakathi komgangatho karhulumente lunzima. Iinkqubo ezisembindini zifuna ugcino-lwazi lwasekuhlaleni ukuze zenze izigqibo zolwazi; iinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo zifuna ugcino-lwazi olusembindini ukuze zilungelelane. Xa ulwazi luhamba ngokukhululekileyo ngemigangatho elungelelanisiweyo, zombini ezimodeli ziphucula. Ukusilela ukwabelana ngebhabhasane yogcino-lwazi phakathi kwe-Rogn. Urhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe angama-2020 akhawulezileyo ukuphawulwa kwamachaphaza ashushu. Ngokwahlukileyo, inkqubo yogcino-lwazi ephakathi kodwa ekhanyayo ivumela ukulandelela ngokukhawuleza ukunxibelelana ngethuba xa kubandakanya ubumfi bomntu.

Imisebenzi yeFrame engokwasemthethweni neyokuQalisa

Imithetho kunye noqingqo-mali olumisela ukusabela kweengxaki. Oorhulumente abasemaphakathi bafuna igunya elisemthethweni lokuphelisa ukuzilawula ngexesha longxamiseko. Oorhulumente abaphantsi kwemithetho badinga ukucacisa okusemthethweni apho kumele kuboniswe ityala elikhoyo. Ziziphi ii-projekthi ezivumela ukuboleka kwezizwe ngezongxamiseko okanye ukunikezela ukuthunyelwa okuzenzekelayo kukarhulumente ngexesha lentlekele kunciphisa ukulibaziseka. Uncedo lwemali lwezendalo olunobuchule obuxhasa inyathelo elingundoqo nelasekuhlaleni.

Imigaqo-nkqubo enconyelweyo kulawulo lweengxaki

Izifundo ezifumaneka kuhlolisiso oluthelekisayo zikhokelela kwiingcebiso eziliqela ezinokuphunyezwa koorhulumente abafuna ukuphucula indlela abasabela ngayo kwiingxaki kungakhathaliseki ukuba zikhethe ntoni na izakhiwo zabo.

Ukuqinisa Ubuchule Bokulungelelana

Amazwe kufuneka enze amaqumrhu asisigxina karhulumente adibana rhoqo, hayi ngexesha leengxaki. La mabhunga angakha ukuthembana, ayenze imigaqo-nkqubo esesikweni, aqhelisele imigaqo-nkqubo yokusebenza kunye. Umzekelo, i-Civil Continmentation Act ye-United Kingdom iseke ugcino-lwazi lwengingqi lwengingqi karhulumente, amagunya asekuhlaleni, iinkonzo zongxamiseko, kunye necandelo labucala. Ngexesha lezikhukula nelobushushu, ezi zinto zilungelelanisa iimpendulo zoburhulumente zengingqi.

Ukubonelela Ngezibonelelo

Oorhulumente basembindini kufuneka banike oovimba boovimba bomhlaba wonke ngaphambi kokuba kuvele intlekele. Oku kuquka ukuqeqesha abaphathi bongxamiseko basekuhlaleni, ukuphucula iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi zasekuhlaleni, kunye nokugcina imali egciniweyo. “ulawulo lwehlabathi lomngcipheko” iinkqubo zidla ngokugxininisa olu tyalo-mali lubini: ulawulo lweziko-siseko kunye nobuchule bokuzalisekisa kwasekuhlaleni.

Isicwangciso esisekelwe kwimo yesiqhelo kunye nemfaniso

Inkqubo ezisembindini nezilungelelanisiweyo zingenelwa kucwangciso lwemifanekiso oluthe rhoqo oluvavanya umanyano, ulwabelo loovimba, kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Ukuzilolonga kufuneka kubandakanya amagosa asuka kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente kwaye kuxelise izithintelo zokwenene ezifana nokuwohloka konxibelelwano, ukunqongophala konikezelo, kunye neengcinezelo zobupolitika. Ukufunda kwezi mfaniso kungachonga izithuba kwimodeli nakweyiphi na inkqubela elungelelaniswayo.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo ephakathi kunye neyolawulo olulungelelanisiweyo kwimpixano ayiyonto incinci. Iinkqubo ezisembindini zingazisa isantya kunye nokulingana kodwa zinokuba sengozini yokungaguquguquki kommandla. Iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo zinika ubuchule nokuziphendulela kwasekuhlaleni kodwa zinokuchaphazeleka kwiimeko eziguquguqukayo kunye nokungalungelelani. Iimpendulo ezisebenzayo zivela kumalungiselelo anokudibana kwimigaqo ephakathi edityanisiweyo edityaniswe nobuchule obunamandla obunamandla, obuxhaswa ngamaziko anamandla, unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo, kunye nobuchule obufanelekileyo bokusebenza. Abenzi bemithetho-data kufuneka bahlole indlela ekhethekileyo yelizwe labo, imisebenzi yabo, ubuchule, kunye nobume bezobupolitika kunokuba bamkele ukumanyana kwendlela yokusebenza ngombindi okanye ukutshintsha. Ngokufunda kwimeko-mankithatho, ulawulo olunexabiso olunexabiso oluphezulu, ukulondoloza ugcino nolawulo olufanelekileyo lwezinzo lwexesha elizayo.