Isiseko samalungelo asekuhlaleni kwinkqubo yeMelika yoLuntu

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nobulungisa bezaphuli-mthetho eUnited States lumela enye yezona mimandla zinamandla neziphikiswayo zomthetho waseMerika. Oku kudibana kwemida kuchaphazela zonke iinkalo zendlela ibutho labantu elikuchaza ngayo okusesikweni, ukulingana, nokusesikweni phantsi komthetho. Kubafundisi-mthetho, abafundi, kunye noogqirha, ukuqonda le ndawo kufuna okungaphezulu kunokuyibamba ngentloko imimiselo namagama etyala, kwaye kufuna ukuqonda okucacileyo indlela imbali eqhubeka ngayo ibumba imfundiso yomthetho nezenzo zokunyanzelisa.

Amalungelo oluntu phakathi komthetho olawula oku kubandakanya ukukhuselwa kocalulo, iziqinisekiso zenkqubo efanelekileyo, nelungelo lokuphathwa ngokulinganayo kulo lonke iqondo lenkqubo yomthetho, ukusukela ekuphengululweni ngetyala, isigwebo, kunye neenkqubo zasemva kokuqulunqwa. Isiseko somthetho sokulawula ezi migaqo-mthetho siye savela ngokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko, umthetho wesizwe, nezigwebo ezigwebayo ezisabelayo ekuguqukeni kwemibutho yentlalo neyezobupolitika.

Olu hlolisiso luhlolisisa iziseko zamalungelo abantu ezingokwembali kwisigwebo solwaphulo - mthetho, luhlolisisa iziganeko eziphawulekayo zomthetho, lucombulule iimbambano ezikhoyo, luze luqwalasele indlela amaziko emfundo anokuluxhobisa ngayo abafundi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokusengqiqweni kule mibandela intsonkothileyo.

Iimpazamo Ezingokwembali Zomthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

Ukusuka Kukwakhiwa Kwakhona Ukuya Kwixesha Lamalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Imvelaphi yokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ibuyela emva kweZigqibo zokwamkelwa koMphetho-nkqubo emva kweMfazwe Yamakhaya. UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo weshumi elinesithathu wabuphelisa ubukhoboka, uMphengululo weshumi elinesine wamisela ubuzibulo obulinganayo kwaye waqinisekisa ukuba ubumi bobuzibulo bunokukhuselwa ngokufanayo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo, yaye uMphengululo weshumi elinesihlanu woMthetho woMthetho walwalela ucalucalucalulo lobuhlanga. La malungiselelo asemthethweni abangela isiseko esisemthethweni apho amalungelo abantu asekuhlaleni athengwa kuso.

Noko ke, isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kwakhona sanikezela kuJim Crow imithetho, ukwahlukana, kunye nokuthatyathwa komgaqo-nkqubo kwe-Afrika-Merika kukhuseleko lwenkqubo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Isivumelwano sokukhulula iinkqubo kunye nemithetho eBlack ephumele phambili yolwaphulo-mthetho olumnyama ngexesha ikhaba iinqobo zokhuseleko olusemthethweni. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Pnetsy v. Ferguson (1896) saxhasa "Imfundiso ekhethekileyo kodwa iyalingana", inikeza isigqubu somgaqo-siseko se-mGciso-mfa kumashumi eminyaka e-mnyaka.

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wale mihla woo1950 nawoweminyaka yee-1960 walucel ’ umngeni olu cwangciso. Abameli, amagqwetha, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo babeka ubomi babo esichengeni ukuze bafune ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Imigudu yabo yavelisa umthetho oguqulayo yaza yanyanzelisa iinkundla ukuba ziphinde ziphinde zihlolisise iimfundiso ezithe zaqhubeka zisebuthweni bobuhlanga kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

Umthetho ongundoqo womanyano

UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 umi njengowona mthetho ubanzi wamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMerika. Isihloko VI sesenzo silwalela ucalulo ngesizinzi sohlanga, ibala, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwiinkqubo ezifumana uncedo lwemali lukarhulumente, oluquka amaqumrhu amaninzi esizwe kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni agwebayo.

UMthetho wokuLawula amaLungelo wowe-1965 wajolisa uqheliselo lokuvota oluchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa ibutho labantu abambalwa. Nangona lungelulo olungqalileyo olugwebelweyo, ulungiselelo lokusebenza kolwaphulo-mthetho lwanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaninzi abachaphazelekayo yimigaqo yezomthetho banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko nabameli abanyuliweyo abamele baphendule kwiinjongo zabo.

I-Omnibus Crime Control and Safects Streets Act ka-1968 kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso-mali ezalandelayo zaveliswa yinkqubo yokudibanisa ii-dola zesizwe ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu. Ulawulo lobundlobongela noMthetho we-Law-Emplice Active wango1999 yaquka amalungiselelo afuna amagunya eemali emali emali yasetokisi ekwakheni inkxaso yenyaniso ebhanki, inkqubo eyafak'ifak'inikela igalele kakhulu ekubopheleleni i-mali. Oku kubonisa indlela umthetho wesizwe onokuthi uzimisele ngayo ukulawulwa kwamalungelo abantu. [[FLT] [FLT: 0] [iNkukhulu:] [FLT] [iK] iMiqatha yeNkulawula imiqatha yeNkundlalo yezo yeNkuhlela yeNkundlalelwa-mthetho echaza izigwebo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ngokwemiqatha njengemiqatha yezo ezithetha ukuba athethelele imicimbi zezo zezo zezomthetho zezomthetho kuMacawabhilibhisho-ophul

[[NTLA] Miranda v. Arizona (1966) ihlala izigqibo zenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho ezaziwayo. INkundla yathi ilungelo lokuLandliswa kweSigqibo sesihlanu nxamnye nokuzilawula lifuna amapolisa ukuba azise abakrokrele ngelungelo lawo lokuhlala ethule kunye nelungelo lokucebisa phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. IMirnda isiba silungu lemifanekiso yenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelika, nangona impikiswano iqhubeka nokuphumelela kwawo ekukhuseleni abantu abachaphazelekayo.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) wamisela ilungelo lokunika icebiso kubamangalelwa abamangalelwa abagwebi betyala. Esi sigqibo saqonda ukuba ukufikelela kobulungisa ngokunentsingiselo kufuna umelo olusemthethweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaxhasi bemali abamangalelwayo. Phezu kwako nje oku kuqinisekisiswa komgaqo-siseko, iinkqubo zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke ngaphaya kwelizwe zihlala ziphantsi kwemingxube, iityala ziyakhutshwa, kwaye isithembiso somelo esaneleyo siyasala singazaliseki kubamangalelwa abaninzi.

Batson v. Kentucky (1986) yathetha ngocalulo lobuhlanga kukhetho lwabachopheli-mthetho. INkundla yathi abatshutshisi abanakulusebenzisa ucelomngeni lokukhulula abanokuba ngabagwebi abasekelwe kuhlanga lwabo kuphela. Esi sigqibo sijolise ekupheliseni ubuchule obunye obuthi ucalucalulo lobuhlanga luchaphazele inkqubo yokuvavanyaza. Amatyala anyusiweyo iBatson akhuselwa kwikhethelo lobufana, nangona uphando olusuka kwi-mgciphelo olukhoyo luqhubeka lusenza uxwebhu oluhlulwayo kwimi olufuna ukugqibelela.

Ukuhlawulwa Nokugwetywa

Furman v. Georgia (1972) okwethutyana ayizange iyenze nyani yonke imimiselo yesohlwayo sokufa eUnited States. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni nangendlela eguquguqukayo kwesohlwayo sentambo, ingakumbi isicelo sayo esingenakulinganiswa kubamangalelwa abaMnyama kunye nabo babulala amaxhoba amhlophe, kwaphula umthetho wesiHerh Amenter-Sizinzo owenkohlakalo nongaqhelekanga. Isigqibo savelisa imoduratorium ekuphumezeni okuqhubeka de kwango 1976, xa iNkuNkundla ivunywa kwemithetho ehlaziywe .Greggv. Georgia

Uphando luyaqhubeka lubhala umahluko phakathi kwesizwe kwisohlwayo sesigwebo sentambo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa abamangalelwa ngokubulawa kwamaxhoba abamhlophe basengozini enkulu yokufumana isohlwayo sokufa kunalawo amaxhoba abo aNsundu, kwanaxa elawula ezinye iimpawu zetyala. Oku kufunyaniswa kuphakamisa imibuzo eqhubekayo yokuba isohlwayo sokufa sinokusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kwibutho labantu abavunyiweyo ngokobuhlanga.

-Miller v. Alabama (202) kunye Graham v. Florida (2010) wathetha ngesigwebo sabaphuli-mthetho abaselula, bephethe obu nyanzelekileyo ngaphandle komlinganiselo wobomi obungakhange bupheleli kwityala lolutsha olungekho mthethweni. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa imilinganiselo ecacileyo yesidima nolwazi lokuba ulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo lufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokwahlukileyo kunezenzo ezingabantu abadala abalwaphuli mthetho.

Imbambano Yangexesha Elingaphambili Ngokungahambelani Kwamalungelo Abemi Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Ubuchule bamapolisa nokuphendula

Iziganeko eziphezulu ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa kumkhosi ziye zazisa ingqalelo evuselelweyo kukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ekunyanzelweni komthetho. Ukufa kwabantu abaquka uGeorge Floyd, uBrenna Taylor, uEric Garner, uTamir Rice, kunye nabanye abangenakubalwa baye bavusa izikhalazo kwilizwe lonke kwaye bacela utshintsho lwenkqubo yelizwe lonke. Ezi ziganeko zityhila imilinganiselo eqhubekayo yokunyanzelisa ngamandla agqithisileyo, ingakumbi ngokuchasene noBlabhula nolwimi lwaseLatino, kwaye ziphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngokuphendula ityala.

Ityala lamalungelo abantu elingaphantsi ko18 C.C. 76 242, elithi iSebe loLuntu loLuntu liwahluze ngabom amalungelo phantsi komthetho, linikezele inkqubo enye yokulungisa ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa. Noko ke, ezi ngtshutshiso zijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo esemthethweni, kuquka imfuneko yokuqinisekisa injongo ngabom ngaphaya kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. U.S.ISebe lamaLungelo aBanga amalungelo eSihlalo [[[FLT:]] liye liphande ii-ondleko-okanye uphando olubalulekileyo phantsi kwama- 34 U.S.C.6601, nto leyo enokuthi iphumele ekuvumeni utshintsho olusemthethweni. [[FLT][FLD] [FLT]]

Ubuchule bolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nobokuphendula kuqukwa kweebhodi zongameli, iimfuno zekhamera yequmrhu, kunye nophando oluzimeleyo lokudubula kwegosa elibandakanyekileyo. Ukusebenza kwala manyathelo kusakhuphiswano. Uphando ngeekhamera zomzimba lucebisa ukunciphisa okulula ekusetyenzisweni kweziganeko zonyanzelo phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kodwa ubugcisa bodwa bungenako ukucombulula imiba ekhoyo ngokwesithethe kunye nemiqathango ekhoyo kwisebe lamapolisa. Umthetho onjengomthetho onjengoGeorge Flod Justice ePoliccial Act, owadlulisa iNdluvo kodwa ongazange abe ngumthetho, ocetyikitya ukuviselwa kokuvithwa kwemintsa, ukuphelisa ukuthintelwa okufanelekileyo, nokuyila ulawulo lwamapolisa olufanelekileyo.

Ukruthakruthwano Oluninzi Neyantlukwano Yobuhlanga

I-United States ihlalisa abantu abaninzi kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe elisehlabathini. Malunga nezigidi ezili-1,9 zabantu babanjwa kwiintolongo zikarhulumente nezeentolongo zorhulumente kunye neentolongo zasekuhlaleni, yaye amaMelika amnyama avalelwe malunga nesantya esiphindwe ka-5 se-Melika emhlophe. Ezi mbono zokwahlukana zikho kulo lonke iqondo lenkqubo yezobulungisa, ekubanjwani, ekumangalelweni, ekugwetyweni, nasekukhululweni.

Imfazwe yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi eyaqaliswayo ngo-1970 yaza yaqiniswa ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka alandelayo, yadlala indima ephambili ekuqhubeni isantya sokubanjwa kunye nokwahlukahlukana kweentlanga. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kufana namaqela obuhlanga, amaMelika amnyama aye abanjwa aza afakwa entolongweni ngenxa yezolwaphulo-mthetho zeziyobisi ngexabiso eliphezulu ngokuphawulekayo. Izigwebo ezincinane, izigwebo ezizii-patroli ezintathu, kunye nemiyalelo yokugunyazisa inyaniso yasusa iqhinga lokugweba kwaye yavelisa izigwebo eziqathayo ezathi zawa ngokuntluntwa kwabamangalelwa abambalwa.

I-Act yokuqala ye-2018 yamela imigudu yokuqalisa ukuchaza ezinye zezi zixakeko. Umthetho wanciphisa izigwebo ezinyanzelisayo kumlinganiselo wemiqathango yeziyobisi ezithile, wandisa i "i-valve engentla" ukuvumela abagwebi ukuba bafake izivakalisi ngaphantsi kobuncinci obunyanzelekileyo, kwaye ngokutsha basebenzisa i-Fair Sentensigling Act yowamathelo lwango-2010 lonciphiso lwecrack cocaine. Uhlolo lwakuqala lucebisa ukuba isenzo sicuthe izigwebo ezithiswe kumawakawaka aphambili abantu abasebenzisa iziyobisi ezingaphazamisi-mayeza, nangona iziphumo ezidibeneyo kwimiqatha kwinkqubo yolawulo ye-Rhulumente zithotho. Umgangatho wezi, kuquka ulungiso lwemiba-bhethsi, ukwenziwa kotshintsho lwetyala, kunye nohliso-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yemiqatha, i-transtiestiestiesties kwimistrup kwimist.

Ukwanda kobugcisa namalungelo obuqu

Inkqubela kwezobugcisa ibangele imingeni emitsha yamalungelo abantu kwizaphuli-mthetho. Ukwanda kwezixhobo zokuhlola iliso, ukufundwa kwepleyiti yephepha-mvume, ii-drone, iimfaniso zesiza sobupolisa, kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwemithetho-manani yezobupolisa, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye neziphumo ezizodwa kuluntu oluncinane.

Ubugcisa bokuqwalaselwa kobuso bubonise ukuba buneempazamo eziphezulu kubantu abanolusu olumnyama, ingakumbi amabhinqa anemibala emnyama. Izixeko eziliqela, kuquka iSan Francisco, iBoston, nePortland, ziye zakuvala ukusebenzisa ubugcisa bokwazisa ubuso. IKhomishoni yeFederal Trade kunye nemibutho yamalungelo abantu iye yabiza i-modariums ekusetyenzisweni komthetho de kuxoxwe ukuchana nokuchana kwemiba.

Amanani aqikelelwayo omthetho wobupolisa ahlalutya ugcino-lwazi lwembali lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuze lwazi iindawo apho ulwaphulo-mthetho luxelwe ukuba luza kwenzeka khona. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ezi nkqubo zikhuthaza iinkalo zembali zokungaguquguquki kwemimandla emincinane, benza iindleko zokomeleza ukwahlukana okukhoyo. ACLU] umsebenzi wobucukubhede bezobucukubhede obujongileyo[ ubalaselisa iziphumo zenkululeko yabemi zezi zixhobo kunye nabaxhasi beemfuno zokuzibonelelo ezizimeleyo, ukuphicotha, kunye nongeno-galelo loluntu phambi komsebenzi wobucukusebenza.

Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesine wokukhusela ukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula luye lwacelwwa lukhangelo lwamanani. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ku-[FT] Carplate v. United States (2018) yakholelwa ukuba amapolisa asoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana iingxelo zendawo yeselfowuni, eqonda ukuba amandla okufumana ubuchule bokufumana izinto zobugcisa bezi mini kufuneka uMququzelelo weSine ukhusele. Esi sigqibo sibonakalisa ukuzimisela kweNkuquluko ukutshintsha iimfundiso zobuxhakaxhakaxhakaxha, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwezinye iindlela zokuhlola kuhlala kungapheliseki.

Imisebenzi yeFrame engokwasemthethweni yokuHlaziywa kwaMalungelo

ICandelo 1983 kunye nokuHlanganiswa

42 U.S.C. ngo1998 unika abantu imoto ephambili yokumangalela urhulumente kunye namagosa karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kuquka amapolisa, ukwenzela ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Lo mthetho wokulungisa kwakhona uvumela abalawuli ukuba bafune iindleko zobugqeba obuphantsi kombala womthetho wesizwe. Icandelo lowe - 1983 lincedile ekumiseleni ukuphendula imicimbi engafanelekanga yamapolisa, nangona lijongene nemiqobo emikhulu.

Imithetho yokukhusela ukukhusela ityala likarhulumente ingumfundiso esungulwe ngokusemthethweni ekhusela amagosa karhulumente kwiimfanelo zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba ihambo yawo yaphulwa ngokucacileyo ngokwamalungelo omthetho okanye amiselwe ngokusemthethweni. Iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo oluziinxalenye ezimbini: enoba izibakala zibonisa ukuchaswa kwelungelo lomGaqo-siseko, nokuba elo lungelo lamiselwa ngokucacileyo ngexesha lokwaphulwa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukukhusela okufanelekileyo kuye kwaba ngumqobo ongenakuthintelwa ekuhlangulweni, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya iintlobo ezintsha zehambo engafanelekanga okanye apho iinkundla ezingaphantsi zingakhange zithethe ngqo kwiimeko ezichaphazekileyo ezikhoyo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yala ukuphinda iphinde ijonge imfundiso yokuzikhusela efanelekayo, nangona ezinye izigwebo ziye zavakalisa inkxalabo ngokusetyenziswa kwayo. Izindululo ezisemthethweni zokulungisa okanye zokuphelisa ukukhusela ukuhambelana nemeko ezifanelekileyo ziye zahambela phambili kumgangatho karhulumente, ngeColorado, New Mexico, New York, Connecticut, kunye nabanye abamisela amanyathelo alinganisela ukukhusela kwinkundla yetyala. Olu tshintsho lorhulumente lubonisa inkqubela ephawulekayo ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu, njengoko besenza iindlela zokuziphendulela ityala elimiselwe ngumthetho karhulumente ngoku.

Uphando lwepateni

Uphando lomgangatho wenkqubo yezomthetho lunika enye indlela yokuthetha nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kumaziko okuqinisekisa umthetho. Xa iSebe lezeMithetho lihlola lize lifumane isizathu esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa ukuba umbutho ubandakanyeka kumgaqo okanye ukuqhelisela ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, ungafuna umthetho ovumelayo okanye uxwebhu olufuna iinguqu.

Imimiselo egunyazisiweyo iye yavelisa utshintsho lwamasebe amapolisa kulo lonke eli lizwe. Ummiselo wokuvuma olawula iSebe lamapolisa eSeattle, umzekelo, kwafuneka utshintsho ukuze kusetyenziswe iinkqubo zonyanzelo, ukungenelela kweengxaki zabantu abagula ngengqondo, kunye nokuthintelwa kwamapolisa okungangqinelaniyo. Ii-ependent zokujonga ukuthotyelwa, kunye nenkundla zigcina igunya lokuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa. Noko ke, ukusebenza kwemimiselo kuxhomekeke ekufuneni okuqhubekayo kwezopolitiko, ubuncwane obaneleyo, kunye nokudityaniswa koluntu okunentsingiselo. Uphando kwimpembelelo yabo ende yexesha elide luhlala ludityanisiwe, kunye nolunye uphando olufumana inkqubela ehlala ixesha elide kunye nolunye uxwebhu emva kokuhlola.

Ukufundisa Ngamalungelo Abemi Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho Kwiklasi

Ukuvelisa Ukufunda Ngokusemthethweni Okunenkcaso

Abafundisi-mfundo bajamelene nocelomngeni lokunceda abafundi baqonde isiseko semfundiso somthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo kwehlabathi lokwenene. Ukuphuhlisa ukuhlalutya ukufunda nokubhala okungokwasemthethweni kufuna ukushukuma okungaphaya kwemeko ukuze bahlolisise indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo kumongo, ongenelwayo kwiinkcazelo ezithile, nendlela imithetho esemthethweni eqhubana ngayo nemigaqo yentlalo.

Ukufikelela okunempumelelo kubandakanya ukufundwa ngokusondeleyo kwemithombo eyintloko njengeembono zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, imimiselo karhulumente, kunye nemithetho evumelanayo elungiselelwe izinto zesibini ezinika imibandela yembali kunye nengcaso egxekayo. Abafundi bangenelwa ngokuhlolisisa indlela abatshutshisi abahlukeneyo nabatshutshisi, amagqwetha, abagwebi, amagosa amapolisa, abaxhasi bebutho lasekuhlaleni, , ingcaciso yemimiselo yomthetho. Ukuqhelisela imfaniso, kuquka iimpikiswano zomlomo kunye neeprojelo zokuyila, kunganceda abafundi baqonde imilinganiselo elungeleleneyo nesebenzayo yamalungelo abantu.

Imbono Engokwandiswa Kohlanga Nezobulungisa

Ukufundisa amalungelo abantu ngokusesikweni kugwebo kufuneka umanyano olungqalileyo nohlanga kunye nokungalingani kwenkqubo. Indlela engabonakaliyo yombala ethatha imithetho yomthetho njengengoondilele nesebenzayo kulo lonke iyazifihla iindlela ezibunjwe ngazo inkqubo yokusesikweni. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga lukho kuzo zonke izigqibo, kwaye ubungqina obucacileyo kufuneka buzise ingxubusho yaseklasini.

Ukukhuthaza uphando olusuka kulwazi olugxekayo lwe-operator, izazinzulu zentlalo, kunye nababhali-mbali bezomthetho kunyusa ukuqonda kwabafundi. Imisebenzi ihlolisisa ulawulo lwecarceral, ulwalamano phakathi kohlanga nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemida yokuguqulwa komthetho inika izixhobo zobugcisa zokuvavanya iimpikiswano zangoku. i-Open Society Foundations zokufundisa izibonelelo zokufundisa [[[FLT: 1]]] zinikela izicwangciso zokudibanisa amalungelo angokwembali kwimigudu yolungiso lwezomthetho.

Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lokufundisa

Ukudibanisa izifundo zaseklasini zokuganana kwezemfundo yoluntu noluntu kwenza abafundi baqonde amalungelo oluntu kunye nemibandela yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukufundiswa kwenkonzo ngee-ofisi zoluntu, imisebenzi yokukhusela uluntu, iinkqubo zokunganyaniseki, iinkqubo zokufumana imvume, okanye imibutho yamapolisa yokuphendula ibonelela ngamathuba okufunda aphezulu. Abafundi banokuqwalasela indlela imithetho esemthethweni esebenza ngayo, baqonde imiqathango abaxhasi nabenzi, baze bakhulise ubuchule bobugcisa ngoxa befak' isandla kwimisebenzi eyakhayo.

Uphando olusetyenziswa yimibutho yoluntu luvumela abafundi ukuba baphande imicimbi yasekuhlaleni enjengebheyile, iinkqubo zesikolo ukuya kwintolongo, okanye iinkqubo zokujonga iliso lamapolisa. Ezi nkqubo zivelisa ulwazi olufikelelekayo olubonisa ukubalasela ekuchazeni iingxoxo zeenkqubo kunye nokuxhobisa abantu. Ukufundisa ngempumelelo intsebenziswano yoluntu kufuna ukulungiselela, ukuqwalasela, kunye nolwalamano olusemgangathweni phakathi kwamaziko emfundo namaqabane oluntu.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo Kumalungelo Abemi Nakubulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Amathemba Otshintsho Asemthethweni

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwabonwa ukwanda komthetho othetha ngemiba yamalungelo abantu kumthetho-mthetho worhulumente, wesizwe, kunye nowasekuhlaleni. Izindululo zoManyano ziquke i-George Floyd Justice in Policist Act, uMthetho we-Empathy, i-Act Elinganisiweyo (efaka i-crack/igalelo lokugwetywa kwe-cocaine), kunye neFore People Act (kuquka namalungelo okuvota anxulumene nabemi ababandakanyekileyo). Ngoxa utshintsho olubanzi lwezwe luye lwangqina ukuba alikho, iinguqu-ququzelo ziqhubeke ngomthetho owe-atyo, ulawulo lwesebe, ukwenziwa komthetho, kunye nemiyalelo yegunya.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe ziye zaba ziindawo zotshintsho. IKhalifoniya, i-Illinois, i-Oregon, namanye amazwe aye amisela amanyathelo okuthetha ngokuphendula kwamapolisa, ukugweba utshintsho, ukuhlaziywa kwebheyile, nokugwetywa kobulungisa babantwana. Le migudu yomgangatho worhulumente ibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka kwaye kukho imiqathango yokungena kwemigaqo-siseko. IiNguquko zisoloko zijamelana nocelomngeni, ukuchasana nezilangazelelo ezizinzileyo, kunye neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga zifuna utshintsho oluqhubekayo.

Ukuqulunqwa komthetho weNtlalo nokuHlwaniswa koLuntu

Ukwakhiwa kwamalungelo abantu kwale mihla kuye kwabonakala ukunyuka "kwegqwetha elisebenzisanayo," indlela ebeka amagqwetha asebenza kunye nabaqhubi abanocwangco kunokuba basebenze abaqhubi abaphambili botshintsho lwentlalo. Amagqwetha asebenza ukuxhasa iimfuno kunye namaqhinga oluntu oluchaphazelekileyo, enika ubuchule obusemthethweni ngeli lixa ebhekisa kwiinjongo nakumacebo oluntu.

Le ndlela ibonisa izifundo ezifumaneka kumbutho wamalungelo abantu, apho iimpumelelo ezingokwasemthethweni zemibutho efana neNaACP Legal Defense Fund yasekuhlaleni yakha iinkqubo abaxhasi bemibutho abanokukwazi ukusebenzisa izixhaso. Imizekelo ye-Contemporary iquka amagqwetha asebenza neentlangano zeBlack Live Matter, amaqela amalungelo abaphambukeli, kunye nemibutho yokuphelisa intolongo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali esusiweyo, ukususela ekupheliseni ibheyili yemali ukuya ekuvaleni iintolongo. Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho wokuzibophaka ngokusemthethweni kunye nemibutho yoluntu luphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngemiqathango yomthetho njengesixhobo sokuphumeza isigwebo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo samalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke

Utyekelo oluya lusanda kuqukwa kumalungelo abantu abandakanya ukudibanisa imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi kwimiqathango yokulungisa ityala lamakhaya. IUnited States iye yagunyazisa izivumelwano eziliqela zamalungelo abantu ezithetha ngemibandela yomthetho ogwebo, kuquka iNdibano yezizwe Ngezizwe ekwiNkcubeko yazo Zonke Yekhethelo lobuhlanga neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe Kumalungelo Oluntu Nawabezobupolitika. Ngoxa ezi zivumelwano zingazibulali kwaye zingawafaki amalungelo azimeleyo enyathelo kwiinkundla ze-U.S.

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu equka iAmnesty International kunye ne-Human Rights Watch ibhale ingxelo yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ze-U.S. ezichasene nemilinganiselo yezolwaphulo-mthetho yezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwesizwe, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo, kunye neemeko zokuvalelwa. Amalungelo abantu asebenza ngokusesikweni nangamalungelo abantu [ ibonisa indlela izicwangciso zezizwe ngezizwe ezinokuzisa ngayo ingqwalaselo yasekhaya yokwabelana ngemithetho yasekuhlaleni, zibonelela nengcinezelo eyongezelelekileyo yotshintsho.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho kumela ukuphikiswa kwemigaqo-mthetho elawulayo ephenjelelwa yimilo yembali, ukutolikwa komgaqo-siseko, ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho, nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho eqhubekayo. Ukuqonda eli lizwe kufuna ukudibana nemfundiso yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, umthetho wesizwe nowesizwe, uphando olunenkcubeko ngezahluka-hluka zeentlanga, kwaye intetho yabantu abachatshazelwa kakhulu yimigaqo-mthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukusuka kwisiseko sokhuseleko esimiselwe ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwakhona ukuya kwiingxoxo zale mihla zamapolisa, ukujongwa, nokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, umthetho wamalungelo abantu uyaqhubeka uphenjelelwa kukuphendula kwiimeko ezitshintshayo nokungalingani okuzingisileyo. Isiseko somthetho esilawula le ndawo sinyanzeliswa kwaye sivumela imigudu yokufumana okusesikweni okungakumbi, ukwenza iindawo zokuyila ubuchule obuninzi ngeli xesha ikwabeka imiqathango ebonisa ukuqina komthetho kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni ebanzi.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, ukufundwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho osesikweni kunika amathuba okuphuhlisa ukugxeka ukubhalisa okusemthethweni, ukubandakanyeka kwimibandela yentlalo, nokulungiselela imisebenzi enikezelwe ekuqhubeni phambili kokusesikweni. Ngokujamelana neempumelelo kunye nokusilela komthetho wamalungelo abantu, izizukulwana ezizayo zinokumakha umsebenzi wabo babekho ngaphambili ngoxa bezabalazela inkqubo esesikweni nengenakwahlulelwana yomthetho kubo bonke.