Yiyiphi Inkqubo Efanelekileyo?

Yinkqubo elindelekileyo yomgaqo-siseko eqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka awahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni afuneka kumntu. Iqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yezomthetho eqhelekileyo, ingakumbi xa urhulumente efuna ukuhlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Lo mgaqo awungobuchule obusemthethweni nje; liqhinga elisesikweni, ukukhusela abantu kwisenzo sobugqwetha esingekho ngqiqweni okanye esingekho sikweni sikarhulumente. Ummi ngamnye kufuneka aqonde inkqubela efunekayo ngenxa yokuba ulawula intsebenziswano nomthetho, iinkundla, izikolo, kunye nabameli abazisa iinzuzo zikawonke-wonke.

Kwisiseko sayo, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna izinto ezimbini: isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa. Ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente athathe inyathelo elichaphazela amalungelo omntu, loo mntu kufuneka axelelwe ngesenzo esicetyiweyo aze avunyelwe ukuba akhuphisane ngaso. Oku kusenokuthetha ukuchotshelwa kwenkundla okusemthethweni, ukuququzelelwa kolawulo okulula, okanye kwanentlanganiso yesikolo. Iinkqubo ezithile ziyahluka kuxhomekeka kumongo, kodwa umgaqo ophantsi umele uhlale uhleli: okusesikweni kufuneka kufike kuqala.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo ithatha ide yasemva kweenkulungwane. IMagna Carta yowe-1215 yangqina ukuba kwanokumkani wayephantsi komthetho. UClaus 39 edume ngokubala wathi, “Akukho mntu okhululekileyo oya kuthi abanjwe okanye avalelwe entolongweni ... ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye ngomthetho welizwe.” Elo binzana lithi,“ umthetho welizwe” wavela kwinkqubo efunekayo yomthetho.

EUnited States, inkqubo efunekayo isekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi yaye yabhalelwa ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Abalawuli baqonda ukuba ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunjalo, urhulumente unokubahlasela ngokungekho sikweni abantu. Babona inkqubo efunekayo njengeyimfuneko kwibutho elikhululekileyo, ukujonga ukuphangwa kwabalawuli abaphezulu kunye nobuninzi bobuzwilakhe.

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu

Ngo-1791 ibekwe njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, uMmiselo weSihlanu unika ukhuseleko lokuqala olucacileyo olufanelekileyo kumgangatho worhulumente. Ithi, “Akukho mntu... oza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Le ngxelo isebenza ngqo kurhulumente wesizwe. Ikwaquka nezinye izithintelo `````ukugwetywa' ngabachobi abaphezulu, ukukhuselwa kwejaji engxwelerhekileyo, ukuliselwa kwengozi ephindaphindiweyo, kunye nelungelo lokuzikhusela kwimiqathango esesikweni.

IsiHlomelo Seshumi Eline

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uMphetho-Mdathi weshumi elinesine (1868) wanika oorhulumente ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo. I-Access Process Claus yalo ifundeka ngolu hlobo, “naliphi na iLizwe aliyi kuhlutha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Esi sivakaliso sinye saguqula umthetho waseMerika ngokwenza ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo amkelekileyo (949) inkqubo efunekayo kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngokwenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo equluntluntlukwano ephambili yenkqubo efunekayo kurhulumente nakwinkundla zasekuhlaleni.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo

Iinkundla zitolike i-Curreate Proces Clauss ukuqulatha iintlobo ezimbini zokhuseleko: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Ukuqonda umahluko kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela la malungelo asebenza ngayo kwiimeko zehlabathi zokwenene.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo yenkcazelo efunekayo ibhekisele kwi iimodys urhulumente kufuneka alandele xa esusa ubomi bomntu, inkululeko, okanye ipropati. Ifuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, njengesaziso, umenzi wesigqibo ongenamkhethe, ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina, kunye nelungelo lokunqumla amangqina. Iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zixhomekeke kwindlela elungileyo yomntu okwisibonda esisemthini nobukhulu bobuncinci. Umzekelo, ukuvavanywa okupheleleyo kuyafuneka ukwenzela ukuthembeka kolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ukuva okungephi okuqhelekileyo kunganele phambi kokuba isikolo sikawonke sinqumaze umfundi kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa.

Isiseko esingundoqo senkqubo yeprocedturac iquka:

  • Inqaku loncedo: Umntu kufuneka axelelwe oko urhulumente aceba ukukwenza nokuba kutheni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iqela elifuna ukuviwa: Umntu kufuneka abe nethuba lokuphendula, ubungqina obukhoyo, kwaye aphikisane nesenzo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umenzi wesigqibo sobuzwe: Igosa okanye ijaji kufuneka ingacaci.
  • Isigqibo esinyusiweyo: Isigqibo kufuneka sisekelwe kubungqina kwaye sicaciswe.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo esezantsi ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zilungile kangakanani na iinkqubo. Ayibuzi kuphela indlela esebenzayo karhulumente, kodwa into [ ezama ukuyenza. Ukuba umthetho uphazamisa ilungelo lobuqu elifana nomtshato, ukukhulisa, okanye ukulawula umzimba] urhulumente kufuneka abe nesizathu esinyanzelisayo kwaye asebenzise iindlela ezincinci zokuthintela.

Imizekelo yamalungelo akhuselwe yinkqubo efunekayo equka:

  • Unelungelo lokutshata nokukhulisa abantwana
  • Ukukwazi ukuba wedwa kulwalamano olusenyongweni
  • Ilungelo lokulwala unyango
  • Ilungelo lokuhamba eUnited States

Ngokuthe ngqo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise inkqubo encinci ekhusela amalungelo angadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, njengamalungelo okuthintela ukukhawula ([[FLT: 0]]] i-Grilold v.Connecticut[]) kunye nelungelo lokukhetha ukuqhomfa ([[PLT:2]] Reev. [[FLT] [FLT]]], ngaphezu kwegunya le-'ii-drom'edet], i-Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Health [202])]. Nasemva [FFLD]], i-exmantman, isala inkqubo engundoqo yemfundiso ebandakanya nenguququlukwano.

Isizathu Sokuba Imilinganiselo Efanelekileyo Ibaluleke Kubemi Mihla Le

Izenzo ezifanelekileyo asiyongcamango nje esetyenziswa kwiinkundla zenkundla, kodwa ichaphazela ubomi obuqhelekileyo.

  • Imisiwe yeTraffic: Amapolisa kufuneka abe nesizathu (isizathu esigxekiweyo okanye ukukrokra okusengqiqweni) ukumisa imoto yakho. Unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile kwaye unelungelo kwigqwetha.
  • Inzuzo ekhoyo: Phambi kokunqumla izitembu zokutya, iMedicaid, okanye intlawulo yesiphene, urhulumente kufuneka akunike isaziso kunye nokuva (njengoko kumiselwe Goldberg v. Kelly).
  • Imvume ibekwe phambi kolawulo lwempahla. Abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke abanomdla womhlaba kwimisebenzi yabo (umz., ukusetyenziswa kwemali) banelungelo kwinkqubo efunekayo phambi kokuphelisa.
  • Ukunika isaziso: ingcebiso kwindlu kawonke-wonke kufuneka ifumane isaziso kunye nokuva phambi kokugxothwa.
  • Licens:[ Ilayisensi zoochwepheshe (ugqirha, igqwetha, umchebi) ayinakurhoxiswa ngaphandle kokhuseleko lwengcaciso.

Ngaphandle kwenkqubela efanelekileyo, ezi zigqibo zinokwenziwa ngokwamathandabuzo, ngokusekelwe kwinkcazelo esekelwe kwikhethe okanye kwinkcazelo engaphelelanga.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zayiguqula intsingiselo yenkqubo efunekayo eUnited States.

[[UMTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Eli tyala labangela “isilumkiso esiqhelekileyo sikaMiranda.” INkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba amapolisa kufuneka axelele abarhanelwe ngelungelo labo lokuLandliswa kweSihlanu nokungathethi ngeSithandathu soMthetho- Amendment phambi kokuncinwa kwetyala. Isilumkiso ngokwaso siyindlela efunekayo yokukhusela ukuvunywa kwezono okunyanzeliswayo. Ngaphandle kwayo, naziphi na iingxelo ezenziweyo azinakusetyenziswa enkundleni.

[[UMTL: 0] Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)

Esi sigqibo sandisa inkqubo efunekayo kwintlalo-ntle. INkundla yathi phambi kokuba urhulumente aphelise intlawulo yoncedo lukawonke-wonke, kufuneka inikeze ityala langaphambi kwexesha. Eli tyala laqonda ukuba kwaneengenelo zikarhulumente zinokuba luhlobo “lwentlalo-ntle” enelungelo lokukhuselwa kwinkqubo efanelekileyo.

[[UMTL: 0] Iqela le Regents v. Roth (1972]

, iNkundla yacacisa ukuba asingorhulumente ngamnye ongenelwayo ozenzakalelayo obangela inkqubo efanelekileyo. Umntu kufuneka abe ne-“demon" esemthethweni yepropati okanye inzala yentelekelelo emthini. Umzekelo, unjingalwazi oqeshiweyo unomdla wempahla kwimisebenzi eqhubekayo, kodwa umqeshwa ongathandayo ngaphandle kwesivumelwano akancedi. Eli tyala limisela isakhiwo sokugqiba xa inkqubo efunekayo isebenza.

[[UMTLR: 0] IGos v. Lopez (1975]

Eli tyala layithetha ngqo inkqubo efunekayo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. INkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba abafundi abajongene nokuthuthwa kwemiqathango kangangeentsuku ezilishumi okanye ezingaphantsi banelungelo lokuphawula nokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Isigqibo saqonda ukuba imfundo inelungelo lomhlaba nokuba udumo lomfundi lungumdla wenkululeko. Izikolo azinakunqumamisa okanye zikhuphe umfundi ngaphandle kwendlela ethile yokuphatha kakuhle.

[[UMTL: 0] Amathews v. Eldridge (1976)

Eli tyala layila uvavanyo lokulinganisela olusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba iyiphi inkqubo efunekayo. INkundla yadwelisa iinkalo ezintathu: (1) umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo, (2) ubungozi bokuncitshiswa ngokuphosakeleyo phantsi kweenkqubo zangoku, kunye (3) nomdla karhulumente, kuquka imicimbi yemali kunye nemithwalo yolawulo. Iinkundla zisebenzisa olu vavanyo ukugqiba enoba kufuneka ityala elingakumbi kusini na.

Imodeli

Namhlanje, amalungelo enkqubo afanelekileyo ajongene neengxaki ezintsha. Ubuxhakaxhaka buyitshitshile indlela urhulumente asebenzisana ngayo nabemi. Umzekelo, iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zokungakuvumeli ukufunwa kwemisebenzi okanye zokuphelisa iingenelo zisenokungaphindi uhlolo lomntu olufunekayo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Iinkundla zixakene nemibuzo yokuba i-algorithm ingakunika umgangatho ofanayo wokusesikweni njengomenzi wesigqibo somntu.

Omnye umda yinkqubo yoqeqesho. Phantsi kwe-Title IX, iikholeji kufuneka ziphande izityholo zokungaphathi kakuhle ngokwesondo. ISebe lemfundo likhuphe imimiselo efuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kwabo bakhalazayo nabaphendulileyo. Le mithetho izama ukulungelelanisa amalungelo abamangaleli namalungelo afanelekileyo abo bamangalelweyo.

Inkxalabo yamanani ixhalatyelwe ngokukhulayo. UMphetho-mvandedwa wesine ukhusela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungaqiqisiyo, kodwa umgca phakathi kwempahla yamanani neyomzimba uyaqhubeka usiba mnyama. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba amapolisa asoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokukhangela isiganeko seselfowuni ukubopha (] Riley v. California, 2014). Esi sigqibo siyaqonda ukuba ii-cell phone zalefoni zale ziqulethe umthamo omninzi wobuqu, ifuna ukukhuselwa ngamandla kwe-procedro.

Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokuvavanya

Ityala elisesikweni liyimbonakaliso epheleleyo yenkqubo efunekayo. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokukhawuleza kunye noluntu, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethiyo, nelungelo lokujamelana namangqina. I-Adved Demendment ye-145th Resclassible ifuna ukuba abamangalelwa bafumane ityala elisesikweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingxengxengelelwa kufuneka ityhile ubungqina obulungileyo kwinkundla ([[FLT: 0]]] Brady), umgwebi makabe nokungakhethi, kwaye ummangalelwa makakwazi ukumamela ityala.

I-Plea ithelekisa, egqiba ityala elininzi eligqwesileyo, ikwanyusa inkxalabo yenkqubo efanelekileyo. Abameli kufuneka bangenise izibongozo ngokuzithandela nangobulumko. Kufuneka baziswe ngezityholo nangeziphumo zokucela ityala. IiNkundla zikholelwa ukuba uncedo olungancediyo lwesiluleko lunganikezela isibongozo esingasebenzi phantsi kwe-CSClaus.

Icebiso Elisebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukwazi amalungelo akho enkqubo afunekayo kuyakunceda usebenzise indlela odibana ngayo namagosa karhulumente. Nawa amanyathelo asebenzayo:

  • Ukuba imiwe ngamapolisa: Hlala uzolile. Buza ukuba ukhululekile ukuba uyahamba. Ukuba akukhululekanga, unelungelo lokuhlala uthule. Yithi, “Ndiqhelise ilungelo lam lokuhlala ndithulile, ndithanda ukuthetha negqwetha.” Musa ukuphendla umzimba wakho okanye impahla yakho.
  • Ukuba iinzuzo zakho zisongelwa:[[FT:1] Funda nasiphina isaziso. Unexesha elicwangcisiweyo lokucela ukuchongwa. Bhala yonke into. Jonga kumbutho woncedo olusemthethweni ukuba awunamali yegqwetha.
  • Ukuba ungumfundi ojongene noqeqesho: Cela imigaqo-nkqubo yesikolo ebhaliweyo. Unelungelo lokwazi izityholo, ukunikela icala lakho, nokubhena. Amanye amaphondo anika abafundi amalungelo afunekayo angaphaya komGaqo-siseko.
  • Ukuba ungumsebenzi kawonke-wonke: Wazi isivumelwano sakho okanye isivumelwano sobuhlanga. Ukuba unexesha elisisigxina, unelungelo lokuchongwa phambi kokupheliswa. Ukuba uthanda, inkqubo efunekayo isenokungasebenzisi, kodwa ucalucalulo okanye impindezelo ayikabikho semthethweni.

INkqubo eBambeleyo Kurhulumente Wolawulo

Amaziko azimeleyo kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente enza izigqibo ezininzi ezichaphazela abantu suku ngalunye. Iinzame zoKhuselo loNyaka loNyaka, iziphumo zokufuduka, kunye nezigqibo zokusingqongileyo ezibandakanya zonke ezi zinto zibandakanya inkqubo efanelekileyo. I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inika umgaqo-siseko wokungagwebi ngokusesikweni koorhulumente, kuquka isaziso sokumisela imithetho ecetyisiweyo kunye namathuba okugqabaza esidla ngokuthethwa nguwonke-wonke. I-Agencydia idla ngokufuna ukuviwa ngemininzi yezikhuseli ezifanayo nalawo avavanywayo enkundla.

Iinkundla zoqulunqo, umzekelo, ziwela phantsi kwesebe elilawulayo, hayi kwisebe lejaji elilawulayo. Abangajongwanga kwityala abanamalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo, kodwa umlinganiselo waloo malungelo unciphile. Banelungelo lokuqaphela, ukuva, nelungelo lokunikela ubungqina. Noko ke, abanalo ilungelo kwigqwetha elimiselwe ngurhulumente ekupheliseni imicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Amaqela amaqela ajongene nokungabikho komelo olusemthethweni aphikisa inkqubo efanelekileyo.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayingomthetho we-United States kuphela. Amazwe amaninzi ayawavuma amalungelo afanayo. ISindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu sithi wonke umntu unelungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni nangokusesikweni yinkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethi buso. IConvention on Human Rights iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala elisesikweni. Kwanamazwe angenawo umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo asoloko enemimiselo ekhusela imigaqo esesikweni.

Ukuqonda le milinganiselo yomhlaba wonke kunganceda abemi baxhasa ukhuseleko olunamandla olufunekayo ekhaya. Kukwabalaselisa ukuba i-United States, ngelixesha inkokeli kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, ingafunda kwezinye iinkqubo. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe afuna ukuba abamangalelwa bemimangalelwa bafumane irejista esemthethweni ngeendleko zikarhulumente(a ekunene iU.S. isiqinisekiso kuphela kubamangalelwa abajongene nokuvalelwa ( Gideright[], 1963]).

Isiphelo

Amalungelo afanelekileyo kumalungelo enkqubo esesikweni. Akhusela wonke ummi kwisenzo somthetho esisesikweni sikarhulumente, nokuba kusenkundleni yenkundla, esikolweni, okanye kwiofisi karhulumente. Ukuqonda la malungelo kukunika amandla okuzimela wena nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bentlalo-ntle. Isithembiso soMgaqo-siseko sokwenza inkqubo efunekayo yomthetho asiyonto inkcubeko; kukuzibophelela okuphilayo kokuxhasa okusesikweni. Ukuqhubeka ukufunda, jongana nobuncwane obuvela kwiZiko lolwazi lwezemthetho [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[FLT:]] [FLT]], ukuhlolisisa amatyala [[FLT:]] [FLT]]