Kuluntu lwedemokhrasi, ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo kunye neembopheleleko kwenza isiseko sobumi obusebenzayo. Amalungelo akhusela abantu ekuphathweni nokuqinisekiswa kwenkululeko esisiseko yorhulumente, ngoxa iimbopheleleko ziqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenzisa loo nkululeko akukucimi okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Olu lwalamano lwezi zinto zenza idemokhrasi ikwazi ukumelana nedemokhrasi, ilungelelene, kwaye ilungele. Ukuqonda amacala omabini ale nombolo asiyomfundo nje kuphela.

Isiseko Samalungelo Neembopheleleko Esisekelwe Kwimfundiso

Ingcamango yale mihla yamalungelo neembopheleleko ixhomekeke kakhulu kwisivumelwano sentlalo, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi kaJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke waphikisa ngelithi abantu banamalungelo emvelo obomi, inkululeko, nempahla, kwaye oorhulumente bamiselwa ukukhusela la malungelo. Ngokuphandle, abemi bayavuma ukuthobela imithetho kwaye banikele kwibutho labantu elikhusela inkululeko yabo. URousseau, okwangoku, ugxininisa “ukuthanda komntu,” kwaye uxanduva oluqhelekileyo lwabemi bomhlaba ukuba balandelele okulungileyo kunokuba babe nenzala nje yangabo. Ezi ngcamango zingqinelanisa ngokuthe ngqo inkululeko efanayo. Isindululo soMgaqo-mthetho weSizwe nowe-Frentshisi, zombini ezi zinxibelela amalungelo abantu njengeempumelelo kodwa ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yabo. Ukuqonda ezi nkululeko ayikuchazi nelungelo lokuzichaza ngokulinganayo inkululeko.

Indaleko: Ukusuka KwiMagna Carta Ukuya Kwimicimbi Yanamhlanje

Ukubekwa kwamalungelo ngokusesikweni kuye kwangqinelana nenkqubo edla ngokuphikiswayo. IMagna Carta (1215) yamisela umgaqo wokuba amandla okumkani ayengaphelelanga, iseka isiseko senkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nomthetho. IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo (1689) iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa ngokuhambelana kwemithetho yepalamente kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha nesicelo. EUnited States, uMgaqo-siseko kunye neSindululo samaLungelo (1791) samalungelo owenkululeko yoluntu neyopolitiki, ngoxa kamva ishenxise ubukhoboka (131) kunye nemithetho yezomthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo alinganayo akhuselwe kwimigaqo-mthetho-siseko (148), yaye i-engakhuselwa amalungelo alinganayo amabhinqa (1959) kunye nelungelo elikhuselweyo elikhuselweyo ngokukhuthayo yimeko yehlabathi (i1948). Ngokunjalo, iSindululo soLawulo soluntu soluntu saMandla-Rodmistmentalitiventi (1948) samazwe esikhuthalelo soluntu sivunyiweyo kwiMithe

Iindidi zamalungelo

Ukuqonda ngalinye labemi kunceda baqonde oko banokukulindela kurhulumente wabo nendlela abanokukhuselwa ngayo.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni

Ezi zikhusela ukuzimela kwabantu ngabanye ekungeneleni kwemiqathango karhulumente. Imizekelo iquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yendibano, yenkonzo, nelungelo lokuzimela. Kwixesha lobuntlola, amalungelo abantu akwaya kukhuseleko lwenkcazelo, ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, kunye nokungajongwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo aphezulu asekuhlaleni, abemi abanakuthetha ngokuchasene nokungekho sikweni, abanakulungiselela utshintsho, okanye bagcine ubomi babo bengenaziphazamiso zikarhulumente.

Amalungelo Ezobupolitika

Ilungelo lokuvota, ukusebenzela isikhundla, ukwenza amaqela ezobupolitika, nokubongoza urhulumente. Amalungelo ezobupolitika ziinkqubo abemi ababumba ngazo inkqubo kwaye baphendule iinkokeli. Babuthathaka ngokukhethekileyo: ukucinezelwa kovoti, ukunyanzeliswa, nokubhaliswa kwemithetho engqongqo ngokunempumelelo kunokuwakhanyela la malungelo kumaqela athile, ukucutha umgaqo wedemokhrasi wokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokulinganayo.

Amalungelo ezoqoqosho nawasentlalweni

Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokusebenza, imivuzo efanelekileyo, impahla, imfundo, ukufikelela kwimpilo, kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo. Ngoxa ezinye idemokhrasi zikujonga oku njengokunqwenelekayo kunokuba kulula, zibalulekile ukuze zikwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bentlalo-ntle. Umntu ongakwaziyo ukuhlawula impilo okanye ongenazo izindlu ezizinzileyo akanako ukuvota, ukuqhatha, okanye ukubandakanyeka ekwenzeni izigqibo zoluntu. Ulawulo-lawulo-melo oluqhubekayo luyalwamkela ukuba ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho luyindawo yokwakha ubumi obunentsingiselo.

Amalungelo enkcubeko

Ibaluleke kakhulu kwibutho labantu abathetha iinguqu ezininzi nabaneelwimi ezininzi, amalungelo enkcubeko akhusela izithethe zolwimi, uqheliselo lonqulo, kunye nelifa leqela elincinane. La malungelo asoloko enziwa kwimimiselo yesizwe okanye kwizivumelwano zezizwe, ezifana neSindululo seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo samalungelo abantu boMdama. Ukuhlonelwa kwezithethe ezahlukeneyo kuluhlobo lommiselo wedemokhrasi ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho qela liphantsi okanye linyanzelekile ukuba lichatshazelwe.

Ukukhula Kweembopheleleko

Amalungelo angenazimbopheleleko anokukhokelela kwisiphithiphithi, ngoxa iimbopheleleko ezingenamalungelo ziba ziindlandlandla. Abalawuli bedemokhrasi njengoBenjamin Constantin noJohn Stuart Mill bagxininisa ukuba inkululeko imele isetyenziswe phakathi kwemida yokuhlonela abanye. Nazi iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo ezigcina ulawulo-melo lululo nempilo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwisigqeba

Ukuthungatha kungumsebenzi ocacileyo, kodwa kunwebela kude ngaphaya kwebhokisi yokuvota. Ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, ukubandakanyeka namagosa onyuliweyo, nokuhlala waziwa ngemibandela yasekuhlaleni, yesizwe, kunye neyezizwe ngezizwe zonke konke kuyinxalenye yobumi obusebenzayo. Kwidemokhrasi obuphantsi, i-democracy encinane, ephenjelelwayo, ingalawula inkqubo ethile; ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuqinisekisa ukuba zizinto ezininzi ezinomdla. Iimbopheleleko zikwaquka ukusebenza kwiijaji, ezingumsebenzi othe ngqo nophantsi komsebenzi oxhasa umthetho.

Ukuhlonela Amalungelo Abanye

Le yintsebenziswano yokusebenzisa amalungelo akho. Ngokomzekelo, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo akukuvumeli ukukhathazwa, ukubhencwa kogonyamelo, okanye ukunyeliswa. Kwibutho labantu abangoovimba bamasipala, abemi kufuneka banyamezele iimbono abangazithandiyo ngoxa bethetha ngokuchasene nentetho yentiyo ejoliswe kumaqela ajongene nokungakhuseleki. Intlonelo ikwanabela kwimfihlo: ilungelo lolwazi aliniki nabani na imvume yokuxhaphaza abanye okanye ukusasaza inkohliso. Njengoko isithandi sobulumko uKarl Poppler saphawula, ukunyamezela ukunganyamezelani kukhokelela ekutshabalaleni ukunyanzelweni; ulawulo-moya kufuneka lubeke imidale ukukhusela isakhiwo ngokwaso.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Yobulungisa Nokucel ’ Umngeni Abangalungisiyo

Ibutho labantu elinomthetho lixhomekeke ekuthobeleni jikelele. Kodwa imbopheleleko yedemokhrasi ayithethi ukumamkela ngokungekho sikweni. Xa imithetho ingekho sikweni, abemi banomsebenzi wokuxhathisa ngeendlela ezisemthethweni ``izicelo, ukuphikisa, ukuqhankqala-ca,', ukubhiyozela uwonke-wonke', kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukungathobeli kwesizwe njengoko kucaciswe nguHenry David Thoreau noMartin King Jr. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wabonakalisa ukuba ukwaphula imithetho yokwahlula umthetho yayiyimbopheleleko yokuziphatha eyathi ekugqibeleni yomeleza umGaqo-siseko. Isitshixo sikukuba ukungathobeki kwemithetho kufuneka kungabi namvuzo kwaye ngokuzithandela wamkele iziphumo ezisemthethweni zokubalase okungekho sikweni.

Ubandakanyeko Nenkonzo Yoluntu

Ulawulo-melo lungaphezulu kunesethi yeenkqubo; lufuna ingqiqo yokulishwa. Ukusebenza ngokuzithandela kwizikolo zasekuhlaleni, ukuba nenxaxheba kucoceko olukufutshane, ukuxhasa iibhanki zokutya, nokucebisa ulutsha ziindlela zokwakha ikomkhulu lentlalo. Umsebenzi kaRobert Putnam we-internal [[FLT: 0]] i-Bowling Alone[ yachaza ukuhla kombutho wobuzwelo eUnited States, iwunxulumanisa nokungabikho kwezobupolitika kunye nokungathembana kwequmrhu. Ulwano lwabemi ngesenzo esingqalileyo lutyala elinika inzuzo yokuthembana nokusebenzisana.

Ukuhlawula Irhafu Nokuxhasa Izinto Ezifunwa Nguwonke - wonke

Ukuxhasa imfundo yerhafu, izibonelelo, iinkundla, impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuba ngummi onegunya kubandakanya ukuhlawula intsabelo yobulungisa nokwazisa ukusetyenziswa korhulumente okunempumelelo. Ukubhatala kwerhafu okanye ukungathinteli akuhluthi nje kuphela ulawulo lwezibonelelo kodwa kuphazamisa iinzima kwabanye. Kwisivumelwano sentlalo-ntle yabantu sithetha ukuba abemi banegalelo ngokwentabalala ukufumana iinzuzo ezimanyeneyo.

Amalungelo neembopheleleko ezisebenzayo: Uhlolisiso lwetyala

Imigaqo yezonyango isebenza kakuhle xa ihlolisiswa kwiingxaki zehlabathi nezigqibo zokwenene. Apha sinyusa uphando lwetyala lenqaku lokuqala size sidibanise nezinye.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abantu (United States)

Umzabalazo omde wamalungelo okuvota eUnited States ubonisa indlela amalungelo neembopheleleko ezidityaniswe ngayo. Ngexesha lexesha likaJim Crow, ama-Afrika athe gqolo adityaniswa ngokuvavanywa kokufunda nokubhala, ngerhafu, nangogonyamelo. Abenzi bezomthetho njengoJohn Lewis noFannie Lou Hamer babeka ubomi babo esichengeni ukuze babhalise ubomi babo kwivoti . /Olifice/Olitis ilungelo lokuvota xa besingatha uxanduva lobunkokeli boluntu. Umthetho wamaLungelo wonyaka ka-666 yayingesosiphelo kodwa yayiyisiqalo; namhlanje, iintlobo ezintsha zomqhatho zifuna ukuhlala behleli. Abahlazimkeli abakhetha ukungavoti ityala elingundoqo, ukuthoba buthathaka kwinkqubo yomntu wonke.

Intetho Ekhululekileyo Nendibano Yoxolo: Imozulu Yama - Arabhu Nemibhiyozo Yale Mihla

ETunisia naseYiputa, abemi ababesele bekhanyelwe amalungelo ezobupolitika babesebenzisa amajelo eendaba kunye nezitrato ukunyanzela idemokhrasi. Babonisa ukuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo linentsingiselo kuphela xa abemi bethabatha imbopheleleko yokulungiselela ngoxolo nokulungisa iimfuno zabo. Kwidemokhrasi ezifana ne-United States, i- ACLU iphikisa ukuba ilungelo lokuqhayisa limele likhuselwe naxa umyalezo ungathandwayo", kodwa abavukeli banetyala lokuphepha ukutshatyalaliswa kwempahla nogonyamelo, nto leyo elulaza ukufaneleka kwabo nokucaphukisa kwabo.

Umthetho Wokusingqongileyo: Ukugaleleka Kwemozulu Nembopheleleko Yabemi

Umbutho wemozulu yehlabathi lonke, obalaseliswe yi-Greta Thunberg yesikolo, ubonisa isizukulwana esitsha esifikelela imbopheleleko yaso kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Abantu abaselula basebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuqhayisa ngeli lixa benyanzelisa ukuba oorhulumente neenkampani bahlonele iimfuno zabo zokukhusela imeko-bume. Lo mbutho unyanzelise iinkundla ukuba ziqonde ilungelo lokusingqongileyo okunempilo, ilungelo lokuthwala imbopheleleko yokunciphisa umgangatho wekharbon, ukuxhasa amandla ahlaziyekayo, nokuthena abangcolisi. Ingxulumano phakathi kwempilo yemekobume kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi ipheli iye yahlolwa yimibutho enjenge [ World Resources Institute .

Amalungelo Nemfihlo Zamanani Kwixesha Lokwanda

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye badala imida emitsha yamalungelo kunye neembopheleleko zombini. Ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa liphantsi koxinzelelo oluzinzileyo oluvela kwingqokelela yogcino-lwazi lwengingqi kunye nokhangelo lukarhulumente. Abami abaxabisa ukuzimela-mfele kufuneka bazifundise ngokufihlakeleyo, baxhase imibutho yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni enjenge Ekhronic Foundation [, kwaye bamele imithetho yokhuseleko olunamandla logcino-lwazi. Ngeli xesha linye, abemi bamele baphephe ukupheka imicimbi ye-intanethi, basebenzise imigaqo-mediodia yezecustom, nokuhlonela imida yabanye abantu. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko kunye nemfihlolo lwengxoxo ye-demokhrasi yenkulungwane yama-21.

Ucelomngeni Lokulungelelanisa Amalungelo Neembopheleleko

Kwanakulawulo-lawulo-lawulo-lawulo-lawulo-bume olumiselwe kakuhle, ulungelelwano luyavavanywa rhoqo. Ukungabikho kwentsebenziswano kwezobupolitika, ukungathembani, ukuncipha kokuthembana kwamaziko, nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kubangela uxanduva lwesivumelwano sentlalo.

Ukungafumani Nto Yokuzimela Ukuba Ngabemi

Idemokhrasi esebenza ngokuxhomekeke kunyulo lonyulo olunolwazi. Xa iingxelo zobuxoki zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kunezibakala, abemi abanakwenza izigqibo ezisengqiqweni, kwaye imbopheleleko yokufuna inyaniso iyancitshiswa. Ukwanda kweengcamango zozungu, ukugxambukela kwamanye amazwe kunyulo, kunye namagumbi okukhupha imiyalelo yemithetho-algorithm ayenze ukuba ulwazi lolwazi lwesixhobo sonxibelelwano lube luxanduva. Oorhulumente, amaqonga, nabafundisi bonke banendima, kodwa abemi ngabanye kufuneka bazibophelele ekuqinisekiseni imithombo nokubandakanye neembono ezahlukeneyo. IZiko zePoynter izikopela-olwazi oluneencwadi eziluncedo.

Ucinezelo lwegesi kunye nelungelo lokukhupha umbane

Nanjengoko ilungelo lokuvota libanzi jikelele, lisebenza ngokuzingisileyo: imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, iindawo zokuvota ezicuthiweyo, ukususwa kweerolokhwe ezivotayo, kunye nokurhoxa kwe-felony diffrankce. Ezi ndlela zichaphazela ngokungathethekiyo iqela elincinane, amahlwempu, nabaselula. Uxanduva lokuvota luba lungabi nakwenzeka xa urhulumente emisa imiqobo. Ekuphenduleni, abemi namaqela okhuthuzayo anembopheleleko yokufaka isibambiso, ukutsala, nokungena kwimfundo yovoti. Umsebenzi we Brenan Center yeJanual ubalase umzabalazo noonqathelo oluqhubekayo lokukhusela amalungelo okuvota.

Ukuqhatha, Ulungelelwano Lukawonke - wonke Nemida Yokuthetha

Xa ingcelele ikhula ibe lugonyamelo, urhulumente usoloko ucela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ukuze kuthintelwe amalungelo endibano. Oku kubangela ulungelelwano olunzima: abemi banembopheleleko yokubonakalisa ukungavumelani ngoxolo, kwaye oorhulumente banembopheleleko yokukhusela ilungelo lokuqhayisa nokhuseleko lwabo bonke. I-Ofisi ye-UN yoMphathiswa-mikhosi Ophakamileyo wamalungelo abantu [[ inikela imigaqo engokwasemthethweni yokuchasa amalungelo abantu.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthabatheni Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Akukho demokhrasi enokusinda ngaphandle kolwazi nongatshatiswanga. Imfundo ye-kivips ayingokubamba nje iinxalenye ezintathu zikarhulumente; kufuneka ifundise ukugxeka, impikiswano, nemikhwa yokubotshwa kwedemokhrasi. Izikolo zingalinganisa unyulo, iimvavanyo zobugqwirha, kwaye zikhuthaze urhulumente wobafundi. Emva kweenkqubo zesikolo, iiprojekthi zoluntu, neeklasi zemfundo zasekuhlaleni, neeklasi zemfundo zabantu abadala zinokukhula. Iinjongo ezifana zifanele zifundise abafundi ii-Cicons iimpahla eziluncedo ukuze bafundise abafundi indlela abasebenza ngayo kunye nendlela abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo. Ngaphezu koko, imfundo kufuneka bathethele abafundi ukuba babe nokufunda, baqinisekise izibakala izibakala, kwaye baqonde indima yemfundo ekhululekileyo ekulawuleni amandla okulawula ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Eqhubekayo Yobumi

Idemokhrasi asingomdlalo obonwayo. Ifuna ukuphaphamela imihla ngemihla, ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo, nokuzimisela ukulungelelanisa nokulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Amalungelo esiwanandiphayo . "ukuthetha, ukuvota, ukuhlanganisa, ukukhululeka kwingcinezelo" kwaye ukhululeke kwisizukulwana sokulwa. /I-demokhrasi) isenokulahleka ukuba abemi bangayiphatha njengegunya ngaphandle kwemisebenzi efanayo. Uxanduva lokuvota, ukuhlonela abanye, ukuhlawula irhafunxa, ukunikela iirhafumfa, ukuthetha ngokuchasene nokungekho sikweni, nokwakha uluntu akuphelipheli emva konyulo. Ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo ogcina idemokhrasi ingu. Ngokuthabatha onke amalungelo neembopheleleko, abahlali baqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwabo lwedemokhrasi luhlala luhleli, lusebenza, luquququququ, yaye luze kwizizunge nezizunge.