Imboniselo yomthetho womgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko we-United States asingoxwebhu nje olungokwembali; luxwebhu oluphilayo, oluphefumlayo oluchaza ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nabantu bakhe. Umthetho wezomGaqo-siseko, iqumrhu lomthetho otolika kwaye osebenzisa olu xwebhu, olubumba zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke waseMerika. Lumisela amasebe amathathu karhulumente (/legisigaliti, umphathi, kunye nejaji yezomthetho ("nento echaza amagunya nemilinganiselo). Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ubeka amalungelo neembopheleleko ezingundoqo zabemi, ukudala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa izinto zoluntu, elungiselelwe ukunqanda nayiphi nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingabi namandla kakhulu.

Ukuqonda umthetho womgaqo-siseko kubalulekile kummi ngamnye kuba kuchaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ingqondo yakho ukuya ekuthetheni ngokufanelekileyo, le migaqo isemthethweni ikhusela abantu ekuphangweni ngurhulumente kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wedemokhrasi unenjongo. Ngaphandle kokuyiqonda kakuhle le ngcamango, abemi basengozini yokuphulukana nenkululeko yokuchaza ilizwe.

Amalungelo angundoqo oMgaqo-siseko: IBhili yamaLungelo nangaphaya

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi kumGaqo-siseko, ezaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zagunyaziswa ngo-1791 ukuphendula amaxhala angolawulo lukarhulumente. Ezi zindululo zikhusela ngokucacileyo inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ekungeneni korhulumente. Noko ke, umGaqo-siseko uquka iinguquko ezithi kamva zandise yaye zicombulule ezi ntswela.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho (Uhlaziyo Lokuqala)

UHlelo Lokuqala LoMmiselo lukwalela ukwenza imithetho yokuba kufakwe imithetho yokuba imvume yokuthetha, ukupapasha, indibano, isicelo, kunye nonqulo. Eli lungelo lisisiseko sedemokhrasi, livumela abemi ukuba bagxeke urhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. INkundla Ephakamileyo itolike ngokuphangaleleyo, ikhusela kwanentetho engathandekiyo. Iimeko ezingundoqo ezifana Brandenburg v. Ohio [[FLT: 1] [1969]) yaqinisekisa ukuba ukuthetha kunokuthintelwa kuphela ukuba kunokuthi kusetyenziswe ukukhuthaza ukuchasana. Noko ke, ezinye iindidi azikhuselwanga: ukuvuselela ugonyamelo, ukuhlanjalazwa kocaphu, ukuhlazeka kokuziphatha okubi, kunye nezisongelo zokwenene. Ukuqonda ezi zinceda abemi basebenzi belungelo labo abahlala besamkela kakuhle xa kukho imidalo.

Amalungelo okuthwala izixhobo (Uhlaziyo oluqukunjelweyo)

ISigqibo sesibini soHlaziyo sithi: "Indawo elawulwa kakuhle ye-Gridipo, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, ayizukumonyuswa. Eli lungelo belingumbandela wengxoxo enkulu. Iphondo leColumbia v. [2008] [iNkumbuso ePhakathi] [2008], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni iSinyuko sesibini sikhusele ilungelo lomntu lokuba abe nezixhobo zokuzikhusela ngaphakathi kwekhaya. Ngokunjalo, imimiselo ekwamkelekileyo, ekwayiyo, ekwayiyo, ekwakunye ekwayiyo. [[FLT.FLT.2] Iphondo lelizwe i-Relifle & mampmple; kunye nemithetho ebanzi engoothe yahlulayo.

Ukukhuselwa Kuphando Olungenangqiqo Neziphene (Uhlaziyo Lwesithathu)

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela ukuzimela nempahla. Kufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukufumana isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokuphendla ikhaya lomntu, inqwelo-mafutha, okanye iziphumo. Ezikhethekileyo zikhona . kwaye njengemvume, imbonakalo ecacileyo, kunye neemeko ezicacileyo, kodwa umthetho jikelele ngowokuba abemi babe nolindelo olufanelekileyo lwemfihlo. Izigqibo ezifana [. [[FLT] [FL:] [1961] [196], kunye ne-glate] umthetho wokususa umthetho ongekho mthethweni, othintela ukusetyenziswa enkungeneni. Ngokunyuka kwe-data yamanani, iNkunyuswa kweNkukhundla yesine yokhuseleko kwicell (bona [[FLD:]] RG][F]], kunye ne-FFFF]).[5]

Ukuya Kwityala Elifanelekileyo (ISihlaziyo Sesithathu)

IsiHlanuso-Mpanzi-Mpanzi-mvume seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lesigebengu esimangalelwa ngokukhawuleza kunye neloluntu ngetyala elivela kuwonke wonke, ilungelo lokuziswa ngezityholo, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, nelungelo lokunika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Ityala lembali Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]] [ukuyamagunya afunekayo ukunikezela ngamagqwetha afanelekileyo ngezonobumba, yaye akukho mntu ngamnye ofanelwe sisohlwayo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwisohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo Nesothuso Esingaqhelekanga (Ukuhlaziywa Kwendawo Ephakamileyo)

ISindululo soMphetho-mvakaliso sesibhozo sikwalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile egqithisileyo, ukuhlawuliswa okugqithisileyo, kunye nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. INkundla Ephakamileyo itolike "ukuhlahlela nokungaqheleki" ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo ethambekileyo yesidima. Ikwalela ukubulawa kwabantwana (]Roper v. , 2005]) kunye nabantu abaneziphene ngcinga-mandla ([[FLT:]] ama-atkins v. Virginia, 2002). Iimeko zentolongo ezilingana nokuthuthukiswa okanye ukunganakwa ngokunzulu zingaphazamisa i-8:0 (bona [FLT:] mer.[FLT],[FLD], 1994, i-omatika-onele kulelo olulukulwayo olulukulwayo olulukuko lukunene, kunye nokulungisa iko oluluvo lwasekunene.

Amanye Amalungelo Amanqam

  • Imodeli Yomyilo (wesi-5 kunye noweshumi elinesine Izigqibo zoLawulo): Akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Lo mgaqo ufuna iinkqubo ezisesikweni (inkqubo efunekayo yokumisela) kwaye ukhusela inkululeko esisiseko efana nomtshato, ubuzali, kunye nelungelo lobuqu (inkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi kwento efunekayo).
  • I-Equal Ukhuseleko (FOTEN Demendment): Amazwe akufunekanga akhanye nabani na umntu okhusela ngokufanayo kwimithetho. Eli binzana lisetyenzisiwe ukubetha uhlanga ( Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo) ucalucalulo lobufana, kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela engalinganiyo kweLGTBQ+ abantu ngabanye.
  • [[NTL:0] Inkululeko ekuHlakuleni Ukweyisa (Uguqulo lweNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso): Ilungelo lokuhlala buthule nelungelo elichasene nokunyanzelwa kobungqina lukhuselwa lwamatye ebhedi kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho. imanda v. Arizona [6] ifuna amapolisa ukuba azise ukukrokrela ngala la malungelo phambi kokuncinwa kwegunyaziso.
  • Elungeni ukuya ku Vote (Ishumi elinesithoba, ishumi elinesithoba, Amashumi amabini anesine, Unyuso-si-20-Sixhwenxetsi): Amalungelo okukhupha akhuselwa kwikhethe lobuhlanga (15th), ucalucalulo ngokwesini (192), irhafu yonyuso (unyaka wesine), kunye nemiqathango yobudala yabemi 18+ (26).

Iimbopheleleko Zabemi: Elinye Icala Lemali

Amalungelo neembopheleleko azihambelani. UmGaqo-siseko awuniki nje inkululeko kuphela kodwa ukwabeka imisebenzi egcina iriphabliki esempilweni. Izakhamuzi ezisilelayo ukufikelela ezi mbopheleleko zisemngciphekweni wokwenza buthathaka inkqubo ekhusela inkululeko yazo.

Ukukhanyisa Kukhetho

Ukuncoma kungumsebenzi olungileyo nowamaqumrhu. Kuyindlela ephambili apho abemi bakhetha khona abameli babo baze baphembelele inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Umvoti urhoxa khona ngezantsi ngezantsi qha kwithuba eliphakathi kunye nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni. (ingakumbi i-demokhrasi) i-demokhrasi yokuphendula. Abami kufuneka babhalise, abahlohli kunye nemiba, kwaye bavote kunyulo ngalunye abalufanelekeleyo. Umthetho weSizwe uqinisekisa ukuba abameli bafumaneke, kodwa amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuchola okanye amisele imiqathango; ukuqonda imithetho yokuvota yasekuhlaleni iyinxalenye yomthwalo.

Ukuthobela Imithetho

Ukuthobela umthetho kungumgca osisiseko wobumi. Nangona umGaqo-siseko ukhusela ilungelo lokuqhayisa ngoxolo nokuxhasa utshintsho, awukuvumi ukuchas' umthetho. Ukuhlonela imithetho yetrafiki kunye nemithetho yerhafu kunye nerhafu---(inika ingcebiso yocwangco kunye nentlonelo. Ukungathobeli kwamakhaya, njengoko kusenziwa ngamanani afana noMartin Luther King Jr., kuluhlobo lokuqhankqalaza olwamkela iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni ukubalaselisa okungekho sikweni, kodwa asiyo ingxengxengxezo yokunga imithetho esemthethweni.

Ukukhonza Kwimibhiyozo

Inkonzo kaJury lisiseko soMmiselo weSithandathu wamalungelo etyala elisesikweni. Kwakhona ngumsebenzi wesizwe. Izakhamuzi ezibizelwa kwinkonzo yokuchophela amatyala kufuneka zisebenze ngaphandle kokuba zivunywe ngetyala elinzima. Ukuba ngumgwebi kufuneka angakhethi buso, anikele ingqalelo, kwaye azimisele ukubonakala ngokunyanisekileyo. Ukungazenziyo kunokubangela ukuba inkundla ihlawulelwe okanye idelelwe. Le mbopheleleko iqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bagwetywa ngoontanga babo, kungekhona ngurhulumente kuphela.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwimisebenzi Eluncedo

Ngaphandle kwenkonzo yokuvota neyokuchophela ityala, abemi banokubandakanyeka ngeendlela ezininzi: ukuya kwiintlanganiso zeholo yasedolophini, ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo, ukunikela amaphulo ezobupolitika, ukusebenza kwizikhululo okanye kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni, nokuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yoluntu. Isiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sokucela nokuhlanganisa le misebenzi sibangela ukuba urhulumente aphendule aze akhuthaze inkcubeko yezopolitiko.

Ukuhlawula Irhafu Nokuxhasa Iinkonzo zikarhulumente

Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu kudla ngokuchazwa njengenye yeembopheleleko ezibonakalayo. UkuHlakulelwa kweNkcitho yeSigalelo seSinethi kwagunyazisa irhafu karhulumente, kwaye abemi basemthethweni banyanzelekile ukuba bahlawule iifayile baze bahlawule oko bakuba batyala kona. Izikolo zikawonke-wonke, iindlela, ukunyanzelisa umthetho, iinkundla, kunye nokukhusela intlalo-ntle yerhafu konke kuxhomekeke kwingeniso yerhafu. Ukukhuselwa kwesizwe kululaza uluntu kwaye akuvumelekanga. Abemi abamele irhafumfa bavumelana nemithetho yerhafu kwaye baxhasa imithetho yerhafu esesikweni yerhafu ngomgaqo-demokhrasi.

Ukukhusela Ilizwe (Inkonzo Ekhethiweyo)

Okwangoku, abemi bobudoda base-U.S. kunye namadoda afudukayo aneminyaka eli-18-25 kufuneka babhalise kwinkqubo yeNkonzo Ekhethiweyo. Ngoxa idrafti ingasasebenzi, ukubhalisa kuyimbopheleleko esemthethweni. Ukungaphumeleli ukubhalisa kungachaphazela ukufaneleka kwenkxaso yomfundi wezwe, uqeqesho lomsebenzi, kunye nomsebenzi. Le mbopheleleko ibonisa ukuba ukuba ukuba ummi ubandakanya ukukulungela ukukhusela uhlanga ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ingummisi wentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko. Izigqibo zayo zibumba amalungelo kunye neembopheleleko zabo bonke abantu baseMelika. Inkundla yenza uhlolo lokugweba olunolwazi olungobulungisa--------amandla okuvakalisa imithetho engathanga ngokomthetho--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Madison .[FLT] [1] [1] [18:0] [1] 03])) itshintshe itshintshe ibutho elingumntu.

Amatyala Abonisa Amalungelo

  • [[NTL:0][FLT] [1] Marbury v. Madison (103): Isiseko sohlolo lomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ijudicary ingayenza ibe yeyona mithetho ingekho semthethweni.
  • [FLT]BN v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): ibhengeza ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke olungenaziqu zizimeleyo, ibhukuqa "isiqeko kodwa esilinganayo" kwaye ikhabhini ikhathaza umbutho wamalungelo abantu.
  • Roe v. [[3] [77]] kunye Dobts v. Jackson Amabhinqa 'S Health Organization [202]] [202] Yamkela ilungelo lemithetho-siseko lokukhupha isisu; iDobbs phezu kwayo ibekwe umthetho, ibuyisela imimiselo kumazwe. Oku kubonisa indlela iNkutshintsha ngayo amalungu eNkuNkundla iguquka kwemibutho kunye neembono zobulungu.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015): umtshato osemthethweni owenziwe wafana nowobudlelane kwilizwe lonke, ubambe ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko engundoqo ekhuselwe nguMphetho-Mgaqo-mva-mali weshumi elinesine.
  • I-CIZINXIBO BONU (2010): yaqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso yenkampani yemiba yezasasazo ezimeleyo zezobupolitika ayinakulinganiselwa phantsi koMmiselo Wokuqala weSimemezelo-Ngqomo-1, a kukhuphiswano oluphezulu lwamalungelo okuthetha.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Ifuna amapolisa ukwazisa iikrokrela zamalungelo awo okuthula nokucebisa phambi kokuncina.
  • [FLT]Gideon v. Wainwright [1963] waqinisekisa ilungelo lokucebisa abamangalelwa bamazwe, kamva landiswe kuwo onke amatyala apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuvalelwa.

Asingawo onke amatyala anwebekileyo. Umzekelo, Okolematsu v. United States (1944) waxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemida yaseJaphani ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II, egwetywa ngokubanzi. Inkundla iyakwazi ukudibanisa amalungelo, njengoko kubonwa ku [[FLT]] kunye [[FLT]] Heller (okuthi imimiselo emincinane yemipu). Ukuqonda la matyala kunceda abemi balindele indlela umthetho osemthethweni onokutshintsha ngayo.

Ukuqonda IziHlaliso: Indlela UmGaqo-siseko Owahlula Ngayo

Abaseki benza inkqubo yokulungisa ukuba ibe nzima kodwa ingenzeki. Ukulungisa kungacetyiswa yivoti yezindlu ezimbini ezithathu zeBhunga okanye yindibano ebizwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini ezizisithathu zikarhulumente. Kufuneka ngoko ivunywe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu okanye iindibano zikarhulumente. Zingama-77 kuphela eziye zagunyaziswa ukususela ngo-1889.

IBhili yamaLungelo (Iziqinisekiso 1-10)

Ezi zamkelwa ngo1791 ukuthetha ngenkxalabo ecacileyo malunga nokungabikho kokhuseleko olucacileyo. Ziquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yonqulo, yengqungquthela, yokucela, yeengalo, ukukhangela nokuthamba (iimfuno zemfazwe), uphando, iingozi eziphindiweyo, inkqubo ephambili, ukuvavanywa kwetyala likarhulumente, ukuvavanywa kwetyala lasekuhlaleni, inkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga, kunye namalungelo angenawo agcinwe ngabantu. Zisebenzisa urhulumente worhulumente; kamva, ukuhlaziywa kwe-145 Ulawulo olupheleleyo kwanwele, ukhuseleko oluphindiweyo, ulawulo olubini, inkqubo ephambili, ulawulo oluphambili kunye nolawulo lukawonke wonke umntu, ukuvavanywa kwetyala kwabemi, isohlwayo ekhohlakeleyo, kunye namalungelo angenakuhlaziswe ngamalungelo agcinwe ngabantu.

IMithetho yeMfazwe yasemva (13, 14, 15)

  • [[UMKCI] Umgaqo-nkqubo we-Thirete (1865): Ubukhoboka obungavunyelwanga.
  • Isombululo se-Fourtenth Amendment (1868): ifuna ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kwaye ayalelweyo amazwe ekunqabeni nabani na wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo. Oku kutshintsha kusisiseko sokuququzelela kunye namatyala amaninzi amalungelo abantu.
  • Ijijijelo le Fententh (1870): yakhanyela ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga.

IziHlalulo-mali zeNtlanganiso yeMali ye-20

  • [[UMTL:0] ISACTEenth (1913): irhafu yengeniso yemali kazwelonke egunyazisiweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Seventeeth (1913): unyulo oluthe ngqo lwee-setator.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Nineteth (1920):[[UMTL:1] Isigqumo samabhinqa.
  • Irhafu yovolo olungekhoyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amashumi amabini- u-Sixth (1971): Ithoba ixesha lokuvota ukuya kwi 18.

IziHlaliso zibonisa ukutshintsha kwemilinganiselo. ISindululo saMalungelo e-Aumelt (esingaqinisekiswanga ngo-1971, asisayigunyaziswanga) sibonisa ukuba asiyonto yonke ephumelelayo. Inkqubo yangoku isenokuguquka, kodwa okwangoku, iseyinkqubo efuna uvumelwano olubanzi.

Ukusebenzisana noMthetho woMgaqo-siseko

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho neembopheleleko kulinyathelo lokuqala. Ukuzibophelela okusebenzayo kuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uhlala uphilile, ukhusela amandla kunokuba ube yinto engasekhoyo. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuqinisa inxaxheba yakho:

Imfundo nofundisiso lobuqu

  • Funda umGaqo-siseko kunye nezilungiso zawo zipheleleyo. Iintlobo ezininzi ezikhululekileyo ezicacisiweyo zifumaneka kwi-intanethi kwimithombo efana ne .Gov Constitution Anconod.
  • Thatha iiklasi ze projekti ezikhululekileyo kwiqonga njenge Courserea okanye 'oyez projekti[, enika ufihlo lwengxelo ezininzi.
  • Yiya kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, kwiiholo zedolophu, okanye kwiintetho zesikolo ezithetha ngemibandela engokomGaqo-siseko.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

  • Ngenela amaqela akhusela amalungelo athile: ALU ijolise kwinkululeko yabemi; Brennan Center yeJaji isebenza kumalungelo okuvota kunye notshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho; uqulu-mthetho weFedalist Society ikhuthaza utoliko loqobo lwezimvolo.
  • Kukuzikhethela ukubhalisa ngaphandle kwecawa okanye ukuqhuba iikliniki ezinceda abantu baqonde amalungelo abo.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Landela izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye nezigwebo zenkundla esezantsi. Sebenzisa ubuncwane obufana SCOUSblog kuhlalutyo olufike ngexesha. Yazi indlela umthetho ocetyiweyo okanye izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ezinokuchaphazela ngayo amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Bhala kubameli bakho uze uchaze iimbono zakho kwityala elihleliyo. Qwalasela ukubhalisela amaphepha-zincwadi avela kubaphengululi abasemthethweni okanye izikolo zomthetho ezithembekileyo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yasemthethweni

  • Sebe njengelungu lejaji xa ubizwa.
  • Ukuba ulixhoba lokwaphulwa kwamalungelo, bhala isiganeko uze uqhagamshelane negqwetha okanye umbutho woncedo olusemthethweni. UmGaqo-siseko unika amancedo, kodwa kufuneka alandelwe.
  • Makhe siqwalasele ukubhala iamicus curiae mfutshane kwimeko ebaluleke kuwe.

Isiphelo

Umthetho woMgaqo-siseko asiyondawo engaqhelekanga egcinelwe abagwebi namagqwetha. Ngumzi ophambili wobumi baseMerika. Wonke ummi ubamba isibonda ekutolikeni okuqhubekayo nasekusetyenzisweni komGaqo-siseko. Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho (* kwaye uzalisekisa iimbopheleleko zakho) awuzikhuseli kuphela kodwa kwakhona unceda ekulondolozeni uvavanyo lwedemokhrasi lwezizukulwana ezizayo. UMgaqo-siseko usebenza xa abantu besebenza ngokukhutheleyo. Yazi amalungelo akho, uwasebenzise ngenkathalo, uze ugcine urhulumente wakho umele iinjongo zawo eziphakamileyo.