Table of Contents

UHlaziyo Lokuqala luyenye yezona zinto zinamandla nezibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Olu phawu luqinisekisiwe ngoDisemba 15, 1791, lukhusela inkululeko esisiseko yedemokhrasi yaseMerika evumela abemi ukuba bathethe, basebenzise iinkolelo zabo, baze babe nenxaxheba ekuxoliseni urhulumente wabo. Ukuqonda uMphetho wokuqala kubalulekile kumntu ngamnye waseMerika ofuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo akhe kwaye abe negalelo kwincoko eqhubekayo ephathelele inkululeko, idemokhrasi, kunye nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni kwibutho lethu.

Ithini Imigaqo Yokuqala Yokwenziwa Komhlaba?

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, iFirst Amendment, amagama angama - 45 nje, ayindawo enamandla yokukhusela ilizwi lakho, iinkolelo zakho, nelungelo lakho lokuqhankqalaza, kunye nezinye izinto. Umbhalo opheleleyo ufundeka ngolu hlobo: “Umthetho awuyi kwenza nto ngokumiselwa konqulo, okanye ukuthintela ukuqheliselwa kwalo ngenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokuthetha; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokubongoza uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo. ”

Phezu kwako nje ukufutshane kwayo, esi sigwebo sinye siye salolonga ibutho lamaMelika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. Samkelwa kwiBhili yamaLungelo ngo1791. INkundla Ephakamileyo ichaza umlinganiselo wokhuseleko olunikwa la malungelo. Olu lwimi lusenokuvakala lusesikweni kwaye lumiselwe umthetho, kodwa umyalezo walo ucacile: urhulumente akanakuphazamisana nenkululeko ethile esisiseko eyimfuneko kwibutho ledemokhrasi.

Inkululeko Entlanu Ekhuselwe NguMgaqo Wokuqala

UHlomelo Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko engundoqo emihlanu esetyenziswa kunye ukuqinisekisa amaMerika ukuba anokucinga ngokukhululekileyo, athethe ngokukhululekileyo, abe nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bedemokhrasi. La malungelo abalulekileyo anxulumene nenkululeko yesazela, -- ukukhusela amandla ethu okucinga nokuthetha ngendlela esicinga ngayo.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

ISihlaziyo sokuqala siqulethe amabinzana amabini ahlukeneyo anxulumene nenkululeko yonqulo. I-Sreament Claus iyalela urhulumente ekumiseni umthetho wokumisela unqulo olusemthethweni okanye ukukhetha olunye unqulo ngaphezu kolunye. Oku kunyanzelisa oko ngokuqhelekileyo kubizwa ngokuba "kukucalula icawa norhulumente," ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala engoondilele kwimicimbi yokholo.

I-Free Execle Claus iyawuthintela urhulumente, kwiimeko ezininzi, ekuphazamisaneni nonqulo lomntu. Ukususela ngowe-1791, amazwi okuqala alishumi elinesithandathu oMgaqo-siseko wokuqala — "Umthetho awuyi kwenza mthetho wokuseka unqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukuqheliselwa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo" — ivule inkululeko yonqulo njengesisiseko, engenakwahlulwa kubo bonke abantu.

Oku kuthetha ukuba amaMerika anelungelo lokunqula ngokweenkolelo zawo, okanye ukukhetha ukunganquli konke konke. Urhulumente akanakunyanzela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwimisebenzi yonqulo, kwaye akanakubathintela ekuqheliseleni ukholo lwabo, lo gama lo msebenzi ungaphuli eminye imithetho okanye ungawenzi abanye abantu. Oku kukhusela kukwabelana nazo zonke iinkonzo ngokulinganayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo ezincinane zifumana ukhuseleko olufanayo lomgaqo-siseko njengeenkonzo ezininzi.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha

Xa abantu beva u "Uhlaziyo Lokuqala" badla ngokucinga ngenkululeko yokuthetha — kwaye banyanisile. Kodwa okuninzi kunoko. Elona candelo lisisiseko lenkululeko yokuthetha linelungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha. Inkululeko yokuthetha ingasetyenziswa ngendlela engqalileyo (amagama) okanye (izenzo) zomfuziselo.

Inkululeko yokuthetha ikhusela ilungelo lakho lokuchaza iingcamango, izimvo, neengcamango ngaphandle kokukhangelwa ngurhulumente okanye isohlwayo. Ngokulula, kuthetha ukuba uyakwazi ukuchaza iingcamango zakho neembono ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente osohlwaye ngenxa yoko. Ngexa kukho imida ethile, ingumkhuseli obalulekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuthetha iingqondo zakhe.

Le nkululeko idlulela ngaphaya kwamazwi athethwayo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba intetho yokomfuziselo .Izenzo ezidlulisela umyalezo ````Iziphendulo Zokuqala'' zifumana ukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala. INkundla Ephakamileyo ifumanise ukuba intetho inganwenwa ngaphaya kwentetho ethethwayo nebhalweyo, apho izenzo zithumela umyalezo womfuziselo. Umzekelo, ukutshisa iflegi okanye ukunxiba ibhanti elimnyama lengalo lokuHlambulula umgaqo.

Ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha luphangalele ngendlela ephawulekayo. Luquka intetho yezobupolitika, ubugcisa, intetho yenzululwazi, kwaneembono ezicaphukisayo okanye ezingathandwayo. Umgaqo osisiseko ngowokuba kwibutho elikhululekileyo, eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokulwa neengcamango ezimbi ineengcamango ezibhetele, kungekhona uphando lukarhulumente.

Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Oku kukhusela iintatheli kunye namajelo eendaba. Banelungelo lokuphanda, ukugxeka, nokuxela izenzo zikarhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lokukhangelwa okanye ukuziphindezelela. Umatshini okhululekileyo usebenza njengegosa eligadayo kwigunya likarhulumente, uxelela abemi ngoko kwenziwa ngamagosa abo anyuliweyo kwaye ubaphendulisa.

Phezu kwako nje ukungaqondani okuthandwayo, ilungelo lenkululeko yephephandaba eliqinisekiswe yiSihlaziyiso sokuqala alwahluke kakhulu kwilungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha. Livumela umntu ukuba athethe ngokupapashwa nangokusasazwa. Kuyinxalenye yomgaqo-siseko wokukhusela inkululeko yokuvakalisa. Alikuniki malungu amajelo eendaba amalungelo akhethekileyo okanye amalungelo anganikwanga abantu ngokubanzi.

Oku kuthetha ukuba intatheli azinawo amalungelo akhethekileyo omgaqo-siseko angenawo abemi abaqhelekileyo. Noko ke, inkululeko yamaphephandaba iqinisekisa ukuba imibutho yamajelo eendaba ingapapasha inkcazelo ngemicimbi yoluntu ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente okanye ukuhlolisiswa kwemithetho. Oku kuyimfuneko ukugcina abemi abanolwazi bekwazi ukwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi.

Inkululeko yeNdibano

Ilungelo lethu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo kuqhankqalazo lukawonke wonke – ekuthungweni, kwiintlanganiso zengqungquthela nakweminye indibano – yenye inkululeko esisiseko eqinisekiswe yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala. Eli lungelo livumela amaMerika ukuba ahlanganisane avakalise iimbono zawo, abonise inkxaso kwizizathu akholelwa kuzo, yaye acele utshintsho.

Njengokuba umphengululi weFirst Amendment etshilo kulo mbandela, "Inkululeko Yokuqala Yohlaziyo iphulukene ukuba amagosa karhulumente anokunyanzela ukuchaza ukuba acinga ukuba aya kubangela ukuphazamiseka okanye ukucaphuka. Ngaphandle kokuba kukho ingozi yokwenene yengozi esemnyango, amalungelo entlanganiso amele ahlonelwe.

Inkululeko yokuhlanganisa ibibaluleke kakhulu ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ukususela kuhambo lokubhengeza amalungelo abantu ukusa kwimibhiyozo yale mihla kwimiba eyahlukahlukeneyo yentlalo nezobupolitika. Le nkululeko ihlanu isinika ilungelo lokuvelisa iingcamango zethu (nokuhlakulela iinkolelo zethu); unqulo (okanye hayi) ngokukhululekileyo; nxibelelana nabanye abantu ngeengcamango zethu; nxibelelana nabanye ukuze uxubushe imicimbi, ucebe, uze wenze izenzo ezikhuthazayo njengemibhiyolo nemibhiyozo; yaye ucela urhulumente.

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba ilungelo lenkululeko yonxulumano nelenkolelo licacile kwiMimiselo yokuQala, yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine. Oku kuthetha ukuba unelungelo lokuhlanganisana nabanye kungekuphela nje kodwa kwanokwakha imibutho kunye neembutho zokuhambisela phambili usukelo neenkolelo ezabelana ngazo.

Ilungelo Lokucela Urhulumente

Kodwa ke, le nkululeko eyaziwayo yoMgqino-Mpanzi wokuqala ibalulekile kuhlobo lorhulumente wethu wedemokhrasi. "Inkululeko inelungelo lokucela urhulumente nangaliphi na ixesha ukulungisa ingxaki," ubhala umphengululi weSigqibo Sokuqala kule nkcazelo echaza indlela elisebenza ngayo ilungelo lesicelo kurhulumente wethu, kwaneentlobo ezithathwa yiyo.

Eyokugqibela kwinkululeko yokuHlaziya koQala, ilungelo lokucela, ngeendlela ezininzi, intengo eyintloko yezomthetho ithetha amaMelika ukuze azise iminqweno yawo. Eli lungelo livumela abemi ukuba banxibelelane ngqo norhulumente wabo, mhlawumbi ngokubhalela amagosa anyuliweyo, ngokubhala amatyala, ngokufaka izibongozo ezisemthethweni, okanye ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kumaxesha okugqabaza esidlangalaleni ngemimiselo ecetyisiweyo.

Ilungelo lokucela liqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela ebantwini. Linika abemi indlela esesikweni yokufuna ukubuyiselwa xa bekholelwa ukuba urhulumente uthathe inyathelo eliphosakeleyo okanye xa befuna ukuxhasa iinguqu zenkqubo. Eli lungelo libalulekile ekulondolozeni umgaqo othi urhulumente ufumana amandla akhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa.

Uhlaziywa Kokuqala Kukukhusela Kubani?

Enye yezona mbono ziphosakeleyo zixhaphakileyo malunga noMphetho-Mgaqo wokuqala ngumsebenzi wawo. Kubalulekile ukucoca ingcamango eqhelekileyo: Uhlaziyo Lokuqala lukukhusela ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente. Ayiyeki inkampani yabucala okanye umqeshi ukuba athathe inyathelo ngokuchasene nawe ngenxa yento oyithethayo, kwaye ayikuthinteli iiyunivesithi ekumiseleni imithetho yokuziphatha.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala, njengoMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika amalungelo abantu abanokuwasebenzisa ukucel ’ umngeni urhulumente. Oorhulumente bengingqi kunye noorhulumente bengingqi baninzi, bonke abamele bathobele uMphetho wokuqala. Kodwa inkululeko yethu yokuthetha kunye namalungelo onxulumano awenziwa kwiintlangano zabantu, kwanokuba loo mibutho okanye abantu bafumana inkxaso evela kurhulumente.

Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona urhulumente engenakukohlwaya ngenxa yokuthetha kwakho, amaqumrhu azimeleyo afana nabaqeshi, iinkampani zezentlalo, kunye nezikolo zabucala zingamisela imithetho yazo ngokuphathelele intetho eyamkelekileyo. Iiplatfomu zezentlalo-ntle azifuneki ukukhusela intetho yakho. Inkampani yabucala isenokudubula umqeshwa kwisebe lezentlalo-ntle, kwaye iwebhsayithi inokususa ulwaneliseko oluchasene neemfuno zayo zenkonzo. /athsut' ezi zinto aziyo azingqubanisi kuMphengululo wokuqala ngenxa yokuba zingeyozenzo zikarhulumente.

Noko ke, kuthetha ukuba amagosa karhulumente anjengamagosa amapolisa, iinqununu, nabezobupolitika basekuhlaleni abanako ukukohlwaya ngenxa nje yokusebenzisa amalungelo akho okuthetha, ukunqula, ukuhlanganisana okanye ukubongoza.

Imida Ebalulekileyo Kukhuseleko Lokuqala Lokwenziwa Kohlaziyo

Nangona uMphetho wokuqala unikela ukhuseleko oluqinileyo, awupheleli ngokupheleleyo. EUnited States, ezinye iindidi zentetho azikhuselwa yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala. Ngokutsho kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, umGaqo-siseko wase-United States ukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha ngoxa uvumela imiqathango kwiindidi ezithile zokuthetha.

Umahluko opheleleyo kuMphetho-mda wokuqala umbalwa, mxinwa, kwaye uchazwe kakuhle. Ukuze bakhusele inkululeko yokubonakalisa, kufuneka bahlale benjalo. Kodwa bakhona, ngamnye ngesizathu esilungileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kunceda kucaciselwe apho amalungelo okuthetha akhululekileyo aphelela khona kwaye apho kukho ezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke namalungelo omntu.

Iindidi Zentetho Engakhuselwanga

INkundla idla ngokuzichaza ezi ntlobo njengezoyikekayo, ukunyelisa, ubuqhetseba, ukuphembelela, amazwi okulwa, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, intetho engundoqo kwihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemifanekiso engamanyala yabantwana. Makhe sihlolisise ezinye zeendidi ezibalulekileyo:

Ukuvuselela Isenzo Esingenamthetho

Ukuvuselela — intetho "elathiselwe ukukhuthaza okanye ukuvelisa izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisemnyango kwaye isenokukhuthaza okanye ivelise isenzo esinjalo" — ayikhuselwa yiSigqibo sokuqala soLawulo. Lo mlinganiselo uvela kwisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yowe-1969 kwiBrandenburg v.Ohio, ucelomngeni lokuqala loMmiselo wokubanjwa kwamalungu ekwawunjwa kweKlux Klan phantsi komthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho waseOhio.

EBrandenburg v. Ohio (11969), oku kwancitshiswa kumgangatho "wesenzo sobugqwetha obungalawuleki", neNkundla ePhakamileyo ihlenga-hlengisa ngamxhelo mnye ukuvunywa kweqela leKu Klux Klan kuKu "uqhaqho ... ugonyamelo ... njengendlela yokuphumeza utshintsho lwezopolitiko" ngenxa yokuba iintetho zabo kwintlanganiso azizange zibonakalise injongo ekhawulezileyo, okanye ezisondeleyo, yokwenza ugonyamelo.

Lo ngumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu. Urhulumente akanako ukohlwaya umntu ngenxa yokukhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye ukwaphula umthetho. Intetho kufuneka ijoliswe ekubangeleni isenzo esingekho mthethweni esikufuphi kwaye kufuneka iphumeze eso senzo. Oku kukhusela ubuqhophololo bezobupolitika kunye nentetho eshushu ngeli xesha urhulumente evumela ukuba athintele izisongelo zokwenene kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Izisongelo Zokwenyaniso

Izisongelo zokwenene lulunye uhlobo lwentetho engakhuselekanga. La ngamagama apho umntu onengqondo ebeya kuchaza unxibelelwano njengembonakaliso enzulu yenjongo yokuqhuba ugonyamelo kumntu othile okanye kwiqela elithile. Umahluko ongundoqo uphakathi kwezisongelo zokwenene kunye nentelekelelo, ubuchule bezobupolitika, okanye iintetho zomsindo ezingathethiyo ukuba ugonyamelo luyisoyikiso lokwenene.

Ucaphulo

Ukuchasa kubandakanya iingxelo ezithile zenyaniso ezingomntu odluliselwa ngamazwi (umenzi) okanye ngokubhalwa (umphehlisi). Njengesityholo, izibakala zokunyelisa zixhomekeke kumthetho ofanelekileyo wephondo nakwimiqathango yenkululeko yokuthetha yeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Nangona iintetho ezixokayo zigqalwa njengentetho engakhuselekanga, iNkundla iqaphele imiqathango yeSigqibo sokuqala kwityala kwimiba yokunyelisa.

Ngokomzekelo, kwiimeko apho le ngxelo ibhekiselele kwigosa likarhulumente okanye kumntu oqhelekileyo, iqela elichaza ukunyeliswa kufuneka libonise ukuba isithethi sasebenzisa "ububi obuqhelekileyo," oko kukuthi, ulwazi lokuba le ntetho yayibubuxoki okanye yayikungakhathali yinyaniso okanye inkohliso. Lo mlinganiselo uphezulu wamanani kawonke-wonke uqinisekisa impikiswano eqinileyo ngemicimbi kawonke wonke.

I-obcenity

KwiMiller v. California (1973), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yachaza umgangatho oziiprogila ezintathu ekufuneka zihlangane ukuze ziqwalaselwe ngokungekho mthethweni: nokuba umntu oqhelekileyo, osebenzisa imilinganiselo yoluntu yanamhlanje, uya kufumanisa ukuba umsebenzi, othatyathwe njengewonke, ukhuthaza "umdla ogqithisileyo" (umdla ogqithisileyo kwisondo); nokuba umsebenzi ubonisa okanye uchaza ngendlela ehlazisayo, ihambo yesini; nokuba umsebenzi, uthatyathwe njengegcwaba, ungenayo ingcuphelo, ungenazo ezobugcisa, ubugcisa, ubugcisa, okanye ixabiso lenzululwazi.

Okona kukuthi kukwenza kungcole akucacanga, kodwa ekubeni i1980 ingcaciso ibimxinwa kakhulu. Kwakhona, intetho engcolileyo ngengqiqo yamagama nje amdaka isenokungabohlwaywa (Cohen v. California [1971]). Oku kuthetha ukuba ulwimi olubi nentetho engcolileyo idla ngokukhuselwa, kwanokuba abanye abantu bazifumanisa zingathandeki.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ngoxa kwakhona, uMphetho Wokuqala usenza singachasi ngokupheleleyo intetho yobuxoki okanye elahlekisayo, ezinye iintlobo zobuqhetseba zisenokungakhuseleki. Urhulumente udla ngokubeka ityala kwizibhengezo zobuxoki okanye kwizithethi ezithi ngamaqhinga zigqwethe iingxelo ezichanileyo ukuze zifumane imali okanye ezinye izinto eziphathekayo (njengokusebenza). Ukugweba ngenkohliso — ngokukwazi ukunikela ubungqina bobuxoki phantsi kwesifungo — kukwangumgaqo - siseko.

Akukho nto ichaseneyo jikelele noMmiselo wokuqala woXweso-zincwadi lweentetho zobuxoki. Oku kuvumelana nokuqonda okuqhelekileyo kokuba ezinye iingxelo zobuxoki azinakuphepheka ukuba kukho ukubonakaliswa okucacileyo nokunamandla kweembono kwincoko yasesidlangalaleni nangasese, intetho ethi uHlomelo Lokuqala lufuna ukuqinisekisa. Noko ke, kwanobuxoki obungabom ngorhulumente bukhuselwe ngokupheleleyo.

Ukukhuthaza Ihambo Yezaphuli - mthetho

KwiGiboney v. Empire Shool & Umkhenkce Co (1949), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabamba uHlaziyo lokuqala ayikhuseli "kuthetha okanye ukubhala okusetyenziswa njengenxalenye engundoqo yehambo yokwaphula umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni." Isicelo somphangi sokuxhobisa ngemipu sokuba unikele imali yakho ayikhuselwanga. Akukho nto iphanga, uzungula, okanye ukucela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile.

Kuthekani Ngentetho Ethiyileyo?

Abantu abaninzi bayamangaliswa kukwazi ukuba intetho yentiyo ayithethi nto ichaseneyo noMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo.

Oku akuthethi ukuba intetho yentiyo ingumphumo okhululekileyo. Amaziko azimeleyo angayalela, abaqeshi bangabohlwaya abasebenzi ngenxa yayo, kwaye isigwebo sentlalo sisoloko silandela. Kodwa urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuqhekeza intetho ngenxa yokuba ichaza iimbono ezinkulu. Ingqiqo ivumela urhulumente ukuba agqibe ukuba yiyiphi imbono eyamkelekileyo ebangela umzekelo oyingozi onokusetyenziswa ukucinezela ukungavumelani okufanelekileyo.

Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu

Kwanaxa intetho ikhuselwe ngokupheleleyo luHlaziyo lokuqala, urhulumente ungayibeka imiqathango esengqiqweni xa kusenziwa, apho, nendlela eyenzeka ngayo loo ntetho. Ixesha, indawo nendlela yokuthetha imiqathango yokwanela ibekelwe imiqathango elinganiselweyo ngurhulumente kumsebenzi ochazayo.

Imiqathango enjalo ivela ngeendlela ezininzi, njengemida emisela isantya sokuthetha, ikhupha inani labaqhankqalazi abanokuthatha ipropati enikiweyo, bafake intsimbi yangaphambi kwexesha okanye imiboniso yasemva kwemini, kwaye bathintele ubukhulu okanye ukwenziwa kwemiqondiso kwimpahla karhulumente. Imimiselo enjalo isoloko ixhaswa kwaye imela inxalenye eqhelekileyo yemeko-bume ehambayo kwizixeko ezininzi nakumanani.

Ngokomzekelo, isixeko singafuna imvume yokubonisa imiboniso emikhulu ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nolawulo lweenqwelo-moya. Singakuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezandisi-sandi kwimimandla ehlala abantu ebusuku. Singalinganisela ubungakanani bemiqondiso kwimpahla kawonke-wonke. Le miqathango ingumGaqo-siseko logama nje iqulathe i-ne-nenoutil (ayifuni mbono enye phezu kwenye), ikhonza umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente, kwaye ishiya eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano ivulekile.

Urhulumente ungayibeka imiqathango embalwa kwintetho yakho ukuba uvakalisa iimbono zakho koko kubizwa ngokuba yi- "fourum yesithethe". Ezi ziindawo zikawonke-wonke ezinjengezitrato, iitrato, kunye neepaki, apho abantu badla ngokuhlanganisana ukuze bathethe baze bavakalise iimbono zabo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba "akuyongozi ukuba izitrato zikawonke-wonke kunye neendlela ziye zavela njengendawo zokutshintshiselana iingcamango. Abagwebi baye baqisa ukuba izitrato neendledlana zendlela zibalulekile apho abantu badibana khona neengcamango neembono abangazifuniyo.

Amalungelo Okuhlaziywa Kokuqala Kwimibandela Ekhethekileyo

Abafundi Nezikolo

Abafundi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke banelungelo lokufumana uHlaziyo lokuqala, nangona la malungelo enokuthelekiswa nothumo lwemfundo lwesikolo. Kubafundi ukunxiba iingalo ezimnyama esikolweni ukuqhayisa imfazwe ("Abafundi abawayeki amalungelo abo esiseko kwisango lendlu yesikolo."). Tinker v. Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503 (1969).

UHlomelo Lokuqala lwakwalela onke amasebe karhulumente asekuhlaleni, kuquka izikolo zikarhulumente, ukuchasa ukuthetha okusekelwe kwiimbono zawo. Lo mgaqo ungowona ubangela ukuba ngoAprili 24, 2024 ACLU-D.C. afake ityala ngenxa ye-Arabian Students Union eD.C. iK. iJackson-Rerekhodi yesikolo samabanga aphezulu ngenxa yokuvavanya intetho yabafundi.

Noko ke, izikolo zinegunya elingakumbi lokulawula intetho yabafundi kunaleyo urhulumente anayo ukulawula ukuthetha kwabantu abadala kwii-partheids zikawonke-wonke. Izikolo zinokuthintela intetho ephazamisa kakhulu imeko-bume yemfundo okanye iphazamisa amalungelo abanye abafundi. Umzekelo, abafundi kwizikolo zabucala abanamalungelo afanayo okuthetha njengabafundi ezikolweni zikawonke wonke, kwanokuba isikolo sabucala sifumana inkxaso karhulumente. Amalungelo akhululekileyo okuthetha kwizikolo zabucala adla ngokusekwa ngemithetho, imigaqo, iinkqubo, neenkqubo zesikolo.

Abasebenzi bakaRhulumente

Abasebenzi basekuhlaleni norhulumente banelungelo lokuthetha ngemibandela ebalulekileyo ngexesha labo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, intetho yomqeshwa karhulumente iyakhuselwa ukuba loo mntu uthetha njengomntu wabucala (ayingommeli womsebenzi wabo), ukuba uthetha ngombandela oxhalabisayo, kwaye ukuba intetho yabo ayiwuphazamisani nomsebenzi wabo.

Umahluko ongundoqo uphakathi kokuthetha njengommi wabucala kwimicimbi yoluntu ngokuchasene nokuthetha njengenxalenye yemisebenzi yasemthethweni. Xa abasebenzi bakarhulumente bethetha ngokuphandle kwimisebenzi yabo esemthethweni, abanaso isiGqibo sokuQala soLawulo. Oku kuvumela amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuba alondoloze impumelelo nengqeqesho ngoxa esawakhusela amalungelo abasebenzi ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala njengabemi.

Iintolongo Nezomkhosi

Ngokwasemkhosini waseUnited States, urhulumente wesizwe unamandla aphangaleleyo okuthintela ukuthethwa kwamagosa asemkhosini, nokuba uthintelo olunjalo lungasebenza kumntu ongengowaburhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa lo mgaqo kwisigqibo esisondeleyo sesi-5 kwisithathu, Parker v. Levy (1974), xa iNkundla yayigcina umkhosi ngokusisiseko yayingu "bantu abakhethekileyo abasuka kwibutho lasekuhlaleni", nto leyo eyayifuna imigaqo engqongqo.

Xa urhulumente esebenza njengomlawuli weentolongo, unobuchule obuphangaleleyo bokunciphisa ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwamabanjwa. Ngokuyintloko nawuphi na uthintelo "onxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nezilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo" luyasebenza. Le meko imela iindawo apho urhulumente anomdla ekulondolozeni ucwangco kwaye agwebe imiqathango emikhulu ebekwe kuzo.

Uphawu Lokuqala Lokwenziwa KwesiHlomelo Olwabangela Ukuba Kubekho Inkululeko Yokuthetha

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yagqiba amatyala amaninzi achaza indlela yokukhuselwa koMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala. Ukuqonda ezinye zezi zigqibo zibalulekileyo kunceda kubonise indlela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni esebenza ngayo kwiimeko zehlabathi.

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

Le tyala lamisela umgangatho wangoku xa intetho isohlwaywa njengokuvuselela. Ilizwe lathi libophelele iKlux Klan inkokeli yentetho ethi, "Kunokwenzeka ukuba kufuneke kubekho ukuziphindezelela okuthatyathwe kurhulumente" ukuba iqhubeke i-"icinezela abamhlophe, i-Caucasus." INkundla ePhakamileyo yaluguqula ulwamkelo, ibambe iSinyuso sokuqala sikhusela ukulawulwa kogonyamelo ngaphandle kokuba "imiselwe ukuvuselela okanye ukuvelisa isenzo esingesomthetho esisondeleyo kwaye isenokukhuthaza okanye ivelise isenzo esinjalo."

INew York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Eli tyala laguqula umthetho wokunyelisa ngokumisela ukuba amagosa karhulumente kufuneka angqine "izenzo zobundlobongela" ukuphumelela amatyala okutyhafisa. INkundla ePhakamileyo ebanjelwe kwityala lembali yeNew York Times v. Sullivan (1964) exoka ngorhulumente isenokukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo. Esi sigqibo saqonda ukuba impikiswano eqinileyo ngemicimbi kawonke wonke ingaquka ukuhlaselwa, ukuphazanyiswa, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ngokungathandekiyo kuhlaselo oluchaphazekileyo kurhulumente nakumagosa kawonke wonke.

I-Tinker v.Des Moines (1969)

Eli tyala laqinisekisa ukuba abafundi bagcina amalungelo omgaqo-siseko esikolweni. INkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba abafundi banelungelo lokunxiba iintambo ezimnyama ukuqhayisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam, iqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abawahlawuli amalungelo abo esiseko kwisango lendlu yesikolo. Eli tyala lisesona siseko samalungelo abafundi kwizikolo zikawonke wonke.

Miller v. Kalifoniya (1973)

Eli tyala laveza uvavanyo lweenxalenye ezintathu lokufumanisa ukuba izinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu ziyalinyala na ngokusemthethweni kwaye ngoko azikhuselekanga yiSihlaziyo sokuqala. IMiller ivavanya umlinganiselo wobume bentlalo nemfuneko yokukhusela imbonakalo yobugcisa neyoncwadi, ichaza ingcaciso emxinwa yokungcoliswa kwento engcolileyo evumela uninzi lwezinto ezicacileyo ngokwesini ukuba zifumane ukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Kwixesha Lamanani

Ubugcisa obuhambela phambili ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufikelela okukhulu kwe-intanethi kuzise ingqokelela entsha yemiba ephathelele inkululeko yokubonakalisa. Ngelixesha iziphumo zokuchaza zingapheli, kwakungekho bukho bokubhaliswa okanye ukubekwa kwemiqathango ngo1791 xa iBhili yamaLungelo yabhaliswa, kwaye ngenxa yoko, aziqukwa. Ngenxa yoko, i-ACLU isebenza ukuqinisekisa eli xesha litsha kubugcisa iphucula inkululeko yabemi, kunokuba ilalanise.

Iminyaka yezobugcisa iye yabangela ucelomngeni olutsha namathuba okuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo. Iindawo zonxibelelwano zezonxibelelwano ziye zaba libala likawonke-wonke, apho izigidi zabantu zisabelana ngembono, zilungelelanisa yaye zibandakanyeka kwintetho yezopolitiko.

Imibuzo ephathelele intetho ye-intanethi iyaqhubeka iguquka. Ingaba kufuneka iinkampani zezentlalo-ntle zifumane zonke iintetho ezisemthethweni, okanye zingakurhoxisa oko kuqulethwe ngabavakalisi bobuqu? Umthetho ufanele uyisebenzise njani i-intanethi yokuhlaselwa kwe-intanethi kunye ne-inthaneti? Kuthekani ngenkcazelo ephosakeleyo nangamaphulo okuchaphazeli? Ingaba urhulumente angawalawula amanani abonisa oko bakubonileyo abasebenzisi be-algorithm? Le mibuzo ayinazo iimpendulo ezilula, kwaye iinkundla zisebenza njani ngendlela yesithethe yokusebenzisa imigaqo yoGaqo-mvume Yokuqala.

Imigaqo esisiseko iyafana: urhulumente akanakuyihlalutya intetho esekelwe kwiimbono zakhe, yaye imiqathango imele ilungiswe ngokufutshane ukuze kusetyenziselwe izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo. Kodwa ukusebenzisa le migaqo kubugcisa obutsha kufuna ukutolikwa nokuqhelaniswa okuqhubekayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Lubaluleke Kulawulo - melo

Ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye inxalenye yomGaqo-siseko weBhili yamaLungelo e-U.S., inkululeko emihlanu yeSihlaziyo sokuqala equlethe oko kungcwele kakhulu kwimbali yeSivumelwano sokuyila ibutho labantu elikhululekileyo nelinoxanduva. Uhlaziyo Lokuqala aluyonkqubo yomthetho nje esisiseko yemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi.

Le nkululeko isenza sikwazi ukuphila kwibutho labantu elilawulwa ngedemokhrasi apho imibandela yobuqu ikhuthazwa, iimbono zahlukeneyo, yaye impikiswano yezobupolitika inamandla.

Intengiso yeengcamango, ekhutshwe nguJaji Oliver Wendell Holmes, icebisa ukuba olona vavanyo lulungileyo lwenyaniso kukukhuphisana ngemakethe. IJaji uOrvery Wendell Holmes, Jr. yavakalisa ukuba "olona vavanyo lulungileyo lwenyaniso ngamandla okucinga ukuba lufanele lwamkeleke kukhuphiswano lwemarike." Ukukholelwa kule ntengiso kuyaqhubeka kusekulandeleni komthetho weSimente Wokuqala.

Le ngcamango ithi xa zonke iingcamango zinokuchazwa ngokukhululekileyo kwaye ziphikiswane, iingcamango ezilungileyo ekugqibeleni ziza kuhlala zikho kunezo zingalunganga. Nangona oku kusenokubonakala kuyinto engenakwenzeka, kubonisa ukukholosa okusisiseko ekukhokeleni kwabemi ukuqwalasela ulwazi nokwenza izigqibo zolwazi. Okunye ukuvumela urhulumente agqibe ukuba ziziphi iingcamango ezamkelekileyo, kubeka iingozi ezinkulu kulawulo-demokhrasi.

Amalungelo Okuhlaziywa Kokuqala Aneembopheleleko

Nangona uHlaziyo Lokuqala lukhusela ilungelo lakho lokuthetha, alukukhuseli kwiziphumo zentetho yakho kwimo yezoburhulumente. Ngelungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha kuvela imbopheleleko: imbopheleleko yokuhlonela indlela esithetha ngayo, nembopheleleko yokukhusela ilungelo labanye lokuthetha, kungakhathaliseki ukuba siyavumelana okanye sinomdla koko bakuthethayo.

Inkululeko yokuthetha ithetha ukuba unokuthi ugxeke urhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lokubanjwa. Ayithethi ukuba ungakwazi ukuthetha nantoni na oyifunayo ngaphandle kweziphumo zoluntu. Abaqeshi bangakuthuka ngenxa yezimvo ezicaphukisayo, abahlobo bangazinxila kuwe, kwaye uluntu lungagxeka iimbono zakho. IsiHlomelo sokuqala sikukhusela ekucuthelweni kolawulo lukarhulumente, hayi ekukhuthuzweni kwamazwi akho.

Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho okuQala uHlaziyo ngokunempumelelo akufuni ukuqonda oko unokukuthetha, kodwa indlela yokuncokola ngempumelelo. idemokhrasi iyachuma xa abemi bengavumelani ngentlonelo, bephulaphula iimbono eziphikisanayo, yaye bebandakanyeka kwiingxoxo ezikhuthaza ukholo olulungileyo. Ilungelo elisemthethweni lokuthetha lixabiseke kakhulu xa kudityaniswa nembopheleleko yesithethe yokuvula intetho nokuthobeka.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Okuhlaziywa Kokuqala

Nazi iindlela ezisebenzisekayo onokusebenzisa ngazo inkululeko yakho Yokuqala Yokwenziwa Komhlaba:

  • [[UMTL:0] Thetha phandle kwimiba onomdla kuyo: [Iimbono zakho] zabelana ngencoko, kwi media, kwiileta eziya kumhleli, okanye kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke. Imicimbi yelizwi lakho ekuxonxeni intetho yesidlangalala.
  • Icala lobudlelane kwimibhiyozo yoxolo: Ukuthelela uthendeleko, iintlanganiso zentlanganiso, okanye imiboniso ukubonisa inkxaso yonobangela owukholelwayo. Khumbula ukuba ingxwabangxwaba kufuneka ibenoxolo kwaye ithotyelwe kwimiqathango esengqiqweni yexesha, indawo, kunye nendlela.
  • Xela abameli bakho abanyuliweyo: Lisebenzise ilungelo lakho lokucela ngokubhala, ngokubiza, okanye ngokudibana namagosa karhulumente ukuvakalisa iimbono zakho ngomthetho nangenkqubo.
  • I-jenali elizimeleyo logcino-lwazi: Uhlahlelo olukhululekileyo luxhomekeke kwinkxaso kawonke-wonke. Zibophelele kwiimpuku zokuphuma eendaba, wabelane ngengxelo ebalulekileyo, kwaye ugcine iintatheli zinoxanduva locoselelo.
  • Iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke ezithe gqolo: iintlanganiso zesikolo, iintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, neeholo zedolophu ngamathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kwaye wenze ilizwi lakho livelwe kwimicimbi yoluntu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ziqhelise ngesisa unqulo lwakho: Unqulo ngokweenkolelo zakho, okanye khetha ukunganquli konke konke, ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente.
  • [[UMTL: 0] IForm okanye dibanisa imibutho: Sebenzisa inkululeko yakho yonxulumano ngokunxulumana nabanye abasebenzisana ngemilinganiselo yakho kwaye basebenze kunye kwinjongo enye.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Zifundise wena kunye nezinye: Funda ngemibandela yokuLandlwa koMphetho wokuqala kwaye wabelane ngolo lwazi. Ukuba nolwazi kuyimfuneko ekukhuseleni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Iingcamango Zokuqala Zokuhlaziywa Ziyalahlwa

Intsomi: Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Lukhusela Yonke Intetho

Inyaniso: Nangona ukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala lubanzi, iindidi ezithile ezimxinwa zentetho — kuquka izisongelo zokwenyaniso, ukuphembelela kwisenzo esisondeleyo solwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyeliswa, kunye nezono-azinakukhuselwa. Noko ke, ezi zinto zithintelwa ngononophelo ukuphamba kukarhulumente.

Intsomi: Amagosa Azimeleyo Amele Awahlonele Amalungelo Akho Okuthetha

Inyaniso: UHlaziyo Lokuqala luthintela kuphela urhulumente. Iinkampani ezingabodwa, kuquka amacandelo onxibelelwano, zinokumisela imithetho yazo ngokuphathelele indlela eyamkelekileyo yokuthetha zize zisuse ulwaneliseko oluchasene naloo mithetho ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko.

Intsomi: Ukuthiya Ukuthetha Okungekho Mthethweni

Inyaniso: Intetho eninzi yentiyo ikhuselwa kuMgaqo - siseko Wokuqala, nangona isenokuba netyala ngokokuziphatha, urhulumente akanakukwazi ukungcatsha intetho esekelwe kwiingcamango zayo, kwanakwezo zentiyo.

Intsomi: Unako Ukuthetha Nantoni Na Ngaphandle Kwemiphumo

Inyaniso: UHlomelo Lokuqala lukukhusela kwisohlwayo sikarhulumente sokuthetha kwakho, kodwa alukukhuseli kwiziphumo zentlalo, zobuchule okanye zezoqoqosho. Abaqeshi bangakudubula, abahlobo bangakuphepha, kwaye uwonke wonke unokukugxeka.

Intsomi: Inkululeko Yokuthetha Ithetha Ukukhululeka Ekugxekweni

Inyaniso: UHlomelo Lokuqala lukhusela ilungelo lakho lokuthetha, kodwa ngokulinganayo lukhusela ilungelo labanye lokugxeka oko ukukuthetha. Ukuchasa kukhuselwe ngokwako, nokusabela kwintetho eninzi kuyindlela ekwakufuneka intengiso yentengiso isebenze ngayo.

Iingxoxo Eziqhubekayo Neengxaki Zexesha Elizayo

Kodwa ukususela kwiminyaka yee - 1920, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaqalisa ukufunda iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngobubanzi, yaye le ngxaki yanda kakhulu kwiminyaka yee - 1960. Namhlanje, ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni okuvela kuMphetho Wokuqala kunamandla kunanini na ngaphambili kwimbali yethu.

Iphulo Lemali Nentetho Yezobupolitika

Kwizingqamaniso zayo zokuqala ngalo mbuzo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iinkcitho zezopolitiko kunye neminikelo zezopolitiko zingu "ukwaziswa" ngokwentsingiselo yoMgcwaliso wokuqala ngenxa yokuba zenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukubonakaliswa kwezobupolitika ngabahlohli bezobupolitika nabanye. INkundla yakwaqonda, nokokuba, iinkcitho zezopolitiko neminikelo zinokulawulwa ngokuhambelana noMmiselo wokuqala woLawulo ukuba urhulumente unakho ukubonisa ulungiso olubalulekileyo.

Indima yemali kwezobupolitika ihlala ineengxabano. Bambi bathi ukusetyenziswa kwemali yezobupolitika okungenasiphelo kubonakalisa ulawulo-melo kwaye kuphazamisa amazwi aqhelekileyo. Abanye bathi ukuthintela iinkcitho zobupolitika kuphazamisa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kule ndawo zahlulwe ngokusondeleyo, kwaye umthetho ungaqhubeka uguquka.

Ulungelelwaniso lweNtetho neNkcubeko

Njengoko intetho ihamba kwi-intanethi, imibuzo ephathelele indlela yokulawula izicwangciso zekhompyutha iya isibaluleka ngakumbi. Ingaba iinkampani zezentlalo-ntle zifanele ziphathwe njengabapapashi ngobuchule bomhleli, okanye njengezithwali eziqhelekileyo ezifunekayo ukuze zifumane yonke intetho esemthethweni? Iza kuthini intetho yomthetho yokuphelisa ulwandiso lwemithetho-algorithrity? Le mibuzo iza kubumba umthetho wokuqala wokuzinzisa kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Ukusasazeka kwenkcazelo engeyonyani kwi-intanethi kuye kwaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nempilo yoluntu, ukuthembeka konyulo, kunye nokumanyana kwentlalo. Noko ke, ukuqonda ukuba "amabinzana athile obuxoki akanakuphepheka ukuba kukho indlela yokubonisa iimbono ezicacileyo nezinamandla kwincoko yasesidlangalaleni nangasese," iNkundla ePhakamileyo ilugatyile ulwano olupheleleyo loMgaqo-jiko woQotho-wokuqala lwamarheli. Ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokulwa nenkcazelo eyingozi ngokhuseleko lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kuselucelomngeni olubalulekileyo.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okungakumbi Ngamalungelo Akho Okuqala Okwenziwa Komthetho

Ukuba ufuna ukuwaphucula ulwazelelelo lwakho lwamalungelo oMmiselo Wokuqala nendlela asebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, kukho oovimba abaninzi:

Isiphelo: Ilizwi Lakho Libalulekile

UHlomelo Lokuqala lungaphezulu kwamagama nje esikhumba sesikhumba, esisisiqinisekiso esikhusela amandla akho okucinga ngokukhululekileyo, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukunqula ngokwesazela sakho, ukuhlanganisa kunye nokucela urhulumente wakho. Le nkululeko ayinikwa ngurhulumente; ngamalungelo emvelo akhuselwayo nguMgaqo-siseko ekungeneleni korhulumente.

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, uninzi lwala malungelo okuHlakulelwa Kokuqala aye abaluleke kakhulu kumaqela angathandwayo, lawo amela amaqela aphantsi anegunya elincinane kwezobupolitika okanye amazwi angenazimvo.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho oMphengululo wokuqala kukunika amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bedemokhrasi. Ukuba uthetha kwi-media yezentlalo, uthetha ngokuqhankqalaza, ubhalela ummeli wakho, okanye uncokola ngezobupolitika nabahlobo bakho, usebenzisa inkululeko engundoqo eyenza ukuba idemokhrasi yaseMerika ikwazi ukuyisebenzisa.

La malungelo eza neembopheleleko − ukuwasebenzisa ngobulumko, ukuhlonela amalungelo abanye okwenza okufanayo, nokukhusela le nkululeko xa besongelwa. Uhlaziyo Lokuqala aluqinisekisi ukuba wonke umntu uza kuvumelana nawe okanye ukuba intetho yakho iza kuba nesiphumo esikhululekileyo kuzo zonke iimeko. Kodwa iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuthintela ukuchaza iimbono zakho, kwaye ukhusela ukuqondwa, ukwenza, nokukhusela.

Njengoko uhamba ujonga ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo lwe-media, khumbula ukuba ilizwi lakho ligcina elo Jaji livalwa ngokuthi urhulumente athintele ukugqiba ukuba ziziphi iingcamango ezamkelekileyo nezingamkelekanga. Ngokuqonda nangokusebenzisa amalungelo akho okuLandlwa koMphengululo wokuqala, ufak' isandla kuvavanyo oluqhubekayo lwamaMerika lokuzilawula kwaye uqinisekise ukuba intetho eyahlukeneyo iyaqhubeka ibumba idemokhrasi yethu kwizizukulwana ezizayo.