Inkqubela Nesizathu Sokuba Ibalulekile

Amalungelo afanelekileyo asemthethweni aqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente baphatha abantu ngokusesikweni ngaphambi kokuba bathabathe ubomi babo, inkululeko, okanye impahla yabo. Olu khuselo luphothiswa kwimithetho yeMelika ngomGaqo-siseko luze lusebenze kwiimeko ezininzi zemihla ngemihla . Ukusuka kwithikithi lendlela yezithuthi ukuya kwingxoxo yesikolo ukuya kwingxoxo egqugqisileyo yendlu yomntu othile. Ukuqonda inkqubo efunekayo akuyoyamagqwetha okanye abagwebi; kuyachaphazela wonke umntu, kuquka abafundi nabafundisi, abasebenzisana neenkqubo zikarhulumente imihla ngemihla.

Kumthombo wayo, inkqubo efanelekileyo imela umgaqo wokuba urhulumente makalandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nezimiselweyo ngaphambi kokuba athwale umthwalo kumntu ngamnye. Le ngcamango iye yavela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane kwaye ihlala ingomnye wezona zixhobo zinamandla abemi kufuneka baphendule abasemagunyeni.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Ingcamango yokuba kwanookumkani kufuneka balandele umthetho ibuyela emva kwiMagna Carta ngo1215. Elo nqaku lomthetho lamaxesha aphakathi lathi “akukho mntu ukhululekileyo oya kuthi abanjwe okanye avalelwe entolongweni... ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni wabalinganayo okanye ngomthetho welizwe.” Elo binzana, “umthetho welizwe,” kamva labuyela kwinkqubo yale mihla eqinisekisiweyo.

EUnited States, inkqubo efunekayo ivela kwizilungiso ezingundoqo ezibini zomgaqo-siseko. IsiHlanziso sesihlanu, esagunyaziswa ngo-1791, simisela urhulumente wesizwe: “Akukho mntu... oza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine (1868) wasebenzisa lo mqathango mnye koorhulumente. Zonke ezi ngxelo zimbini zibumba umqala wenkqubo ekufuneka ikhuselweyo.

Amatyala enkundla eLand Esona Sikhulu enziwe ngendlela ezicaciswa ngayo ezi zibonelelo. Umzekelo, uMathews v. Eldiridge [1997], iNkundla yaseka uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo lokufumana iinkqubo ezifunekayo: iinkundla zivavanya umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo, umngcipheko wokungahoywa kwendlela echaphazelekayo phantsi kwenkqubo zangoku, kwaye inzala karhulumente, kuquka imithwalo yolawulo. Olunye uvavanyo lwesiseko, Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), ikholelwa ukuba abamkeli bentlalo-ntle kufuneka bafumane umva phambi kweziphumo zabo, ukuqaphela ukuba ukulahlekelwa kwempumelelo.

Amasebe amabini enkqubo elindelekileyo:

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni bahlulahlula iindidi ezimbini eziphambili, zombini zibalulekile, kodwa zikhusela iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamalungelo.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yentsingiselo imalunga nento yesenzo sikarhulumente. Kufuna ukuba phambi kokuba urhulumente athabathe into oyixabisayo, wamkele: (1) isaziso esaneleyo soko urhulumente aceba ukukwenza nesizathu, (2) ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa nokunikelwa kwecala lakho, kunye (3) nomenzi wesigqibo olungileyo nongakhethi buso. Ezi zimfuno zisebenza kumo-mo osuka kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kwimvume yokuva isikolo sikawonke wonke.

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo kukuva intetho engekho mgangathweni kumfundi. Isikolo kufuneka sixelele umfundi oko kwaphulweyo umthetho, sinike ithuba lokucacisa, kwaye sinikele ingcaciso esisiseko. Iinkqubo ezithile ziyahluka ngokweziphumo ezizizo, ngezantsi ngokwendlela ezizizo ezizizo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza la malungelo njengawaba ``````````Iinkqubo'''''' ukuba amalungelo athile asisiseko abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba urhulumente akanakuwamisela konke konke, nokuba zinjani na iinkqubo. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iwaphawule njengamalungelo “asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe salo sizwe,” kuquka umtshato, ukuthintela ukuthintela inzala, kunye nemilinganiselo yomzimba. Umzekelo, Obergefell v. Hodges (20), iNkukholelwa ukuba umtshato owe-Exx ingumtshato ongundoqo ukhuselwe yinkqubo efunekayo.

Inkqubo esisiseko ephambili idla ngokuphikiswa kuba kufuneka abagwebi bachaze oko kusisiseko samalungelo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi iinkundla zinamandla kakhulu; abaxhasi bathi ikhusela inkululeko kwiintloko-mthetho ezitshintshayo.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Kubomi Bamihla Le: Ngaphezu Kwamagumbi Eenkundla

Abantu abaninzi banxulumanisa inkqubo efanelekileyo nezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ukufikelela kwazo kudlulela ngaphaya kwenkundla. Nazi iindawo eziliqela apho ukukhusela okufanelekileyo kuchaphazela abantu yonke imihla.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Ukusukela kwixesha obanjwa ngalo, inkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba ufanele uphakame. Unelungelo lokuhlala uthule, ilungelo kwigqwetha, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nakuluntu, nelungelo lokuthetha namangqina. Ukunganyaniseki (ukungaboni nto) de kugwetywe njengetyala (--) wona ngokwawo umgaqo ofanelekileyo. Ukuba amapolisa aphula la malungelo, ubungqina bungacinywa, kwaye ukugwetywa kunokupheliswa.

Amalungelo oMhlaba noMmandla oPhakathi

Ikhaya lakho liyimpahla yakho, kwaye urhulumente akanakuwuthatha, kwaye ngeprojekthi kawonke-wonke efana nohola wendlela(*) ngaphandle kokulandela inkqubo efanelekileyo. “Imali ka-F5 Amendment" ifuna ukuba urhulumente ahlawule imbuyiselo nje kuphela kwaye anikele indlebe elungileyo ukuba ucela umngeni. Ukugawula amaxabiso empahla kudla ngokukhokelela kwiphulo elide, kodwa ingcamango engundoqo ishiyekile: Unelungelo lokuviwa ngaphambi kokuphulukana nomhlaba wakho.

Iingenelo Zomsebenzi Nezoluntu

Kumsebenzi kawonke-wonke, inkqubo efunekayo ingakhusela ekuphelisweni okungasesikweni. Board of Regent v. Roth [772], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba unjingalwazi wekholeji onesivumelwano seminyaka enye ayinamdla wempahla eqhubekayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela akukho nkqubo ifanelekileyo yokuphulaphula phambi kokuba kuqhubekeke umva. Noko ke, abaqeshwa abanemisebenzi engaphezulu okanye abo banezivumelwano ezibonisa ukuba umsebenzi usoloko unenzala yempahla ekhuselweyo. Inzuzo yentlalo ntle, njenge Gold v.. [[FLT] ingulose], abanayo inzala eqhubekayo, kufuneka banikeze inzala yoncedo oluqhubekayo, ngoko ke urhulumente kufuneka unikezele uncedo oluqhubekayo.

Umthetho Wentsapho Namalungelo Obuzali

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko ikhusela ngokunzulu amalungelo abazali. Urhulumente akanakuwasusa umntwana kwilungelo lokugcina umntwana ngaphandle kokubonakalisa ukuxhatshazwa okanye ukutyeshelwa enkundleni. Abazali banomdla osisiseko kwinkululeko yokunyamekela abantwana, ukugcina abantwana, nokulawula abantwana babo. Oku kuyasebenza emtshatweni: urhulumente akanakuwamisela imiqathango amaqabane akho ngaphandle kwesizathu esinyanzelisayo.

Ukufuduka nokukhutshelwa

Kwanabo bangangeniyo eUnited States banenkqubo ekhuselekileyo. Iziphumo zokhuseleko kufuneka zilandele iinkqubo ezisisiseko ezisisiseko, njengesaziso kunye nethuba lokunikela ubungqina. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba abemi abasisigxina abajongene nokugxothwa banelungelo lokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweNkqubo ka-Celas. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wokukhuselwa kwabaphambukeli abangabhalwanga kunye nabo bakwimicimbi yokususwa kwabo banokuxinene kwaye baphantsi kokuqhutyelwa phambili.

Izindlu neendawo

Abasebenzi abajamelene nokugxothwa kwendlu kawonke-wonke banokufumana uncedo olufanelekileyo lokuhlala. Abalawuli abafuna ukugxothwa kufuneka balandele imithetho karhulumente efuna isaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nenkundla yokuchophela ityala. Amanye amagunya afuna ukuba isebe linikwe igqwetha ngendleko kawonke-wonke ukuba abanamali yokulithenga, beqonda ukuphakama kokuphulukana nekhaya.

Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokufundisa: Ukukhusela Abafundi Nabafundisi - ntsapho

Izikolo zenye yezona ndawo ziqhelekileyo apho amalungelo afanelekileyo asetyenziswayo kubantu abaselula. Abafundi abawashiyi amalungelo abo angokomGaqo-siseko kwisango lesikolo, kodwa loo malungelo amele alungelelaniswe ngokuchasene nemfuneko yesikolo yokugcina ucwangco nokhuseleko.

Uqeqesho Lwabafundi

Gos v. Lopez[FLT:] [1997], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka ukuba abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke abajongene nokuthuthwa kweentsuku ezingaphezulu kweshumi kufuneka bafumane ubuncinane inkqubo efunekayo: umlomo okanye isaziso esibhaliweyo setyala, ingcaciso yobungqina, kunye nethuba lokunikela icala labo. Ukukhupha okufutshane, okuncinci komthetho, okungagqibeleliyo kuyafuneka, kodwa umgaqo wokusesikweni usasebenza. Ukugxotha, okuthi kunqamle imfundo ixesha elide, ukuqwalasela okuninzi okucwangcisiweyo, ukuquka ukuva okuqhelekileyo okufunekayo ngumthetho nemithetho yebhodi yesikolo.

Ootitshala nabaphathi besikolo kufuneka balumke balandele ezi nkqubo. Ukuba umfundi akavunyelwanga ukuba enze imigaqo efunekayo, isikolo sisenokuzibeka engozini yokumangalelwa nokupheliswa kwetyala. Imizekelo yehlabathi iquka iimeko apho abafundi babebekiwe ngaphandle kokuva okanye apho amagosa esikolo engavumi ukuphulaphula inkcazelo yomfundi de kube emva kokuba isigwebo sibekwe.

Amalungelo emfundo akhethekileyo phantsi kwe-IDEA

Abafundi abaneziphene bafumana ukhuseleko olufunekayo olungakumbi ngoMthetho wemfundo enqabileyo (IDEA). Ngaphambi kokuba isikolo sitshintshe ukuhanjiswa komfundi, simvale ngaphezu kweentsuku ezilishumi zolwandiso, okanye sitshintshe ngokuphawulekayo uHlelo lwemfundo lomntu ngamnye (IEP), isikolo kufuneka sibe nentlanganiso kwaye kufuneka ngokufuthi sinikezele “ukuzimisela kokwenza izinto ezimeleyo” ukuhlolisisa enoba oko kubangelwa yisiphene kusini na. Abazali banelungelo lokuzama ukucel ’ umngeni izigqibo zesikolo ngokungakhethi, kwaye bangazisa umelo okanye abaxhasi abasemthethweni.

Oku kukhusela abantwana kuqonda ukuba abafundi abaneziphene basengozini yokufumana ingqeqesho engafanelekanga yaye kufuneka benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo, ngoko nangoko.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Kubafundisi- ntsapho Nakumasebe

Abafundisi-mfundo besikolo sikawonke-wonke kunye nabanye abasebenzi basoloko befumana izivumelwano okanye benika inzala yempahla emsebenzini oqhubekekayo. Phambi kokuba umfundisi- ntsapho agxothwe okanye aphinde afumane (ngesizathu), isithili sesikolo kufuneka sinike isaziso ngezizathu, ukuva kwangaphambili, kunye nethuba lokubhenela. Abafundisi- ntsapho abaqeshiweyo badla ngokuba nezona nxakeko zinamandla, ngexa uvavanyo okanye isivumelwano sonyaka omnye somfundisi-mfundisi-mtsha sinokuba namalungelo afanelekileyo. UGrievancences ngenxa yesohlwayo, okanye iimeko zokusebenza kufuneka baxhobise inkqubo efunekayo xa befuna inzala ekhuselekileyo.

Iingxaki Nezinto Zokwenene: Xa Kusilela Ukulungiselela

Ngoxa amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo engoontanga ebanzi, imiqobo esebenzisekayo ngokufuthi ibathintela abantu ekuwaqheliseleni ngokupheleleyo.

Ukungabikho komelo lwasemthethweni

INkundla ePhakamileyo ayilivumanga ilungelo eliqhelekileyo lokucebisa kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Oku kuthetha ukugxothwa, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala, kunye namatyala amaninzi olawulo, abantu kufuneka bazingqinele ngokwabo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abachaphazelekayo bafumana izinto ezimbi kakhulu, ingakumbi xa bejaji bakarhulumente abanamava. Iintlangano ezifana ne ACLU [iiiiiiiindawo esemthethweni] kunye nebutho loncedo olusemthethweni lisebenza ukuvala lo msantsamgamgamga, kodwa izigidi zabantu baseMerika zisenone eNtshona Koloni xa zingenawo amagqwetha xa onke amalungelo abo angundoqo esengozini.

Ukungalingani Kwendlela Esetyenziswayo kunye neBias

Ukwahluka ngokweentlobo zobuhlanga nezoqoqosho kungayinciphisa inkqubo efunekayo. Umzekelo, uphando lubonisa ukuba abafundi abamnyama nababhila-bhabhayo baxhonywa kwaye bagxothiwe ngexabiso eliphezulu kunabafundi abamhlophe ngenxa yesimilo esifanayo, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba ukuvakala koqeqesho kulungile na. Kwinkqubo yezobulungisa, abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula ibheyile bangagcinwa phambi kweeveki, besohlwaywa ngokunempumelelo phambi kokuba baqinisekiswe. Oku kungabi nakusesikweni kusithenjiswa isithembiso senkqubo efanelekileyo.

Umahluko

Ngapha koko kumgangatho ophantsi womgaqo-siseko, amaphondo kunye nemimandla kukho indlela enkulu yokuchaza iinkqubo. Umzekelo, ixesha lesaziso phambi kokususwa kwelizwi linokuba lifutshane njengeentsuku ezintathu kwamanye amazwe kwaye ixesha elide elingange-30 kwezinye. Umgangatho wobungqina kwiimeko zokukhusela abantwana ungahluka. Lo msebenzi udala ukudideka kwaye uthetha ukuba amalungelo afanelekileyo omntu afanelekileyo axhomekeke kakhulu kwindawo ahlala kuyo. I-Cornell Legal Information Institute [ inika ushwankathelo lwemiqathango yomthetho ekwinkqubo.

Ukulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nenkululeko

Imilinganiselo yokhuseleko yePfter 9/11 maxa wambi iye yavavanya imida yenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukungagcinwa kwabanqolobi abarhanelayo, ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufihlakeleyo kwiimeko zokufuduka, kwaye akukho ludweliso luneenkqubo zokuzihlola ezisikelwe umda oluye lwaphakamisa zonke inkxalabo yokuba ukhuseleko lwesizwe lusetyenziswa ukuthethelela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Iinkundla ziye zahlehlela emva kwezinye iimeko kodwa zavumela ubhetyebhetyebhetye obungakumbi kwezinye.

Indlela Abafundisi Nabafundi Abawakhusela Ngayo Amalungelo Abo Afanelekileyo

Ulwazi lungumtya wokuqala wokuzikhusela. Abafundi kufuneka baziqhelanise nemithetho yesikolo sabo yoqeqesho baze bazi amanyathelo abamele bawalandele ulawulo. Ootitshala bafanele baqonde imigaqo yequmrhu lesikolo ngokupheliswa, iinkqubo zezikhalazo, nomahluko phakathi kwemeko yokuvavanywa nokuvavanywa.

Nanini na ufumana isaziso esichaphazela amalungelo akho `a slempse trand', isaziso sokugxotha, isaziso sokukhupha umkhosi (ufunde kakuhle). Qaphela ixesha lokusebenza, izityholo ezizodwa, kunye neenkqubo ezichazweyo. Ukuba unexesha, jonga ubuncwane obufana iMelika Bar Association yoshwankathelo lwenkqubo efunekayo[ okanye iofisi yakho yoncedo lwasemthethweni. Kwimicimbi enzulu, qesha igqwetha elinolwazi lwendawo efanelekileyo, umthetho-mamfomati, okanye ukhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho-mthetho, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olunokwenza umahluko phakathi kwesiphumo esingalunganga nesolufanelekileyo.

Kubafundisi- ntsapho, ukubhala yonke intsebenziswano enxulumene noqeqesho okanye ukwenza kubalulekile. ukugcina iikopi zee-imeyili, iingcebiso, kunye namaphetshana entlanganiso. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho enkqubo afanelekileyo aphulwe, ungafaka izikhalazo ngomanyano lwakho okanye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, uzise ityala phantsi kwama-42 U.S.C. . . . ngo1998, umthetho wesizwe osetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko nxamnye nabadlali bakarhulumente.

Umgaqo wexesha elizayo: Inkqubo elandelelwayo ngexesha lamanani

Ubuxhakaxhaka budala imibuzo emitsha efunekayo. Imithetho-mthetho esetyenziswa ngabameli bakarhulumente njengezixhobo zobupolisa ezithe sazi, izigqibo ezizizo, okanye uhlolo olusekelwe kwi-Al olusekelwe kwingozi, lungahlutha abantu inkululeko okanye impahla ngaphandle kokubonakala ngokucacileyo okanye isibheno. Iinkundla ziqalisa ukuzama ukufumanisa enoba abantu banelungelo lokwazi nokuvavanya ugcino-lwazi kunye nobuchule obusemva kwezi zigqibo ezizenzekelayo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo efanelekileyo kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba “umntu okwirhintyela” xa amalungelo abalulekileyo exhotyiswe esibonda.

Ngokufanayo, ukuphembelela abadlali bezentlalo (umzekelo, igosa likarhulumente elivala iCandelo Lokuqala Lokwenziwa kweMpatho kunye nemibandela efunekayo) kuphakamisa imibandela efunekayo. Njengoko umthetho uguquka, umgaqo ongundoqo uhlala uhleli: nasiphi na isenzo sikarhulumente esichaphazela ubomi bakho ngokungelula kufuneka sibe nengqiqo, sibe cacileyo, kwaye sivavanyeke.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho

Amalungelo okusebenza awayonto nje engekho mgaqweni, akhusela ikhaya lakho, umsebenzi wakho, imfundo yakho, intsapho yakho, nenkululeko yakho. Enoba ungumfundi ojongene nothutho, umfundisi- ntsapho otyholwe ngokuziphatha okubi, okanye umninimzi olwela inkqubano ephambili, ilungelo lokuphawula nokuphulaphula likunika ilizwi elichasene namandla amakhulu elizwe.

Ukuqonda la malungelo kukunika amandla okufuna okusesikweni. Kukwasikhumbuza ukuba umthetho awuxhomekekanga nje kwizinto ezibhaliweyo kodwa kubemi abawaziyo amalungelo abo baze banyanzele ukuba urhulumente aphile ngokuvisisana nezithembiso zakhe ezingokomGaqo-siseko. Abafundi, abafundisi-matheski, nabo bonke abanye, bakwinkqubo efunekayo, ihlala ingomnye wezona ndlela zethu zisisiseko zokuzikhusela, yaye omnye ufanele ukufundisisa, ukukhusela, yaye xa kuyimfuneko, ukukhusela.