Ukuqonda Isiseko: Inkululeko Nokulingana

Iingcamango zenkululeko nokulingana zidityaniswe kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Zivela kwiSindululo senkululeko, umGaqo-siseko, kunye nentsebenziswano ezingenakubalwa eziye zaguqula imbali yohlanga. Xa kuxutyushwa indlela la maxabiso akhuselwe nanyanzeliswa ngayo, amagama amabini asoloko evela: inkululeko yoluntu namalungelo abantu. Ngoxa kudla ngokusetyenziswa incoko eqhelekileyo, zimela iingcamango ezingokwahlukileyo ezingokwasemthethweni ezinemvelaphi eyahlukileyo, iinjongo, kunye neenqobo. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yamakhaya kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela ezilungelene ngayo iziqu zomntu ngamnye ezimiselwe ngokwendlela elungeleleneyo.

Esona sizathu sazo, inkululeko yasekuhlaleni isebenza njengesixhobo sokukhusela urhulumente ekuphathweni, ngoxa amalungelo abantu esebenza njengekrele ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukufikelela kuwe kunye namathuba alinganayo. Enye ifuna ukuba urhulumente athathe amanyathelo ukuze athintele ucalucalulo. Nangona lo mahluko uchuliweyo, unentsingiselo enzulu ngendlela imithetho echazwa ngayo, indlela amatyala aphikiswa ngayo, nendlela abemi abama namava ngayo kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Ukuchaza Ukukhululwa Kwabemi: Imfihlelo Enxamnye Namandla Karhulumente

Inkululeko engundoqo yinkululeko esisiseko ekhuselweyo kwingxwabangxwaba yorhulumente. Ngamalungelo abo bonke abantu, ngenxa nje yokuba ngabantu, kwaye bafakwe kumGaqo-siseko ukuthintela urhulumente ukuba angangeni kwinkululeko yobuqu. Umthombo oyintloko wenkululeko yabemi eUnited States yiBhili yamaLungelo, ishumi lokuqala ukuphelisa umGaqo-siseko, nto leyo emisela ngokucacileyo amandla karhulumente kumntu ngamnye.

Le nkululeko ayithandeki kwindalo efuna ukuba urhulumente angayivumeli imicimbi ethile. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Kwezimilo, ngokomzekelo, awumniki urhulumente amandla okumisela unqulo okanye okunqanda ukusetyenziswa konqulo ngokukhululekileyo. Kunoko, uyalela urhulumente ukuba angangeni ngokupheleleyo kwimicimbi yonqulo.

Inkululeko Yabemi

Inkululeko ekhethekileyo ekhuselweyo njengenkululeko yasekuhlaleni iye yanda ekuhambeni kwexesha ngokutolikwa kwetyala, kodwa iquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Inkululeko yokuthetha nentetho ilungelo lokuthetha izimvo, ukugxeka urhulumente, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwintetho kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokuhlalutya.
  • Inkululeko yonqulo [ yombini inkululeko yokuqhelisela naluphi na unqulo ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente kunye nenkululeko ekubekeni unqulo lwesizwe kuwe.
  • Inkululeko yendibano nomanyano ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngamaqela, ukuqhankqalaza, ukwenza imibutho, nokucela urhulumente ukuba atshintshe.
  • unelungelo lokufumana indawo yobuqu [ inkululeko ecacileyo ekwamkelekeni yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekhusela izigqibo zobuqu eziphathelele umtshato, intsapho, inzala kunye nokunyanyekelwa kwezamayeza.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokuba urhulumente uza kulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla.
  • [[Ukhuseleko: 0] Ukhuseleko kuphando olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula imfuneko yokuba umthetho ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokukhangela into yabucala.

Inkululeko yabemi isebenza jikelele kwingcamango yabo bonke abantu abakwigunya le-United States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bubunjani. Noko ke, umlinganiselo osebenzayo wezi nkululeko ibingumbandela wengxoxo enzulu nowokuhlaziywa kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. INkundla ePhakamileyo yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imida yenkululeko yoluntu ngemithetho eqingqiweyo echaza umGaqo-siseko ngokubhekisele ekutshintsheni kweemeko zoluntu.

Ukuchaza Amalungelo Abemi: Ikrele Lonyango Olulinganayo

Amalungelo eCIII ayahluka kakhulu kwinkululeko yabemi kuba bagxininisa ekulinganani kunokuba bakhululwe kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Amalungelo abantu ngamalungelo abantu okufumana ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho, ingakumbi ngokubhekiselele ekukhuseleni ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiempawu ezithile ezifana nohlanga, ubufana, ubufana, ubulwelwe, unqulo, imvelaphi yesizwe, kunye nembonakalo yesini. Ngokungafaniyo nenkululeko yabemi, ezithi ngokuyintloko zikhuseleke kakubi, amalungelo amakhaya asoloko efuna ukuzimisela ukuba bonke abantu bafumane amathuba alinganayo kunye neendawo zokuhlala.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko samalungelo abantu sixhomekeke ngokuyintloko kuMphetho-mva-mda weshumi elinesine, oqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho kubo bonke abantu. ISikhuseli soKhuselo samalungelo asekuhlaleni siye saba sisiseko samalungelo asekuhlaleni ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, sinika isiseko esisemthethweni semithetho evavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho nezenzo. Amalungelo amakhaya aphinde aqiniswe ngomthetho obanzi nowasemthethweni ochaza iindlela ezilwahlula ucalucalulo nozinzileyo zomgaqo-nkqubo wokusebenza.

ISibonelelo soMgaqo-siseko saMalungelo aBami

Ngokungafaniyo nenkululeko yabemi, echazwa kakhulu ngumGaqo-siseko nenkcazelo egwebayo, amalungelo abantu alawulwa kakhulu ngumthetho owiso-mthetho. Umthetho omkhulu wamalungelo abantu uquka:

  • UMthetho wamaLungelo ka1964 umthetho wesizwe othintela ucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, iinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente, kunye nemfundo.
  • Umthetho wokwahlula amalungelo wonyaka ka-65 ocetyelwe ukuphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoti, kuquka amalungiselelo awalelayo iimviwo zokufunda nokubhala neminye imiqobo esetyenziswa ukudibanisa abavoti abambalwa.
  • Umthetho weFair Homes ka1968 umthetho olwalela ucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, nasekuxhaseni ngemali izindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo, imvelaphi yesizwe, nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho weNkcitho yowama-1990 umthetho obanzi olwalela ukucalucalulwa kwabantu abaneziphene emsebenzini, iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye nonxibelelwano.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni asekelwe kwiqela lemveli. Umntu akanalo ilungelo loluntu lokukhululeka kucalucalulo olusuka kwizinto ezingacacanga; kunoko, udibaniso olulungileyo ngenxa yokuba umntu ungoweqela eliye laphathwa ngendlela engafaniyo ngokwembali. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kuba kuthetha ukuba ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu alukho jikelele ngendlela efanayo. Umthetho ocalula wonke umntu ngokulinganayo awuwaphuli amalungelo abantu, kanti umthetho owahlulayo iqela elikhuselweyo unjalo.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwamalungelo Abemi Namalungelo Abahlali

Ngoxa zombini ezi ngcamango zisebenza kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abantu, ukwahluka kwamalungelo abantu nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni kubaluleke yaye kunemiphumo esebenzisekayo ngendlela ezifunwa ngayo zize ziconjululwe ngayo izimvo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Indalo Engasekunene

Inkululeko yamakhaya yinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ikhusela ukuzimela ngokwabantu ekungeneleni korhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amalungelo abemi, zisiqinisekiso sempatho efanayo esebenzayo kumalungu athile aye ajongana nocalucalulo olungokwembali. Inkululeko yesizwe kukuba ayinakuthatyathwa ngurhulumente ngaphandle kwesizathu esinyanzelekileyo nenkqubo esesikweni. Umgangatho welungelo loluntu kukuba kufuneka ukhuselwe ngokukhutheleyo kwaye unyanzeliswe ngurhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulingana.

Indima karhulumente

Inkululeko yamakhaya imisela imbopheleleko engalunganga kurhulumente: ayimele iphazamisane nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Urhulumente akamele aphule inkululeko yakho yasekuhlaleni xa ehlola ukuthetha kwakho, ekhangela ikhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume, okanye emisela unqulo lukarhulumente. Amalungelo abemi amisela imbopheleleko elungileyo kurhulumente: kufuneka athathe inyathelo lokuthintela ucalucalulo nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Urhulumente uqhekeza amalungelo akho asekuhlaleni xa engakwazi ukunyanzela imithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, xa emisela imithetho eyingozi ngokungenakulungiseka amaqela akhuselwe, okanye xa abameli bawo bebandakanye noqheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Umthombo Wokhuseleko

Inkululeko yabemi isuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo kunye ne-Acts Processol Claus of the 14th Amendment, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwezo ntaba zikhusela oorhulumente bephondo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona iphambili ekuchazeni iingxelo zenkululeko yabemi, ukutolika umGaqo-siseko ukuchaza umlinganiselo wenkululeko nganye. Amalungelo amakhaya, kwelinye icala, asuka ngokuyintloko kuMgangatho-mthetho we-Olithi ye-14 kunye neMimiselo karhulumente. Ngoxa iinkundla zidlala indima ephambili ekuchazeni imithetho yamalungelo abantu, isebe le-Gregionstial linegunya elibalulekileyo lokuchaza nokwandisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu ngomthetho omtsha.

Isicelo Esisebenzisekayo

Ngokwesiko, umahluko phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nenkululeko yabemi udla ngokumisela iqhinga elisemthethweni elikhoyo kumchasi-mthetho. Ukuba umntu ukholelwa ukuba inkululeko yakhe yokuthetha iye yaphulwa, uzisa inkululeko yabemi phantsi koMphengululo wokuqala. Ukuba umntu ukholelwa ukuba abamkelwa umsebenzi ngenxa yohlanga lwabo, azisa amalungelo asekuhlaleni phantsi kweSihloko samaLungelo esinguViI somthetho. Oku kubandakanya imilinganiselo eyahlukene yomthetho, imithwalo eyahlukeneyo yobungqina, kunye nezonyango ezahlukeneyo. Inkululeko yoluntu idla ngokufuna ukuba urhulumente aphule ngenkululeko ekhuselekileyo. Amatyala oluntu anokuphumelela ngokubonisa ukuba umthetho okanye ukuqhelisa imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho ibandakanya imigaqo-mthetho eyahlukeneyo, ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukucalucalucalucalucalucalucalulo.

Imeko Yembali: Indlela Ezi Zimvo Ezihluzwa Ngayo

Ukuphuhliswa kwenkululeko yabemi namalungelo abantu eUnited States akulobali nje elinye kodwa ziingxelo ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo eziye zaqulunqwa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Ukuqonda le mbali kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba le mibandela idibane nendlela ezi ngcamango eziqhubeka ngayo zibumba umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika.

Ukuqala Kwenkululeko Yabemi: IBhili Yamalungelo Nomahluko

UMgaqo-siseko wokuqala wewaka linama-1787 wawunemiqathango embalwa ecacileyo yokukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, yongezwa ngokukhethekileyo ukusingatha oku kusilela nokumisela amandla karhulumente wesizwe osandul' ukudalwa. Kwimbali enkulu yeMerika, noko ke, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kurhulumente karhulumente karhulumente, ishiya amazwe ekhululekileyo ukulinganisela inkululeko njengoko ebona ukuba ayamkeleka. Oku kwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo emva kwemfazwe kaNondyezolo loMgaqo-mali, nto leyo equka i-Unioctive Procemental Claus. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iNkulwano ephakamileyo yasebenzisa eli lungelo kuphela kurhulumente ngokwendlela ekhethekileyo [[FLT:] i-corativenti yenkululeko yoluntu [[FLT]] uninzi lwamalunge kaRhulumente, oko kuthe ngokungqinwa ngogqeleneyo, njengoko kuthenjiswe ngokutyiselwa ngomthetho womthetho womthetho woluntu, kwaye kwazinyelweyo.

Umzabalazo Wamalungelo Abemi: Ukususela Kukwakhiwa Kwakhona Ukuya Kwixesha Lanamhlanje

Ibali lamalungelo amakhaya libali lokulwa, ukuchasana, nenkqubela eqhubekayo. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, ukuhlaziywa koMdaba, ukuhlaziywa kweMimiselo yeNtlanga, yeshumi elinesine neyeshumi elinesihlanu kwakucetyelwe ukumisela isiseko esisemthethweni sokulingana kwezizwe. Noko ke, ukuphela kwenkqubo yokulungisa kwakhona ngowe-1877 kwakhokelela ekubekeni imithetho ye-Jim Crow ngaphaya koMzantsi, eyanyanzelela umthetho wobuhlanga kunye nokususa abemi abaNtlalo abaNsundu phantse ngenkulungwane. Umthetho walenze ukuba kungabikho ngqongqo kwemithetho esemthethweni elawulayo, imikhosi elawula ukucalucalulwa kohlanga kunye nokukhutshwa kwemisebenzi, izakhiwo zemfundo yemfundo, isakhiwo semfundo, isakhiwo kunye nokuvotisvelvel-o. Umthetho walethwa umthetho walethwa ka-19666 kunye noMthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho onamandla womthetho karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente, walwandisa amalungelo abantu, wawandisa umgangatho olingana nemithetho woo-1960

Uphawu Lwetyala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla Elichaza Imida

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasetyenziswa ekuchazeni zombini inkululeko yabemi kunye namalungelo abantu. Kummandla wenkululeko yamakhaya, amatyala anjenge emagp v. Ohio (1961) iseke umthetho wokususwa kwetyala, ithintela ngokungekho mthethweni ukuba ifumane ubungqina obungasetyenziswayo enkundleni. [iiiiimeko ye-Atriya-v.[FGene]] v [FLT] v, [iiiiiimeko ephezulu] [iiiiiiiimeko ephezulu] [iiiiiiiimeko ephezulu] [iiiiiiiimeko ezikhoyo] e-Fogcunt [e] [iiiiiiiiiipheyi-fgnognome] [ece] ezithe , i-Fogcunt.[10] inqawayikho yoluntu, ithe yoluntu, ithe .[10]

Ukucazululwa okunenkcukacha kwemfundiso ebandakanyayo kunye nempembelelo yayo kwinkululeko yabemi, i-Cornell Greek Information yolwazi lomthetho wecandelo lokuququzelela inikela isishwankathelo esinegunya. Ukuqhubeka kufundo lwezigqibo zamalungelo asekuhlaleni, i-NAACP Ecebral Defect and Fractional Fund's kwiphepha lomthetho obalulekileyo.[ inika umxholo obalulekileyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Umahluko Namhlanje

Umahluko phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nenkululeko yabemi asiyonto nje efundiswayo. Ineziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi ngendlela imibandela exutyushwa ngayo kumgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, indlela ezicaciswe ngayo izibhengezo zomthetho, nendlela abemi abaluqonda ngayo ulwalamano lwabo norhulumente. Kwixesha lenguqulelo ekhawulezileyo kwezobugcisa, ukwanda kwezobupolitika, kunye nentlobo ezintsha zentlangano yentlalo, lo mahluko ubaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili.

Iingxabano Phakathi Kwamalungelo Nenkululeko

Ezinye zeengxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni ezingokwasemthethweni ezisekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo zale mihla zinokuqondwa njengezingquzulwano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Umzekelo, iingxoxo ngenkululeko yonqulo zidla ngokubangela ukuba inkululeko yabemi yokuzimela ngokwamahlalo ngokuchasene nelungelo loluntu lokungacaluli. Xa umnini-shishini engafuni ukunikela iinkonzo zomtshato omnye osekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo ezifanayo, ziphakamisa inkululeko yoluntu. Isibini esinye esifuna iinkonzo zokuxhasa inkululeko yoluntu ekuthetheni kwelungelo lokusebenzisana kwizindlu zikawonke. Iinkundla zenkundla zimele zilinganise ezi zinto zikhuphisanayo kwaye zigqibe ukuba ngowuphi umgaqo owenzileyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuphikisana ngenkululeko yoluntu kunye nenkululeko yenkululeko yesimilo yabafundi bonke abafundi yokufumana inkululeko ekuhlaleni nokucalucalucalucalucalu. Ummiselo wentetho yentetho yoluntu, imigaqo yentetho yentetho ephikisa imibandela yezophikiswayo, kunye nemithetho yokuthetha yezo eziquququzele intetho.

Ubuxhakaxhaka, imfihlo kunye nokufumaneka ngokulinganayo

Ukutshintsha kobugcisa kuye kwadala ucelomngeni olutsha lwenkululeko yabemi kunye namalungelo abantu. Ukuhambela phambili kwezobugcisa bokuhlola, kuquka ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, ukumbiwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nokuxelwa kwetyala, kunyusa inkxalabo enzulu yenkululeko yabemi ngokuphathelele ukuzimela kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ezi tekikiniki zinokukhuthaza kwaye zikhulise imilinganiselo ekhoyo yocalucalulo, ukuphakamisa amalungelo abantu ngokubhekiselele kwimigaqo-siseko sobukhompungelwa kwemithetho-siseko. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokusebenza kwemithetho yezomthetho ekuqesheni, ukuqesha, ukuhlalisa, ukubeka izakhiwo, kunye nezigqibo zetyala kungenza iziphumo ezinzulu zenkululeko yoluntu ngaphandle kwenjongo ecacileyo, ukubeka ingqalelo kulwahlulo lwesithethe. Umthetho wezosasazobuculo lwezentlalo-ndaba-ntle, ukwandisa imibuzo ngemibandela yenkululeko yenkululeko yokuthetha, ubungcathulelo, noxanduva iinkampani zabucala zabucala ekuqinisekiseni ukufikelela kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke wonke wonke wonke.

Uxanduva lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokukhuthala

Imibutho yomthetho isoloko isebenza kwingingqi enye okanye enye. I-American Libersion Union igxininisa ngokuyintloko kwinkululeko yabemi, ithetha ngokuchaphazelekayo, imicimbi ebandakanya inkululeko yokuthetha, ukuzimela, inkqubo efanelekileyo, nenkululeko yonqulo. Izinhlangano ezifana neNaACP Legal Defense Fund kunye neKomiti yowiso-mthetho ejongene nokubekwa phantsi komthetho. Umthetho obeka iliso kumalungelo asekuhlaleni, ukuvavanywa ngokungqongqo kwemfundo emfundo yemfundo, ukuvavanya ucalucalucalulo, ukuvo, umsebenzi, kunye nezindlu. Ukuqonda oku kunceda abemi bamente ukuba baphawu olufanelekileyo ekuxakelweni kwemigaqo efuna ukuhlangabezana nemicimbi esemthethweni. [[5]

Isiphelo: Iintsika Ezimbini Zoluntu Olukhululekileyo Nolulinganayo

Amalungelo oluntu nenkululeko yamakhaya akukhuphiswano; zizinto ezixhasa isakhiwo sedemokrasi yaseMelika. Inkululeko yabemi iqinisekisa ukuba abantu ngabanye banendawo yokucinga, yokuthetha, yokunqula, kunye nokuphila ngokwezazela zabo ngaphandle kokoyika ukunyanzelwa ngurhulumente. Amalungelo oluntu aqinisekisa ukuba le nkululeko ifumaneka kubo bonke abantu ngezizathu ezilinganayo, ngaphandle kokucalulwa kwenkululeko yohlanga, ubufana, unqulo, okanye ezinye iimpawu zobugorha. Imilinganiselo yoluntu engekho semthethweni ilinganiselweyo. Ibutho elikhusela inkululeko yamakhaya kodwa elingawakhathaleli amalungelo abantu liyifuniyo, libutho labantu elifumana kuphela ilungelo. Inkululeko yamakhaya ngaphandle kokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngaphandle kokuzibeka engozini imigaqo yoluntu efuna ukulingana kwemigudu yalo. Ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lokulawula inkqubo esemthethweni kunye nelaseMelika i-Melika i-Melika elifanelekileyo phakathi kwabahlali bemi, njengoko kuqhubeka kusetyenziswa imigaqo yezopolitikitiki elungele ukusetyenziswa kwezo zobupolitika neya kuvavanywa imvume yoluntu, ilungelelanywa imvume yokuqala, imfuneko yokulwayokusetyenziswa kwezo.