Amalungelo Nenkuselo Yakho Phantsi KoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo We - 14

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luye lwaziintsika ezitshintshayo zomthetho waseMerika. Ngo-1868 emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, lwacacisa ngokusisiseko oko kuthethwa kukuba ngummi kwaye lwabeka imida enamandla kurhulumente. Ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-1050, olu tshintsho luye lwaba sisiseko esisemthethweni soloyiso olubalulekileyo lwamalungelo abantu, ukusuka esikolweni ukuya kulingana nomtshato. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho phantsi koLawulo lweshumi elinesine lo Amendundu akungombandela nje womdlalo wembali kwaye kungulwazi olubalulekileyo lokuqonda imilinganiselo yakho yokukhusela urhulumente ekuphathweni nakucalucalucalucalucalu.

Imeko Yembali: Ukuzalwa Komgaqo - siseko Omtsha

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lwazalwa ngenxa yothuthu lweMfazwe Yamakhaya kunye neengxaki ezinzulu zomthetho ezalandela. UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala kunye neBhili yamaLungelo zasebenza ngokuyintloko kurhulumente wesizwe, ishiya amazwe ekhululeke kakhulu ukuchaza amalungelo abemi bawo. Emva kokupheliswa kobukhoboka kwiSimi se-1865, amaphondo akhawuleza amisela "Imithetho Engalungelelwanga" eyathi yazimisela ngokungqongqo inkululeko entsha yaseAfrika. Le mithetho yawakhaba anelungelo lokufumana impahla, angene kwizivumelwano, anikele ubungqina enkundleni, okanye ahambe ngokukhululekile. IiBhunga zavuma ukuba uMphengululo weshumi elinesithathu wodwa wawunganele ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yokwenyaniso nokulingana. Umthetho owe-105 wacetyiswa njengempendulo ebanzi yokusilela. Yafuna ukukhuselwa kwesizwe amalungelo angundoqo ngokuvakalisa ukuba bonke abemi baseUnited States, ukuba nabani nabani nabani na ozalelwe inkululeko, okanye azimeleyo, imvume enyangweni, yaye elungele ukukhuselwa phantsi komthetho olinganayokungeneyo.

Ummi UnguClaus: Ukuchaza Ukuba Ngubani OngowaseSihlalweni

Isigwebo sokuqala seCandelo 1 loMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine umisela umthetho ocacileyo nonamandla: " Bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadalwe eUnited States, kwaye phantsi kwegunya labo, bangabemi baseUnited States kunye noMgaqo-bume apho behlala khona. Lo mmandla kaNogosante uCelasme phezu kwesigqibo esithethsa ngetyala eliPhakamileyo [FLT]] Scott v. [1857], obekukholelwa ukuba ama-Afrika athe ahlala khona. Ngokuma kobunini bemi okanye ngokwendalo, ngaphandle kwesizwe, umisela umgaqo wokuba ngummi wobumi obunkwesifazi. Namhlanje, lo mqulu uqinisekisa ukuba umntwana ngamnye uzalwa ngokuzenzekelayo. U-US, ngokommi wakwayinqabela imo yemeko yesizwe, ingulo lilo lilo lilo lilothe, ngokutsho ukuba uluntu, uyavuma, uyavuma, uyavuma ukuba uyavuma kumazwe athile, urhulumente

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo KaClaus: Ukukhusela Ubulungisa Nenkululeko

I-Act Claus Procession of the 1450th Amendment ithi okanye nawuphi na uMbuso uza kuhlutha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Eli binzana libonakala lilula libangele iziqu ezibini ezahlukileyo kodwa ezinxulumeneyo zomthetho-siseko: inkqubo efunekayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo esesikweni ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba asuse ubomi bomntu, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Eyona nkqubo ifanelekileyo ixhomekeke kumongo, kodwa ingokwasemqondweni kukuba unelungelo lokuqaphela nasiphi na isenzo esisemthethweni esinxamnye nawe kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa. Ukuba urhulumente ufuna ukuphelisa amalungelo akho abazali, ukukugxotha kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, ukukhupha ilayisensi yakho yobuchule, okanye ukuthatha impahla yakho kwindawo ephakamileyo, inkqubo efunekayo efuna ukuba ufumane isaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nokuva okungacacingiyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba umele ifumane isaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nethuba lokungacacingiyo. Inkundla ephezulu kwi- [v:]. [5].[FLT] [12][FLD] imisela icandelo eliphakathi le-propatiteinssssssss transtiesmes trains transfertiestate (ift) ukuze uvavanyo lweemeko ezifunekayo kwimigciptmentmentmentmentmentmentinging,

Inkqubo ePhambili neMfundo yoQoqosho

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko yeyokukhusela amalungelo anxulumene nomtshato, intsapho, ukuzimela kunye nelungelo elinamandla. Ithi kukho amalungelo athile asisiseko asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe saseMelika athi urhulumente akanakuwachasa, nokuba zinjani na iinkqubo. Le mfundiso ibisisithutho sokukhusela amalungelo anxulumene nomtshato, intsapho, ulawulo lomzimba, kunye nelungelo lobuqu. INkundla ePhakamileyo ixhomekeke kwinkqubo encinci yemfuzameko enjengeyo [v]. [[FLT] [12] [12] [1967], [197], ekwakunye urhulumente othe ukuva umlomo we-Gawulayo, ulawulo olukufutshane lwemitshato yomtshato; [iiiiiiiimeko yephondo nengaloburhulumente eliphantsi kwentlabalelwayo.'imeko-engangentla.[[5] Imeko ebanzi eninzi yemeko yomtshato (imeko ephantsi kwezisibhozo) ingumphath'uhlulo. inguquququase.

Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo LukaClaus: Isithembiso Sokulingana Phantsi Komthetho

I-Unicime Protection Claus ivakalisa ukuba " okanye naliphi na iLizwe liyakukhanyela nawuphi na umntu okwigunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho. Eli binzana linye liye laba yinjini esemthethweni emva kwezinye iinguqu ezinzulu zentlalo-ntle kwimbali yaseMelika. Engundoqo walo, irejista ifuna ukuba urhulumente aphathe abantu abakwindawo efanayo ngendlela efanayo. Ayikukwaleli konke ukwahlulwa korhulumente, kodwa ifuna ukuba naluphi na ulwahlulo luthethelelwe ngenjongo esemthethweni. Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola ixhomekeke kwindalo elungelelanisiweyo:

  • Impinda yesiseko seRosational: kwimimiselo yezoqoqosho nezentlalo, iinkundla zibuza kuphela ukuba umthetho unxulumene ngokufanelekileyo na nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente. Lo ngumgangatho obekelwe intelekelelo ephezulu, kwaye imithetho emininzi iyasinda.
  • Isininzi seScrutiny: ukwenzela ukuhlelwa okusekelwe kwi-screenshorensi okanye kwi-hegitbug, iinkundla zifuna ukuba umthetho usebenze umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente kwaye unxulumene kakhulu nomdla. Lo mgangatho ufuna kakhulu kunesiseko esifanelekileyo kodwa ungenanto inzima kunohlalutyo olungqongqo.
  • Scrity Scrutiny: Ukuhlela okusekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kunqulo, kunye nemithetho ethwele umthwalo wamalungelo asisiseko, iinkundla zisebenzisa owona mgangatho ungqongqo wokuhlola. Urhulumente kufuneka angqine ukuba umthetho ulungelelene nokunceda inzala karhulumente enyanzelisayo. Lo mgangatho uphantse ukuba usoloko uyingozi kumthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Amatyala okhuselo olulinganayo lophawu lwasezweni

UKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus luye lwaba sisiseko soloyiso lwamalungelo amakhaya amaninzi. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukukhetheka kwesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke wonke kwaphula umthetho wokhuseleko luka-Celas, ukubhukuqa isiseko semfundiso "kakakanjaniyo" eyaye yahlala ikhona ukususela [[FLT:] Prevention v.[FL][FFUT] v [FF:5]] [186]] [1869]. Inkundla eyintloko uEmpehlahlo yabhala phantsi kwemiqathazo isithi "Izikolo ezifundisayo i-engagqibekanga," ingumgaqo onwenwe kwimiqatha yobomi boluntu. [FF] ngokungaphezulu, umqulu othengwa yiNkunye yemiqatha, iNkunye yemivuvukelo esezantsi, isebenzisa iNkundla yeminye iNkundla yemi, iNkupho esezantsi, i-FF

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Asekuhlaleni

ISindululo seshumi elinesine sisixhobo esiyintloko somgaqo - siseko sokuhambisela phambili amalungelo abantu nokusesikweni kwentlalo eMerika.

Amalungelo

Nangona uHlaziyo lweMimiselo ye-144 lweNkqutyana yeMimiselo yeSinyuko ngokwayo lungaqiniseki ngokomthetho ukuba ivoti, iSigqeba esilinganayo soMgaqo-siseko u-Claus sisembindini wamalungelo okuvota. Reynolds v. Sims [1964], iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisele umgaqo "wodwa, ivota," ukuphatha loo mmandla wesizwe kufuneka ulingana nabemi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti nganye ithwele ubunzima obulinganayo. I-Sityrigina sikwasetyenziselwa ukuvavanyanisa i-voti ye-griki, imithetho ye-oververdering, kunye neminye imithetho yokuvota echaphazela ngokugqithisileyo abantu abambalwa. Noko ke, ukuphatha kwaloo ndawo kuqulethe isigwebo sokuvotako kumazwe esiphakathi kwesizwe singu 2 kurhobombo sokurhoxa sokurhola i-otasa esiphambili, kodwa isiXhombo somthetho esithe sesibini, esithe siso

Umtshato Nentsapho

Zimbalwa iindawo zomthetho eziye zatshintshwa kakhulu nguMphetho-weshumi elinesine woPhinda-zigqibo kunezigqibo kunye namalungelo entsapho. i-Virginia ishenxise imiqathango yomtshato esekelwe kwisizwe, kwaye i-Obergefell v. i-hodges[ ukwandisa umtshato kumntu otshatileyo. [i-FLT] [iNkufumana] imvume yokuba i-kumgangatho olinganayo [[FLT:] owemayela] ukhuseleko olukhoyo nokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo lufuna ukuqaphela iqhina elifanayo, ukufumana ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko engundoqo nokungakhuselwayo kwezibini ezikwaneyo. [FT] Amalungelo alinganayo. [5]

Imfundo noMbutho

Impembelelo ye 14th Amendment on formation ayilingani. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo isesona sigqibo sibalulekileyo sokhuseleko olulinganayo, kodwa indibaniselwano yemfundo ayiphelanga ngokususa ulawulo. Iimeko ezilandelelanayo zifuna ukuba isithili sithathe amanyathelo okukhulula iinkqubo ezisusiweyo, ukwalelwa kwemiba esekelwe kuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, kwaye ithethe imicimbi yesikolo ekwimali ekwilungelo lokukhusela abafundi abakhubazekileyo. I-andex ayikhange ikhusele amalungelo abafundi ezikolweni. Umzekelo, [FLT: 2] unikezelo olunikwe iSibonelo [3]. [4]

Imida, Ucelomngeni Nempikiswano Engapheliyo

Nangona ingulo ekhukulisiweyo nelifa layo eliguqulayo, iSindululo seshumi elinesine sinemida epheleleyo. Iinkundla ziye zachaza ukukhuselwa kwaso ngeendlela ezisilela ngazo isithembiso esipheleleyo sentengiso, kwaye iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ziyaqhubeka malunga nomgangatho waso ofanelekileyo.

Imfundiso Karhulumente

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinesine sodwa sikwalela ukuncitshiswa kwamalungelo awenziwa ngabadlali belizwe .

Impikiswano Yokumanyana

Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaquka inkoliso yeBhili yamaLungelo ngokuchasene namazwana, le nkqubo iye yasetyenziswa, yaye eminye imiqathango ayikaqukwa. Umzekelo, imfuneko enkulu yabachopheli-mthetho yesihlanu ayizange isetyenziswe kumaphondo. Kukwakho nengxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwabagwebi nabaphengululi ngendlela efanelekileyo yokudibanisa amaLungelo. Abanye baphikisa ukuba ukudityaniswa ngokupheleleyo kweGawulayo kweshumi elinesine kusebenza wonke umphako wamaLungelo kumazwe akhoyo. Abanye baxhasa ukuquququzelelana okuqulunqileyo kunye, okusebenza ngamalungelo athile njengoko begqalwa njengendlela eyimfuneko yokuyalela inkululeko. Inkundla ilandela ngokuyintloko indlela yokukhetha, kodwa impikiswano ibonisa ukungavumelani okunzulu ngentsingiselo ye-andrentiment nendalo yeMelika.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nemibuzo Engaconjululwanga

ISinyuko seshumi elinesine siyaqhubeka sisesazuluni sempikiswano yale nkqubo. Imibuzo ephathelele ukuvuma inyathelo lobugrogrisi, imiqathango yokuvota, amalungelo okuqhotsa isisu emva .Jackson's Health Organization [202], kwaye amalungelo abantu abatsha abathi batshintshele kwinkcazelo yeSicwangciso soMsebenzi noKhuselo luka-Estere. Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkuhlalo zeNkuhlaziyo abonisa indlela ethandabuzayo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ngekamva lamalungelo akhuselweyo phantsi kweso mfundiso. Kwalo tyala, ukhuseleko luka-Claus luyacelwa nangayiphi nayiphi na imeko entsha, ekhoyo, ekwakheni kwesobugosakhenke i-Akhiwom, ekwakhe i-Athonsini, ekwakhe i-Athoni. Ngoko ke, ukuncitshiswa kweminye i-Angculogosa, ukunciphiswa kwesongelo ye-Aganogcongrafu ye-E.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho KoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo We - 14

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine asilogama nje elingumthetho obhaliweyo. Lilungiselelo eliphilayo elibumba ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu norhulumente yonke imihla. Ukuba ungumfundi ojamelene nesenzo sokuqeqesha esikolweni sikawonke-wonke, isibini esifana nesobuhlanga esifuna ukuqwalaselwa komtshato wakho, ivoti ecel ’ umngeni umthetho ongqongqo, okanye umntu onemibala ejongene nocalucalulo, uSindululo seSinyuso semida esisemthethweni sokuqinisekisa amalungelo akho. Iziqinisekiso ezibini zenkqubo ekufuneka ulwenzele kwaye ukhuseleko olulinganayo zixhomekeke kwisiseko somthetho wesithethe sasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda ezi zikunika amandla okugcina imigaqo yomthetho engundoqo yemeko efuna ukuphendula neyo esemthethweni yexesha lethu. [Feffene] [[3] [Fempehla ka-Emperence], i-eventi yomthetho-ose-omssion, i-eventine] [[F] [F] [Fom], i-encystitutions] [ences] [ement, i-Es]